ÔN ĐỌC 4 LỚP A2

In boxes 1-7 write: YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOTGIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1.. By 19

ÔN ĐỌC 4 I.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Zoo Conservation Programs

One of London Zoo’s recent advertisements caused me some irritation, so patently did it distort reality.Headlined “Without zoos you might as well tell these animals to get stuffed”, it was bordered withillustrations of several endangered species and went on to extol the myth that without zoos like LondonZoo these animals “will almost certainly disappear forever” With the zoo world’s rather mediocre record

on conservation, one might be forgiven for being slightly skeptical about such an advertisement

Zoos were originally created as places of entertainment, and their suggested involvement withconservation didn’t seriously arise until about 30 years ago, when the Zoological Society of London heldthe first formal international meeting on the subject Eight years later, a series of world conferences tookplace, entitled “The Breeding of Endangered Species”, and from this point onwards conservation becamethe zoo community’s buzzword This commitment has now been clearly defined in The World ZooConservation Strategy (WZGS, September 1993), which although an important and welcome documentdoes seem to be based on an unrealistic optimism about the nature of the zoo industry

The WZCS estimates that there are about 10,000 zoos in the world, of which around 1,000 represent acore of quality collections capable of participating in coordinated conservation programs This is probablythe document’s first failing, as I believe that 10,000 is a serious underestimate of the total number ofplaces masquerading as zoological establishments Of course, it is difficult to get accurate data but, to putthe issue into perspective, I have found that, in a year of working in Eastern Europe, I discover fresh zoos

on almost a weekly basis

The second flaw in the reasoning of the WZCS document is the naive faith it places in its 1,000 core zoos.One would assume that the caliber of these institutions would have been carefully examined, but itappears that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoofederation or association This might be a good starting point, working on the premise that members mustmeet certain standards, but again the facts don’t support the theory The greatly respected AmericanAssociation of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA) has had extremely dubious members, and inthe UK the Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland has

Occasionally had members that have been roundly censured in the national press These include RobinHill Adventure Park on the Isle of Wight, which many considered the most notorious collection ofanimals in the country This establishment, which for years was protected by the Isle’s local council(which viewed it as a tourist amenity), was finally closed down following a damning report by aveterinary inspector appointed under the terms of the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 As it was always acollection of dubious repute, one is obliged to reflect upon the standards that the Zoo Federation setswhen granting membership The situation is even worse in developing countries where little money isavailable for redevelopment and it is hard to see a way of incorporating collections into the overallscheme of the WZCS

Even assuming that the WZCS’s 1,000 core zoos are all of a high standard complete with scientific staffand research facilities, trained and dedicated keepers, accommodation that permits normal or naturalbehavior, and a policy of co-operating fully with one another what might be the potential forconservation? Colin Tudge, author of Last Animals at the Zoo (Oxford University Press, 1992), arguesthat “if the world’s zoos worked together in co-operative breeding programs, then even without furtherexpansion they could save around 2,000 species of endangered land vertebrates” This seems anextremely optimistic proposition from a man who must be aware of the failings and weaknesses of thezoo industry the man who, when a member of the council of London Zoo, had to persuade the zoo todevote more of its activities to conservation Moreover, where are the facts to support such optimism?

Today approximately 16 species might be said to have been “saved” by captive breeding programs, although a number of these can hardly be looked upon as resounding successes Beyond that, about a further 20 species are being seriously considered for zoo conservation programs Given that the

international conference at London Zoo was held 30 years ago, this is pretty slow progress, and a long way off Tudge’s target of 2,000

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-7 write:

YES if the statement agrees with the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the writer

NOTGIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1 London Zoo’s advertisements are dishonest.Y

2 Zoos made an insignificant contribution to conservation up until 30 years ago.Y

3 The WZCS document is not known in Eastern Europe.NG

4 Zoos in the WZCS select list were carefully inspected.N

5 No-one knew how the animals were being treated at Robin Hill Adventure Park.N

6 Colin Tudge was dissatisfied with the treatment of animals at London Zoo.NG

7 The number of successful zoo conservation programs is unsatisfactory.Y

Questions 8-10

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.

8 What were the objectives of the WZCS document?

A to improve the caliber of zoos world-wide

B to identify zoos suitable for conservation practice

C to provide funds for zoos in underdeveloped countries

D to list the endangered species of the world

9 Why does the writer refer to Robin Hill Adventure Park?

A to support the Isle of Wight local council

B to criticize the 1981 Zoo Licensing Act

C to illustrate a weakness in the WZCS document

D to exemplify the standards in AAZPA zoos

10 What word best describes the writer’s response to Colin Tudges’ prediction on captive breeding

The writer mentions a number of factors which lead him to doubt the value of the WZCS document

Which THREE of the following factors are mentioned?

