Arts and sciences

c Nla y people feel strongly that arts projects like exhibitions of photography.. 3 It ha an effect on everything we 0 from eating to travelling 4 Such groups help to develop talent and

UN I T

54 • • • •

Unit aims

Task 1 Adverbs

Using adverbs to evaluate data Avoiding irrelevance

Task 1 Adverbs

••••••

Task 2

Discllssing other people's opinions Hypothesizing

••••••

1 Read these conflicting views about scientists moving to rich countries, Answer questions a-c

The 'brain drain' of skilled workers like scientists and techni~ians to rich econon1ie5 is morally wrong

People should have greater freedoDI to work where Lhey want Surely it's a

I e,-s.mal matter

a Which views do y t.l·ll agree with?

b Is [his 'brain drain' a new phenomenon or has it been around for a long time?

c Should somdhing be done about the situation or is it unsroppable?

2 Read the Task 1 questi.on below Then answer questions a-e

Sources of funding for R&D in the UK o Govem m ent I

-I • Bus in ess

,

o Overseas

1999

I

200 0

-I

200 1

,

The cha rt abOlJe shows sources of funding for researCH and devel'opmen t (R&D)

in tile UKfronJ 1999 to 2001 The table below SllOWS tlte percentage of natio11al income spent on R&D for a range of collntries

Proportion of national income allocated to R&D (1999)

UK USA Germany France Italy Japan ED average 1.82% 2.75% 2.4% 2.3% 1.1 % 2.9% 1.81 %

Summm i:e the information by ' selecting and repOi1.ing tile ltIain featl/res, and make compm7so11s where relevant

a What g neral tre d can you see in the chart?

b What general pattern can you see in the table?

c Which is clearly the main source of funding in [he bar chan?

I

60

d Which piece of data in the table can you Use as a standard for comparison?

e Which pieces of information in the table are signilicant?

Arts ani! scil!llces

3 Complete (he modellexl below with verbs from the box

rose contributed (x 2) was overtook was spent is shown came stmws

Modeftext

"The c: na rl I ~~q~~ information about

t he main 50Un es of f u nd ing fo r uientific:

re5earc.h and development (\Z-W ) in the

UK 1he prop ortio n o f national inc:o m e

s pent 0tI j2.M) b'j LOuntf'j 1 • in

the tab le

B e tw e , c n Iqqg and 1-001, jht amount of

funding al\oc.a"l e.d from eun so ra·

., v ef'j slightll i\p pro~imatel ~

half of all inve5tment throughout the

perioa 4 fr o m busine.5s \~n i\e

the government wnsiste.ntl'j

last two 'je.ars it t gove-mment spending in this area

N, regar d.s the proportio n of national

i n c.ome a\\oc.ated to \2-&0 the highef>t

p erc.enta g e (1-8 per a nt) 1 b'j rapan fo\\owd c:\05e\ 'j b 'j th e U 'Sf-(2.'5 per·Le.nt) B'j contrast l"t al '{

~ ihc sm a\\ui t amoLi n t o f national i n c:ome to ~, on \ 'j1.l per c:ent, f>ignific:antl'j be-low the f,U average of 1$1 per cent

It if> interef>ting to note that al1hough t h e

? around seventeen per c.ent

It is abo notic:eable that in IqqS ana Iqqq

over5e.af> '!>pending on ~ in the U K

wa'!> w mparab\e to the government' 5, at

around seventeen per c.e.ni But for the

Uk'5 spending on \2.&D 1 above the f,U average in IqqS ii if> c.on'!>iderab\'j be.hind othe.r dose trading partners

