bendetskaya m e the participle english grammar practice

THE PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE II done THE CATEGORY OF TIME CORRELATION f f l Participles have no tense category; they do not refer the action directly to the present, past or future.. The ac

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старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ М Е Бендецкая, преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ С А Лысенко, преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Ю В Кривко, старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Т В Рахунок, старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Н В Федосеева

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adjectivalcharacteristics

adverbialcharacteristics

verbal characteristics

morphological

categories

Participles have

• the category of time correlation

• the category of voice

• Participles can be modified by adverbials

• Participles of transitive verbs can take direct objects

Like adjectives certain participles can form adverbs with the help of the su ffix- ly: admittedly,

advisedly, deservedly, jokingly, feelingly, pleadingly, screamingly, smilingly, sneeringly, wittingly, wcderingly, etc.

Sarah looked pleadingly at her aunt.

= Capa умоляюще взглянула на свою тетю.

She gazed at him wonderinalv.

= Она смотрела на него с удивлением.

There are two participles in English-participle I and participle II Participles I - doing, rising, opening,

breaking, etc -a re often called present participles Participles II-opened, played, done, risen, broken,

etc - are often called past participles The terms 'present participles' and 'past participles' are not

used in this book since both participles I and participles II can be employed to talk about the present, past, future and no particular time

SPELLING RULES FOR FORMING PARTICIPLES

Participle I is formed by adding -ing to the stem of the verb Participle II of a regular verb is formed by adding -ed to the stem of the verb Participle II of an irregular verb should be memorized.

When forming a participle, we observe the following spelling rules

• The mute -e at the end of a verb is dropped.

invite inviting/ invited live living /lived

argue arguing / argued rescue rescuing / rescued

BUT dye dyeing / dyed

The final consonant is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound.

stop -> stopping / stopped plan -> planning / planned

The final -r is doubled when preceded by a stressed vowel

prefer preferring / preferred star -> starring/starred stir -> stirring / stirred occur -> occurring / occurred

There is no doubling the final -r in an unstressed syllable.

alter altering / altered answer -> answering / answered differ -> differing / differed

There is no doubling the final -r when it is preceded by a diphthong

appear-> appearing/appeared wear -> wearing

The final -/c changes to -ick.

mimic -> mimicking / mimicked panic -> panicking / panicked picnic picnicking / picnicked

The final -/ and -p are doubled in British English when preceded by a vowel rendering a short unstressed sound

travel travelling / travelled

quarrel quarrelling / quarelled

worship -> worshipping / worshipped

travel traveling / traveled quarrel -> quarreling / quarreled worship worshiping / worshiped

Special cases

1 Forming participle I, we change the final -ie to -y.

die dying ('BUT died) lie -> lying (BUT lied) tie -> tying (BUT tied) vie -> vying (BUTvied)

2 Forming participle II, we change the final -y to -/ when it is preceded by a consonant.

carry -> carried (BUT carrying) worry -> worried (BUT worrying) deny denied (BUT denying) rely -> re//ed (BUT relying)

The Participle 5

Ex 1

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Provide the forms of participle I and participle II for the following verbs

THE MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF THE PARTICIPLE

The verbal character of participles is revealed through their morphological categories Participle I has the categories of time correlation and voice, thus appearing in four forms Though participle II has only one form, it possesses the potential meaning of voice and correlation that depend on the meaning of the verb it is formed from

THE PARTICIPLE

PARTICIPLE II

done

THE CATEGORY OF TIME CORRELATION

f f l Participles have no tense category; they do not refer the action directly to the present, past or future The time of the action in the sentence is indicated by the finite verb The time reference of the participle is relative: it can be understood through its reference to the finite verb The relative time reference is expressed through the category of time correlation which reveals itself in the opposition of non-perfect and perfect forms

NON-PERFECT PARTICIPLE I

1 The action of non-perfect participle I may take place at the same time with the actions of thefinite verb In other words, the action of non-perfect participle I and that of the finite verb are simultaneous

Watching a soap opera,

Being stared at.

she always feels stupid and sad

he felt stupid and sad

you will feel stupid and sad.

she feels confused, she felt confused, she will feel confused.