Write your answers (A-F) in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

List of Factors:

A the number of unregistered zoos in the world

B the lack of money in developing countries

C the actions of the Isle of Wight local council

D the failure of the WZCS to examine the standards of the “core zoos”

E the unrealistic aim of the WZCS in view of the number of species “saved” to date

F the policies of WZCS zoo managers

ANSWERS

1 Y 2 Y 3 NG 4 N 5 N 6 NG 7 Y 8

B 9 C 10 A 11 A 12 D 13 E

II.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Literate women make better mothers?

Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when theirmothers can read and write Experts in public health accepted this idea decades ago, but until now no onehas been able to show that a woman’s ability to read in itself improves her children’s chances of survival

Most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education maysimply indicate her family’s wealth or that it values its children more highly Now a long-term studycarried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adultwomen, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children’s health andsurvival

In 1979, the government of Nicaragua established a number of social programs, including a NationalLiteracy Crusade By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the country, many of whom hadnever attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers.

During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central AmericanInstitute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa RicanInstitute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, someduring the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all The women were asked how manychildren they had given birth to and how many of them had died in infancy The research teams alsoexamined the surviving children to find out how well-nourished they were

The investigators’ findings were striking In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children ofilliterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births At this point in their lives, thosemothers who later went on to learn to read had a similar level of child mortality (105/1000) For womeneducated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand

In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended, the infant mortality figures for those whoremained illiterate and for those educated in primary school remained more or less unchanged For thosewomen who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, animpressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate The children of the newly-literate mothers were also better nourished than those of women who could not read

Why are the children of literate mothers better off? According to Peter Sandiford of the Liverpool School

of Tropical Medicine, no one knows for certain Child health was not on the curriculum during thewomen’s lessons, so he and his colleagues are looking at other factors They are working with the samegroup of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals andclinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modem childcare techniques morequickly, or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children

The Nicaraguan study may have important implications for governments and aid agencies that need toknow where to direct their resources Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that femaleeducation, at any age, is ‘an important health intervention in its own right’ The results of the study lendsupport to the World Bank’s recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should beincreased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child health ‘We’ve known for a longtime that maternal education is important,’ says John Cleland of the London School of Hygiene and

Tropical Medicine ‘But we thought that even if we started educating girls today, we’d have to wait ageneration for the pay-off The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that.’

Cleland warns that the Nicaraguan crusade was special in many ways, and similar campaigns elsewheremight not work as well It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediateimpact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much lesssuccessful ‘The crusade was part of a larger effort to bring a better life to the people,’ says Cleland.Replicating these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development workers

Questions 1-5

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.

Write the correct letters, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

The Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to teach large numbers of illiterate 1 ……B…………

to read and write Public health experts have known for many years that there is a connection betweenchild health and 2………F……… However, it has not previously been known whether these two factorswere directly linked or not This question has been investigated by 3………C……… in Nicaragua As aresult, factors such as 4 ………J………… and attitudes to children have been eliminated, audit has beenshown that 5……F……… can in itself improve infant health and survival

_

A child literacy B men and women C an international research team

D medical care E mortality F maternal literacy

G adults and children H paternal literacy I a National Literacy Crusade

J family wealth

_

Questions 6-11

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 6-12 on your answer sheet, write:

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6 About a thousand or the women interviewed by the researchers had learnt to read they were

children.NOT GIVẺN

7 Before the National Literacy Crusade, illiterate women had approximately the same levels of infant mortality as those who had learnt to read in primary school NO

8 Before and after the National Literacy Crusade, the child mortality rate for the illiterate women stayed

at about 110 deaths for each thousand live births YES

9 The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change

in infant mortality levels. YES

10 The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade had the lowest rates of child mortality NO

11 After the National Literacy Crusade, the children of the women who remained illiterate were found to

be severely malnourished. NOT GIVẺN

Questions 12 and 13

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet

Which TWO important implications drawn from the Nicaraguan study are mentioned by the writer of the passage?

A It is better to educate mature women than young girls

B Similar campaigns in other countries would be equally successful

C The effects of maternal literacy programs can be seen very quickly

D Improving child health can quickly affect a country’s economy

E Money spent on female education will improve child health

12- C

13- E

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

A The Lumière Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris,

to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1985 Before the eyes of thestunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen

B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century

C One of the Lumière Borthers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of arailway platform flooded with sunshine A train appears and heads straight for the camera Andthat is all that happens Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all filmartists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’ ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky,

’panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away That was the moment when cinemawas born The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture.Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality In their confusion, theyfeared that a real train was about to crush them.’