Franc.e and bermanl

4 find examples of adverbs ending in -ly used in [he modeltexl

5 Choose (he most suitable adverb in sentences a-h

Examples

The trend for other countries was comple tely/wd1 different

Government investment rose si gnificantl y/ ftigftIy

a The government's spending for the past year was s ig nifican tl y /w e li higher than before

b Women have been consiste n tly /deeply under-represented in science jobs

c Workers in highly/lowly/considerably paid jobs are generally healthier

d The company's sales are s lightly/much behind its competitors

e Sales were marginally/deeply up O D the previous quarter

Investment in the arts rose quite considerably/slightly/seriously

g S!ightly/Approximately/Welll1aJf the spending was from the private sector

h The income for the arts centre was substantially/much/highly down on the

previous year

6 Match the adverbs a-g below with their opposites 1-7

g completely ' 7 erratically

55

Technique •

Use a lest one

• adverb or adverbial

• phrase to help you

• evaluate the data

56 • • • • •

Using adverbs to evaluate data

7 Look again at [he model tex.'1 in 3 on page 55 Which phrases arc:: us d to introduce sentences instead of n ti ce a bl y and i llteres ting /v?

8 Rewrite each sentence a-b using an adverb or starting with It

Example

C l ear l y , the trend is upward

It is clea r that the trend is upward

a It is significanr tbat the number of scientists per head of population has

declined in recent y ars

b Imere tingly, the sales failed to recover

It , ,

c It is probable that numbers will continue to fall o er the period

d It is not surprising that there were skills sbortages in the chemical industry

e Evidently inveSlment needs to be increased

It , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Noticeably the pattern for mv lInen! in the art is the revers

It

g More importantly, Ihe cost f plasma scre ns is set to fall

It ' , " ,

h Not surprisingly, analogue TV sales then fell

It

9 DifferCIH adverbs can be put in different pillces i.n sentences Which sentences a-d are possible?

a Cons i derab ly sales fell

b Sales fell considerabl y

c C learl y , the trend was downward

d The trend was clearly downward

10 Put the adverb in brackets in [he correct place in Ihe s ncence Some can be used in morc than one place

11

a The number o science graduates fell (significantly)

b The number of techni.cal staff in hospitals is falling (evidently)

c The cost of training scientists is increasing year by year (noticeably)

d Investment in cap:ital equipment like specialist machinery is down on last

year (interestingly)

e Sales of new televisions soared before the World Cup, (not surprisingly)

The trend is now u ward (obviously)

Write your own sentences about the data in 2 on page 54

a Describe the bar chart, u ing marginally, apprpximate l y, and s l ow l y

b Describe the table, using considerably e i dently, no t iceably, slightly, and

i nte r estingly

Technique

Do not sp culate

when you describe

data unless you

are asked to Avoid

writing lists of

detail

UNIT 7 deu ces

•

Avoiding irrelevance

Answer questio n s a-f

100 %

80 %

20

60 %

3 0

6 0

40 %

60

G Easy

20 % 010

• D i fficul t

0 %

la ngua ges languages

data, or unnecessary speculation

subjects \vere easy or difficult

YO ll consider the range of languages in Africa

e Oriemallanguages were ranked as easy by only abOllt 20 per cent

f The Y axis shows the percentages, and the bars contain the numbers about

58 '

Task 2 D iscussing other p e ople's opinion s

1 Complet the list below with a famous artist and scientist from our coumry Leonardo da Vinci

Albert Einstein

Sir Isaac Newton

Nicolaus Copernicus

a Are the people in the list famous in your ountry?

b What do you know a out them if they are?

c What benefit do artists and scientists bring to society?

d Do artist a d scientists in your society h ve a high or low status?

e Should scientists and artists be govemed by the same rules as we are? Why

do you think 507

2 Read the Task 2 ques[iOD b(>Jo\'V and say which part of the qu 'S U O Il rda[es [0:

b people's opinions about sciences?

c your opinion?

Some people b lie v e tlla t tile a rts shoul d receive ubsidies or spoJ/SorslIip

f r o m governme llt l.11l d big com pa ni e s Ot h ers f e l su ell speu d il1g is a [ux u ry a nd th a t it w o ld be be tt er if it w ere i nve st e d il1 s ci entific pr oj ec t Dis cuss both vi ews arid give your own opi n i o n

3 Complete the paragraph with sente ces a-c

a So supporte.rs of art groups feel that the ompany's tra I and

accommodation costs ought {Q receive more sub idies or sp n orship

b To ring thearre groups or d n e companies are a case in point

c Nla y people feel strongly that arts projects like exhibitions of photography

sculpture, or paintings hould be helped financially by gov rnment and big companies