1 Non-perfect participles I are often called indefinite.

The Morphological Categories o f the Participle 7

2 The action of non-perfect participle I may follow the action of the finite verb either (a) immediately

or (b) within some time Such participles denote posterior actions, they show succession

(a) I fell, hurting my knee.

These are non-perfect participles of the verbs

• of sense perception: feel, find, hear, notice, see, etc;

• of motion: arrive, approach, come, enter, turn, leave, reach, etc.

• associated with motion: close, grasp, pick up, push, put (on), seize, open, take, etc.

Perfect participles of these verbs emphasise prior actions when

(a) there is a lapse of time between the actions of the participle and the finite verb

(b) the action of the participle is durative Compare:

Hearing the noise, the dog pricked its ears.

PARTICIPLE II

Participle II often has a meaning of completion; it denotes a state that is a result of a prior action Though the action of participle II precedes that of the finite verb, the resultant state can be simultaneous with it

Everybody admired the decorated tree.

Ш Participles can refer actions to по particular time

We followed the road leading to Manchester.

= Мы шли по дороге, ведущей в Манчестер.

I have never believed stories told by fishermen.

- Я никогда не верил сказкам, которые рассказывают рыбаки.

THE CATEGORY OF VOICE

Щ Participle I of transitive verbs has voice distinctions The opposition of the active and passive forms reveals the category of voice

Active participles denote that the action is performed by the subject; passive participles show that the subject is acted upon Compare:

Shooting a film, they spent a month in the desert.

= Снимая фильм, они провели месяц в пустыне.

Being shot on location, the film will be exciting to watch.

= Поскольку фильм снимается на натуре, его будет интересно смотреть Having shot the film, the director presented it to the public.

The Morphological Categories o f the Participle

I do not know the man playing the violin.

= Я не знаю человека, который играет на скрипке.

Не knew little about anything being discussed by the group.

= Он мало знал о чем-либо, что обсуждалось группой.

The nominal element of a predicative construction serves as the subject of the participle2

I heard the bov olavina a wonderful piece.

= Я слышал, как мальчик играл на скрипке.

I heard a sona being played with no emotion.

= Я слышал, как песню исполняли без всякого чувства.

Ш Participles II of transitive verbs are always passive in their meaning: drawn, discussed, done etc.

| There are intransitive verbs that can be used to form participles II which are always active in

• meaning Participle II of an intransitive verb denotes passing into a new state

arrived guests - прибывшие гости faded picture = поблекшая фотография risen sun = поднявшееся солнце

vanished civilization = исчезнувшая цивилизация withered flowers = завядшие цветы

As some verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively, their participles II can have both

active and passive meanings: closed, diminished, hidden, returned, etc Compare:

The letter had some hidden meaning [The meaning is passive.]

= У письма есть некоторый скрытый смысл.

Не lav hidden in the leaves [The meaning is active.]

- Он лежал, спрятавшись в листве.

NOTE Participle I non-perfect passive is used to show the process, which differs it from participle

II that often has a meaning of completion and result Compare:

The story told by grandpa amused everybody.

= История, рассказанная дедушкой, всех позабавила.

The story being told by grandpa seems to be exciting to his listeners.

= История, которую рассказывает дедушка, кажется его слушателям увлекательной.