D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion In time, the idea of film becamefamiliar, the magic was accepted- but it never stopped being magic Film has never lost its uniquepower to embrace its audience and transport them to a different world For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic dynamic image of the real flow of events A still picture could only imply the

existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured

E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself For cinema makes the worldsmaller Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other placeslooked like; they knew how other people worked and lived Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded-

at least in film fiction- have been American From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywoodhas dominated the world film market American imagery-the cars, the cities, the cowboys-became the primary imagery of film Film carried American life and values around the globe

F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20-th century more intimately than anyother period We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Rome.But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive encyclopedic detail Weshall be known better than any preceding generations

G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema The cinema star was effectively born in

1910 Film personalities have such an immediate presence that inevitably, they become real Because we watch them so closely ond because everybody in the world seems to know whothey are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves The star as magnified human self isone of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies

super-H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story When the Lumiere Brothersand other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how itwould be used All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement Indeed, some said that,once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away It was no more than a passing gimmick,

a fairground attraction

I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form Or it might havedeveloped like television -as a strange noisy transfer of music, information and narrative Butwhat happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories Originally thesewere conceived as short stories- early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentratefor more than the length of a reel Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful,and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematicconvention of today

J And it has all happened so quickly Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that trainarrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw,and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again -that, maybe, it could

be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct fetter, A-J in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1 the location of [he first cinema

2 how cinema came to focus on stories

3 the speed with which cinema has changed

4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures

5 the attraction of actors in films

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema

7 The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made

8 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries

9 Storylines were important in very early cinema

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter A, B, Cor D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate

A the simplicity of early films

B the impact of early films

C how short early films were

D how imaginative early films were

11 In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it

A aims to impress its audience

B tells stories better than books

C illustrates the passing of lime

D describes familiar events

12 When cinema first began, people thought that

A it would always tell stories

B it should be used in fairgrounds

C US audiences were appreciative

D its future was uncertain

13 What is the best title for this passage?

A The rise of the cinema star

B Cinema and novels compared

C The domination of Hollywood

D The power of the big screen

8 NOT GIVEN

B What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical But on any given daywhat Schaefer can offer is typical for today’s drugs rep -a car trunk full of promotional gifts andgadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a smell county hundreds of free drugsamples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next sixpatients who fit the drug’s profile And she also has a few $ 1,000 honoraria to offer in exchangefor doctors’ attendance at her company’s next educational lecture.

C Selling Pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment Salespeople like Schaefer walkthe line between the common practice of buying a prospect’s time with a free meal, and bribingdoctors to prescribe their drugs They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales andmarketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question –

businesses won’t use strategies that don’t work, so are doctors to blame for the escalatingextravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry’s responsibility to decide theboundaries?

D The explosion in the sheer number of salespeople in the Reid- and the amount of funding used

to promote their causes- forces close examination of the pressures, influences and relationshipsbetween drug reps and doctors Salespeople provide much-needed information and education tophysicians In many cases the glossy brochures, article reprints and prescriptions they deliver areprimary sources of drug education for healthcare givers With the huge investment the industryhas placed in face-to-face selling, sales people have essentially become specialists in one drug orgroup of drugs – a tremendous advantage in getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quickinformation

E But the sales push rarely stops in the office The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by thesales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunnyplaces, and an inundation of promotional gadgets Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with apen that isn’t emblazoned with a drug’s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing apharmaceutical company’ logo Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies onpromotional products like coffee mugs, shirts, umbrellas, and golf balls Money well spent? It’shard to tell I’ve been the recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’tmake me prescribe their medicine,’ says one doctor.’ I tend to think I’m not influenced by whatthey give me.’

F Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of gettingdoctors and patients to become loyal to a product Salespeople hand out hundreds of dollars’worth of samples each week-$7.2 billion worth of them in one year Though few comprehensivestudies have been conducted, one by the University of Washington investigated how drug sampleavailability affected what physicians prescribe A total of 131 doctors self-reported theirprescribing patterns-the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense andprescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice

G The bottom line is that pharmaceutical companies as a whole invest more in marketing thanthey do in research and development And patients are the ones who pay-in the form of sky-

rocketing prescription prices-for every pen that’s handed out, every free theatre ticket, and everysteak dinner eaten In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every right tomake a profit and will continue to find new ways to increase sales But as the medical worldcontinues to grapple with what’s acceptable and what’s not, it is clear that companies mustcontinue to be heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies.

Questions 1-7

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Not all doctors are persuaded

ii Choosing the best offers

iii Who is responsible for the increase in promotions?

iv Fighting the drug companies

v An example of what doctors expect from drug companies

vi Gifts include financial incentives

vii Research shows that promotion works

viii The high costs of research

ix The positive side of drugs promotion

x Who really pays for doctors’ free gifts?