1 The y a rgue tha t such pr ojects enrich people's lives, often

s imply becau se the y a re n ew a nd show a different wa y of doing things

2 National companies, for exampl e c an take plays to provincial

a reas t hat d on't have their own facilities This, however, requires a lot

o money 3 , If thi s were done more b y the government and commercial organizations , then th e a r t s co uld be brought to a wider public,

4 Which phrases are used in (he paragra h in 3 to in icate someone else's opinion?

UNIT 7 A rls ami sLien c e s

5 Match the statements a-h with the best explanations l-8

Example : a4

a Amateur arts groups should be encouraged

b The wealth of a nation is connected with sdeutific development

c Science is now playing a more important role in our lives than in the past

d The work of artists should be censored

Science is dull and boring

g Many sdentific e"X.-perimenrs are dangerous to society

h The work of scientists should Dot be tightly regulated by society

Modern economies cannot ad ance without a strong scientific base

2 Bringing these two groups together would be bener for sodety as a whole

3 It ha an effect on everything we 0 from eating to travelling

4 Such groups help to develop talent and bring people together

5 Certain works of art that are produced are offensive and should be banned

6 By limiting scientific work we might stop certain beneficial developments

7 There are many examples where serious mistakes have been made

8 Spending time alone in laboratories without much human contact is not very interesting

6 It is often useful to suggest [hat an opinion belongs to someone else Read

the example and phrases in the lists below Then join your ans\· ers to 5 with

similar phrases

Exampl e

S ome peo pl e thin k th al amateur arts groups should be encouraged rhey argile Ih.lt

such groups help to develop lalent and bring people together

It is argued by some people that

Yet others believe that

Many people think that

A commonly held belief is that

Some people feel that

They claim that They feel that They maintain that They argue that

7 Use the expressions in the box below to develop the explanations in 5

Ex ample

They argue that such groups help to develop talent and bring people together A

g ood example he re is where a young artist joins a local group and progresses on to

TV work

For example, For instance,

A very good example here is

A case in point is '" ,which Take for example It/They

T echnique

Use linking phrases

like if and unless

in answer to Task 2

questions In order to

hypothesize about

effects

8 Match the semence halv s a-e with the endings 1-5

a Personally, I would argue that science need not be

b However, it could possibly be a requirement for the first two or three ye r ,

c During this time, children can do exciting experiments,

d If trips to places of sciemiiic interest are also arranged,

e Above all I think it is better fOT science classes to be optional

this might motivate some children to take up a science subject

2 obligatory at this level

3 because not all pupils are good at such subjects and any compulsion m i gl:t

discourage them

4 like making basic chemical comp u ds or colleering plants

5 as it wouLd give pupils a raster

9 The sentences in 8 form a paragraph Why has the writer chosen 10 use word

such as wOllld, ccJuld, and might? Which sentence ask lhe reader to imagine a

situation and iIS consequence?

1 0 The linking phrases if, p roviding , provided, and II It less can all be used to

hypothesize Read the example Then rewrite sentences a-d using the word given

E xampl e

A nation should nurture the talents of its people It will then reap many benefits

If a nation nurtures the talents of its peop l e, it will reap ~wlly bellefits

a Without being encouraged by parents and teachers, budding

musicians will not develop

Unless ,

b Science may one day stop tbe ageing process in humans, but will this benefit mankind?

If , ?

c If there is no effort to keep traditional crafts alive, they will disappear Unless

d If innovation is encouraged, many new jobs will be created

Providing

11 Complete the following sentences using yow-own ideas,

a Provided parents have an interest in music,

b If government support for arts projects is not available,

c Unless ntrance to museums and an gaLLeries is free,

d Providing young scientists are given the right opportunities,

•

L

I

60

50

40

% , 30

20

10

0

•

Pr actlc e T es t 7

Task 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

T e ch arts be l o \.'.! show how selected flge g ro u ps p uc1 Uls e d c o cer t cinema , al1d theatre tickets o nline ove r rIte fit-st three J/lOlltlis o 2006 ilt th ree cOlin trie s an d h ow tile