2 For details and exam ples see PRED ICATIVE C O M PLEXES W ITH THE PARTICIPLE.

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Complete the charts

catching

being rescued being tied carrying

being dyed shrinking

holding

being worried

having argued having died shining

having preferred having lied entering

having continued occurring

NON-PERFECT

ACTIVE

NON-PERFECTPASSIVE

PERFECTACTIVE

fighting

being hurt striking

having hung

shot having been lit

teaching

having hit

lent having been fed

laying

read seating

biting

relying

Name the forms of participles

1 Ann fell asleep watching TV

2 Feeling tired, I went to bed early

3 Being out of job, he hasn't got much money

4 Arriving at the station, he didn't find anyone to meet him

Ex 3

Ex 2

The Morphological Categories o f the Participle 11

5 Hearing the announcement, I got puzzled

6 Putting on her new elegant coat, she looked in the mirror

7 Every mind is a building filled with old furniture

8 Having said so, he grasped the map firmly with both hands

9 Having been examined by the doctor, they were allowed to join the sports club

10 The worst prison would be a closed heart

11 A bore is a person who, when asked how (s)he is, tells you

12 Water, taken in moderation, cannot hurt anybody

13 As he came out he noticed in the middle distance somebody being carried on a stretcher

14 Having grown up in a small town, Lora couldn't get used to the hectic city life

15 What captain could sit unmoved and see his team being beaten in the most importantmatch of the season?

Make up phrases according to the models and translate them into Russian

Model A: Letter (to write) -> a written letter;

Expression (to surprise) -> a surprising / surprised expression

Model B: To excite (film; crowd) -> an exciting film; an excited crowd

To hurt (remark; look) ->

To promise (student; prize) ->

To exhaust (work; worker)

To knit (woman; scarf)

To invite (guest; smile)

To injure (victim; tool) ->

To excite (performance; audience) ->

To disappoint (trip; tourists) ->

To fall (star; angel)

To embarrass (joke; child) ->

To distort (picture; mirror)

To beat (heart; road) ->

To shake (hands; cocktail)

Ex 5

A Choose between passive and active forms of participle I

1 Speaking/Being spoken to her, I always made my meaning clear.

2 They went along the path leading/ being led to the river.

3 Badly wounding/Being badly wounded, he recovered slowly.

4 Striking/Being struck by the news he could hardly utter a word.

5 Fearing / Being feared that the police would recognize him, he never went out in daylight.

6 Having caught /Having been caught red-handed, the robbers had no chance to escape.

7 We stood on the hill top admiring/ being admired the panorama below.

B Choose between perfect and non-perfect forms of participle I

1 Rising/ Having risen from the table, he left the room.

2 Sleeping / Having slept two hours, I felt refreshed and rested.

3 She went out closing / having closed the door behind her.

4 Finding/Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner.

5 He fired wounding/ having wounded one of the bandits.

6 Noticing/Having noticed me from the other side of the street, she rushed to me.

7 We wasted a whole afternoon trying / having tried to repair the car.

C Choose between participle I and participle II

1 The horror movie was terrifying/terrified.

2 Falling / Fallen leaves were dancing slowly in the air.

3 I cannot forget the story being to ld/to ld by the old man.

4 Turning/ Turned back she saw her mother on the porch.

5 The woman went to the car being parked/ parked in the back yard.

6 Some paintings belonging/ belonged to the Queen were stolen from the palace.

7 Many archaeologists hate Atlantis, refusing to believe in the vanishing/vanished civi­ lization swallowing/ swallowed by the sea.

Fill in the correct form of participle I or participle II.

1 Madagascar is a (to live) zoo

2 All men in the band had (to shave) heads

3 (To hear) Lizzy, he turned a sleepish eye upon her

4 (To open) the parcel, she saw a large box of chocolates

5 She reappeared (to carry) red and white checked tablecloths

6 Now (to sell) everywhere, this product is very much in demand

7 (To train) in electronics, the new worker saw the problem immediately

8 He looked intently at the gate, as if (to expect) to read a message on it

9 We live on a planet (to lose) in a galaxy in some (to forget) corner of a universe

10 An hour she sat (to turn) her ring in water and (to count) the days of happiness

11 A friendship (to found) on business is better than business (to found) on friendship

12 He was not very good at gardening, (to bring up) with a back yard and a few sinking geraniums

13 Our heart is like a ship on a stormy sea (to drive) about by winds (to blow) from all four corners of heaven

14 A key-(to wind) alarm clock is one of the most traditional ways of waking up in the morning

The Morphological Categories of the Participle 13

Form participles of the following verbs and use them to complete the sentences

1 I was woken up by a bell

2 All letters today should arrive tomorrow

3 None of the people to the party can come

4 Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people near airports

5 Somebody Jack phoned while you were out

6 There was a tree down in the storm last night

7 A few days after the interview, I received a letter me the job

8 Tom has got a brother in a bank in London and a sister economics at university in Glasgow

9 When I entered there was nobody except for a young man by the window a magazine

Translate the sentences into English

15 Так как дом не ремонтировали более пятидесяти лет, он выглядел ужасающе

16 Оставшись один, я огляделся

THE SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF PARTICIPLES

In linguistics, syntactic functions refer to constituents in a sentence - subjects, predicates, attributes, adverbials, etc - and relationships between them The ways in which participles function in sentences reflect their verbal, adjectival and adverbial character

f f l Syntactically, the verbal character of participles is expressed in their combinability Participles have the combinability of verbs