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks

8 Sales representatives like Kim Schaefer work to a very limited budget

9 Kim Schaefer’s marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds

10 The information provided by drug companies is of little use to doctors

11 Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment

12 The drug companies may give free drug samples to patients without doctors’ prescriptions

13 It is legitimate for drug companies to make money

Lost for Words

Many minority languages are on the danger list.

In the Native American Navajo nation which sprawls across four states in the American west, the native language is dying Most of its speakers are middle-age or elderly Although manystudents take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English Street sign, supermarket goodsand even their own newspaper are all in English Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any nativespeakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.

south-Navajo is far from alone Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within twogenerations – that’s one language lost every ten days Never before has the planet’s linguisticdiversity shrunk at such a pace “At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languagesdominating the world”, says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading

“It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the lost is difficult to know.’

Isolation breeds linguistic diversity as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken byonly a few people Only 250 language have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 havefewer than 2,500 It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear Navajo isconsidered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers What makes a language endangered isnot that the number of speakers, but how old they are If it is spoken by children it is relativelysafe The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according

to Michael Krauss, director of the Alaska Native Language Center, in Fairblanks

Why do people reject the language of their parent? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when asmall community find itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler of Britain’sFoundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath ‘People lose faith in their culture’ he says

‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the oldtradition.’

The change is not always voluntary Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language

by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in school, all to promote national unity Theformer US policy of running Indian reservation in English, for example, effectively put languagessuch as Navajo on the danger list But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics Department

at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but

economic globalization ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they havehad to adapt to socio-economic pressures’ he says ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if mostcommercial activity is in English” But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is aloss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons betweenlanguages, both living and dead When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it islost to science.

Language is also intimately bond up with culture, so it may be difficult to reserve one without theother ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something’ Mufwene says ‘Moreover,the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world’ say Pagel.There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in brain

‘Your brain and mine are difference from the brain of someone, who speaks French, for instance’Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions ‘The patterns and connections wemake among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century But agrowing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true ‘Thekey to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominantlanguage’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in NewHaven, Connecticut ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree ofbilingualism’ he says In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori andrekindled interest in the language A similar approach in Hawaii has produce about 8000 newspeakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years In California, ‘apprentice’ programs haveprovided life support to several indigenous languages Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one ofthe last living speakers of Native American tongue to learn traditional skill such as basketweaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language After about 300 hours oftraining they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to next generation ButMufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by usingevery day ‘Preserving a language is more likely preserving fruits in a jar’ he says

However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead There are examples oflanguages that have survived in written form and then been revived by latter generations But a

written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers ofendangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.

of languages One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not dieout completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their (3) …… This has been encouragedthough programs of languages classes for children and through ‘apprentice’ schemes, in whichthe endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a (4) …… Somespeakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure thesurvival of their mother tongue

Question 5-9

Look at the following statements (Question 5-9) and the list of people in the box below Match each statement with the correct person A-E.

Write the appropriate letter A-E in box 5-9 on your answer sheet

NB You may use any letter more than once.

5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language

6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal

7 The way we think may be determined by our language

8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their community

9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet write:

YES If the statement agrees with the view of the writer

NO If the statement contradicts the view of writer

NOT GIVEN If it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

10 The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers

11 A large number of native speakers fails to guarantee the survival of a language

12 National governments could do more to protect endangered languages

13 The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable

A A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science andTechnology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars Thestudy compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around theworld This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using atransport system.

The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city withminimal public transport As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs Some Europeanand Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5% Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director,pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industryand jobs or creating a better place to live

According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city

in this sort of comparison He describes it as two cities: ‘A European city surrounded by a dependent one’ Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower,but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities Theexplosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recentchange in many people’s preferences as to where they live

car-Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues In the past, thecase for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justiceconsiderations rather than economics Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates thatthe auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well asenvironmental terms

Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most ‘bicycle friendly’cities considered – Amsterdam and Copenhagen – were very efficient, even though their publictransport systems were ‘reasonable but not special’

It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good publictransport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city One objection isclimate Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it iseither too hot or too cold Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has beensuccessful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars againstclimate and found ‘zero correlation’.

When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground For example,Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good railnetwork However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zürich have managed to make asuccess of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world

as hilly

In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another ispolitics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’ He considersPortland, Oregon, a perfect example of this Some years ago, federal money was granted to build

a new road However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend themoney on light rail instead The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well Inthe years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changingthe nature of the city Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth andhad a similar population density at the time

B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoidingsituations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work Trains and carsinitially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach theirdestination However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massivecongestion problems which now make commuting times far higher

C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out wherecars are the only viable transport The example of European cities refutes that They are oftenwealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use In