I n te r n et wa s accesse d SWllllwrize th e illformation by selecting and reporting the maillfcatures, an d make comparisons where relevant

Write at l east 1 50 words

Most li k ely to buy theat re /co ncert/ci nema Most comm on m eans o f access

to buy tickets

Australia

tickets on line

I 025-441 65+

UK Malaysia

Task 2

7 0

6 0

50

40

% 30

20

10

0

Desktop

computer

Y ou should spend abou t 40 minutes on this task

Write about the following tupie:

Laptop

o Australia _UK

o MalaysIa

Mobile phone

The money spel1t on spa c e re ,e arcJ11ws brou.ght enormous bel1efits to manki n d, but it could be /JIore usefttlly applied How fa., do yOIl 11gree?

G i ve reasons for yo u r a n s wer and i/1clud e any relevant examples from your OW1/ knowl e dg ~ o r experience

Write at least 250 wo r d s

61 1

••••••

• -~""'""! -

• Before you start •

• writing make a list

• of 'predict' verbs

• to use as trigger

~ words

62 • • • • •

•

•

Unit aims

Task 1

Makrng predictions

F actual accuracy

••••••••••••

Answer questions a-d

Task 2

Articles Writing conclusions

a What aspect of the future do the photos relate to?

b Wh t e vironmental d velopments do you think wlll happen in your

country in the near future?

c What other developments are happening in your country which are not

happening elsewhere in the world?

d What will your c untry be like in ten years time? in 25 years tjme ~

2 Look at the bar chart and description below Then answer questions -c

Tlu bar cllm1 SIIOII'S the prt!dictcd nllmber of bll ildiJlgs that will be

powered by so/ar and willd energy in the flllll reo

-20 20

mil lio ns

400

! CJ Solar enegy

a What does the chart sh w?

b What do the numbers relate to?

c What is the range of the numbers along the bottom of the d1arr?

3 The structure will + infiniti ve or a range of prediction verbs are used to talk

about future statistics Complete sentences a-d with tbe words will predi c tioll

or predicted

a The number of solar-powered buildings increase to 500 million

in 2025

b It is (hal the number of solar-powered buildings

increase in the future

c The is that the number of building powered by solar energy

increase

d The number is , to increase to 500 million in 2 25

8 Nature

4 Answer these questions ;:tbout the StntL"nC\:s in 3

a Which of these words could replace the word prediction?

projection assumption forecast anticipation

h Which of these words could replace the word predided?

projected anticipated forecast said

c which other words do you know [0 replace predidi on and predicted?

5 Complete sentences a-h with the correct forms of the verbs j n brackets

a It (predict) that in 2025, solar energy , (provide) energy for 500 million buildings worldwide

b In 20) 5, about 25 million buildings (expect) to receive energy from wind power,

c In 2025 much more energy to power buildings (come) from solar energy compared to wind power

d In the future, solar energy (forecast) to be a much greater

source of energy than wind power

e In the future, wind power (not expect) to be as great a

source of power as solar energy

In years to come, it (project) that wind power

(be) a less important source of energy than solar energy"

g Solar energy (set) to assume greater importance as a

source of energy in the future

h In 2015, it (anticipate) that solar energy and wind power

each (provide) approximately the same amount of energy,

6 Which of the sentences below describes something which will bappen

before a futUre Time? Which describes something in progress aL a time in the

future?

a By 2025, 500 million buildings w ill have converted to solar power ( will h ave +

past participle)

b I n/By 2025 500 milHon bnildings will be using solar power (will be + ·il1!1 form)

7 Complete sentences a-e with the correct form of the verbs in brackets Use

will + infinitive, will have + past participle, or will be + -ing form You may also

need to use the passive

a By 2020, it i expected that 30 million buildings (use) wind

power

b By 2025, ery few people " (live) in the countryside

c In20IO, more bicycles (sell),

d By 2020, it is predicted that many animals (become)

extinct

e By the year 20 5, it is anticipated that many narura! habitats

(destroy)