1 Participles can be modified by adverbials

Smiling heartily; she looked like an adorable child.

= Искренно улыбаясь, она выглядела как очаровательное дитя.

-=Г Т>

Promptly served, the breakfast seemed irreproachable.

= Быстро поданный завтрак казался безукоризненным.

2 Participles I of transitive verbs can take direct objects

Grabbing the book, he rushed out.

= Схватив книгу, он выбежал вон.

Ш The adjectival character of participles is manifested in their syntactic functions

1 Participles can function as attributes

Everybody admired the smiling baby.

= Все восхищались улыбающимся младенцем.

She felt sure the letter had some hidden meaning.

= Она была уверена, что в письме есть скрытый смысл.

2 Participles can function as predicatives.

Everybody remained standing.

= Все остались стоять.

The book stayed torn for years.

= Книга годами оставалась разорванной.

Ш Some participles became adjectivized in the course of time They are known as either adjectivized

participles or participial adjectives: boring, charming, frustrating, interesting, interested,

tired, etc They function as adjectives and are registered as such in dictionaries of present-day

English Adjectivized participles lost their verbal character; they are devoid of the idea of action Moreover, the lexical meaning of such adjectives can differ from that of the corresponding verb

The Syntactic Features o f Participles 15

amused look = изумленный взгляд deserted streets = безлюдные улицы frightened look - испуганный вид forbidding appearance - отталкивающая внешность forbidding castle = неприступный замок

forbidding sky = темное грозовое небо telling argument = весомый аргумент varied opinions = разнообразные мнения

Adjectivized participles may be modified by adverbs of degree such as extremely, greatly, quite,

how, so, so as, too, more, most, rather, very, etc.

I regard it as an extremely challenging mission.

The person followina vou must be a detective Read the followina oaaes.

= Человек, следующий за вами, наверное, = Прочтите следующие страницы детектив.

Evervbodv touchina that wire aet a shock 1 listened to his touchina storv.

= Всякий, коснувшийся этого провода, получит удар = Я слушал его трогательный рассказ Tellina us his storv she sobbed It's a tellina comment.

Ш Participles can perform their syntactic functions alone or in combination with other words They may form:

• participle phrases that operate as one syntactic whole Thus, we find phrasal attributes, phrasal predicatives, and phrasal adverbials

I do not regret past, I regret the time wasted with the wrong people.

[a phrasal attribute]

© Forgiving vour enemies, never forget their names.[a phrasal adverbial]

• predicative complexes / constructions that operate as one syntactic whole We find complex subjects, complex objects and complex adverbials expressed by predicative constructions with participles.4

His footsteps were heard crossing the room, [a complex subject]

Sometimes it is better to keep vour mouth closed, [a complex object]

The lamp having been lit Mrs Maccalan produced her son's letter, [a complex

The Syntactic Features o f Participles 17

3 when the clause contains a verb that describes a mental state, emotions and attitudes -

know, believe, like, hate, etc.

People who know two languages are called bilingual.

- Людей, знающих два языка, называют двуязычными.

Ш The participle attribute can be placed either before or after the modified word The former is

called a premodifier; the latter is known as a postmodifier

PARTICIPLES AS ATTRIBUTES

a portrait painted by Velasquez

NON-PERFECT people doing sports the film being shot now

PERFECT

There are restrictions on the use of participles as attributes We use beginning

with WHO, WHICH or THAT

1 to describe the actions that come before the actions of the finite verbs Compare:

The mechanic who repaired the car is having a cup of tea.

= Механик, отремонтировавший машину, пьет чай.

The mechanic repairing the car is doing his best.

= Механик, ремонтирующий машину, старается изо всех сил.

2 to speak about repeated actions or habits Compare:

People who read newspapers always know the latest news.

-Лю ди, читающие газеты, всегда знают последние новости.

The gentleman reading the newspaper is my uncle.

= Джентльмен, читающий газету, — мой дядя.

A premodifier can be expressed by

• participle II in a short participle phrase containing an adverb

He looked at the newly repaired roof.

• a participle within a phrase

The dog sleeping in the shade of the tree looked peaceful.

= Собака, спящая в тени дерева, выглядела мирно.

The children excited by the performance clapped cheerfully.

= Дети, взволнованные представлением, радостно аплодировали.

A premodifier functions like an adjective describing a state, appearance or permanent

occupation, a postmodifier stresses the action Compare:

Most of the singing people never have cold drinks.

= Большинство людей, занимающихся пением, никогда не пьют холодное.

We heard a Christmas carol Most of the people singing were women.

- Мы слышали рождественский гимн Большинство певших составляли женщины.

The following examples show that attributes can change the meaning according to their position Compare:

a concerned expression = a worried expression the people concerned - the people who are concerned

a very involved father = the father spends a lot of time with his children the students involved in - the students that take part in

an adopted child = a child brought up by people who are not his/her biological parents the solution adopted at the meeting - the solution that was chosen

The Syntactic Features o f Participles 19

Щ Unlike participles II of transitive verbs, participles II of some intransitive verbs are active in meaning They denote passing into a new state

arrived team = прибывшая команда assembled company = собравшаяся компания departed guests - уехавшие гости

faded leaves - завядшие листья risen sun = поднявшееся солнце vanished car = исчезнувшая машина withered flowers = завядшие цветы

As some verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively, their participles II can have both

active and passive meanings: closed, diminished, hidden, returned, etc Compare:

The letter had some hidden meaning [The meaning is passive.]

= У письма есть некоторый скрытый смысл.

Не lav hidden in the leaves [The meaning is active.]

= Он лежал, спрятавшись в листве.

Ш Structurally, there are

• simple participle attributes - expressed by single participles

Everybody admired the smiling baby.

The actor being interviewed is a future star.

She felt sure the letter had some hidden meaning.

• phrasal participle attributes - expressed by participle phrases.

The boy drawing the boat is my nephew.

The boat being drawn bv the children will definitely be grand.

The boat drawn on the little piece of paper fascinated me.

£3 Participles in combination with adjectives / adverbs or nouns can form compound modifiers that function as adjectives and can be used as attributes

Adjective / adverb + participle: hard-earned success, high-flying career woman, high-ranking

officer, long-serving employees, long-suffering husband, ever-complaining voice, top-ranking sport, well-travelled scholar, all-consuming love of jazz, angry-looking baby, best-selling author, loose-fitting clothes, low-lying land, never-biting dog, newly-born child, wide-ranging ideas, etc.

Noun + participle: action-packed weekend, award-winning TV drama, awe-inspiring dentist,

back-breaking job, blood-curdling story, ear-splitting music, eye-catching advertisement, fun- loving people, habit-forming activity, hair-raising adventure, jam-packed train, labour-saving devices, life-giving treatment, life-saving heart operation, life-threatening condition, mind- blowing experience, nerve-racking film, profit-making business, record-breaking performance, world-beating performance, etc.

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Translate the sentences into Russian and comment on the use of participles

A

1 He looked down at the dog lying at his feet

2 They came to a tree broken by the recent storm

3 There was a noise of furniture being moved upstairs

4 A barking dog woke him up

5 If you stand still outside you can hear the sound of falling leaves

6 They talk about the play being staged now at the local theatre

7 John, fishing next to Mark, caught a big fish

8 He could hardly recognize the woman standing before him

9 The tune being played by the band brings back the sweet memories of my youth

10 Just before the show the square filled up with drunk youngsters

11 We sat there charmed by the song being sung by an unseen girl

12 We saw an overturned truck and a policeman being kicked by half a dozen youths

13 To know the road ahead, ask those coming back

14 She had a hand on his shoulders and was including herself in the pictures being taken.B

1 Friends are kisses blown to us by angels

2 All the world is a laboratory to the inquiring mind

3 What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies

4 I am made entirely of flaws stitched with good intentions

5 The Internet is just a world passing around notes in a classroom

6 England and America are two countries divided by a common language

7 A book is like a garden carried in the pocket

8 A diplomat is a man remembering a woman's birthday but never remembering her age

9 Some have half-baked ideas because their ideals are not heated up enough

10 Income tax returns are the most imaginative fiction being written today

11 We have too many high sounding words and too few actions that correspond with them

12 Sometimes the shortest distance between two points is a winding path walked arm in arm

13 Beautiful and graceful, varied and enchanting, butterflies lead you to the sunny side of life

14 The music being played at this wedding ceremony reminds me of the music of soldiers going into battle

The Syntactic Features o f Participles 21

Ex 10 Give attribute phrases using participles, rephrase them and translate into Russian.Model: a) a fish; to fly -> a flying fish - a fish that can fly (that flies); летающая рыба

b) a letter; to write -> a written letter - a letter that was written; написанное письмо

Ex 11 Open the brackets using participles

1 Rats desert a (to sink) ship

2 A (to watch) pot never boils

3 (To steal) pleasures are sweetest

4 Beauty of face is a (to pass) flower

5 Adversity (to overcome) is the greatest glory

6 A book tightly (to shut) is nothing but a block of paper

7 There is no fool so great as a (to know) fool

8 When a thing is funny, search it for a (to hide) truth

9 A (to tear) jacket is soon mended; but hard words bruise the heart

10 What do you think of this new gadget (to sell) everywhere now?

11 An ambassador is an honest man (to send) abroad to lie for his country

12 The shampoo (to advertize) now will make your hair full and silky

13 The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong in the (to break) places

14 We behaved in the customary fashion of people (to show) over houses

15 Nobel Prize money is a lifebelt (to throw) to a swimmer who has already reached the shore in safety

16 When there are two (to conflict) versions of a story, believe the one in which people appear at their worst

Ex 12 Use the participles to make up compound adjectives.

1 This jam was not bought in a shop It is home-

2 Housework is a never- task

3 I hate tim e- paperwork

4 Her whisper was hair- It made him shiver

5 Sand- castles fall in the sea eventually

6 We walked down the dark tree- road

7 The climate in this region is much-

8 Isn't it time to help your long- parents?

9 Brad needs an eye- slogan for his campaign

10 There are no paid holidays or sick leave if you are a self- author

11 'All The Best' is a rib - comedy

12 I saw the worst comedy I've ever seen last night, absolutely toe- !

builtcatchingconsumingcurlingemployedendinglinedmademalignedraisingsufferingtickling

Ex 13 Make up compound adjectives using the participles of the verbs given in brackets

1 It was like remembering a half-(forget) dream.

2 He thought about it in the same way as all other right -(think) folk.

3 They warned us that this was not a well-(trove/) road

4 They're 'a well-(frave/) couple

5 This is an entertaining yet thought-(provoke) film.

6 She went to the henhouse to fetch some new -{lay) eggs for breakfast.

7 The train's whistle made an ear-(split) noise.

8 On all sides of them were trucks and autos, with here and there a horse-(draw) vehicle.

9 He glanced up at the candle-(//g/7f) portraits hanging on the dark walls

10 The old long -(play) records were on their way out.

11 Spending a week in the jungle was a mind-(b/ow) experience

12 She walked through the wind-(sweep) park.

13 She always played to well-(/7//) houses

14 Panic-(sfnke), she rushed out of the room

15 WeW-(mean) friends may even try to stop you!

Ex 14

A Form participles I from the verbs in the box and complete the sentences

1 I found myself with an head

2 Late at night he received a telegram from his father him to come home at once

3 In the room there were four men over their coffee '

4 In the drawer he kept the envelopes his children's letters

The Syntactic Features o f Participles 23

5 John busied himself with the complex of a city

6 He saw the bright anger in her eyes and the confusion Jack's face

7 He made a few remarks

8 A sun in a deep blue sky sparkled on the new snow that blanketed the mountains

B Form participles II from the verbs in the box and complete the sentences

1 A question in the right way often points to its answer

2 Lessons w e ll in youth are never forgotten

3 Architecture is music

4 A trouble is a trouble halved A joy is a joy double

5 Words are, of course, the most powerful drug by mankind

6 Cats always listen to accusations with an air o f innocence

7 Most conversations are simply monologues in the presence of witnesses

8 A kindness deserves no thanks

Replace the clauses with participles II where possible

1 The only man who was injured was quickly taken to hospital

2 The animals that were caught in the trap struggled furiously

3 Tennis is one of the most popular games which is played all the year round

4 And the answer that had so long been expected came at last

5 His words, which he uttered in an undertone, reached my ears

6 The guests who arrived recently were taking off their coats

7 The moon which rose seemed so close, I could have touched it

8 The newspapers carried reports of a storm that had ruined several villages

9 The thing you've bought isn't worth the money you've spent

10 There was a peculiar silence in the room, which was broken only by the crackle of paper

11 The picture that fascinated her turned out to be an 18th-century masterpiece

Replace the clauses by the appropriate form of participle I where possible

1 The man who bent over her is her director

2 The children who came to the farm every Sunday helped her about the house

3 The film they are shooting now is a typical thriller

4 The woman who had seen the murderer decided to go to the police

5 Something in the car that was going by seemed strange to him

6 He thought there was something strange in the car that just had passed him

7 The man who made a report yesterday arrived from the USA

8 He had a big massive gold watch, which used to belong to his father

9 The letter she is typing now is strictly confidential

10 Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.

11 Peter seated himself in a leather chair which faced the desk

12 Jack almost dropped the leather bag on which he had been writing

13 He spoke like a man who had an opinion of everything

14 I went to the hall and swallowed something that had been wanting to be swallowed for ten minutes

Paraphrase the sentences changing attribute clauses into participle phrases where possible

1 His words had the effect which he desired

2 Passengers who travel on planes shouldn't smoke

3 The man who phoned you yesterday is waiting for you downstairs

4 Customers who complain about the service should see the manager

5 The events and characters which the book describes are purely fictional

6 He acted on the plan which he had worked out long time ago

7 The movie which the newspapers are discussing will be a smash hit, I'm sure

8 Stephen, who had been listening to the unspoken speech behind the words, said nothing

Combine the sentences using participle phrases where possible

1 A proverb is a short sentence It is based on long experience

2 The dog barks all night What can we do about it?

3 She jumped out of bed A loud sound awoke her

4 The millionaire bought a picture The painter was Picasso

5 We went to see our friends They had just returned from a voyage

6 He applied for a job The advertisement for the job was in the paper

7 My mother is making marmalade in the kitchen This marmalade is especially good ontoast

Translate the words in brackets choosing between participle I passive and participle II

1 If dreams die, life becomes а (птицей со сломанными крыльями)

2 The sight of (накрываемого стола) made my mouth water

3 Suddenly I heard a sound of а (ключа, поворачиваемого) in the lock

4 Forbidden pleasures are like (отравленный хлеб)

5 They are now at а (конференции, которая проходит) at the University

6 They stood at the (заправляемой машины) and watched the meter

7 It is the (письмо, которое не отправили) that is often the most valuable

8 Her manner was of а (кошки, которой дали) an unexpected saucer of cream

9 (Каждый портрет, который был написан) with feeling is a portrait of the artist, not of the sitter

The Syntactic Features o f Participles 25

10 (Бутылка вина, открываемая) now by my husband has been kept in our family for many years

11 Unable to attend the (конференцию, проходившую тогда) at the University, we asked

1 The number of apartment houses (строящихся) in the city is growing

2 What is the number of apartment houses (построенных) in the past few years?

3 The workers (построившие) this house used new construction methods

4 Here are some samples of our products (посылаемые) to different parts of the country

5 These are the samples of products (посланных) last month

6 Here is the list of plants (посылающих) the samples of their products to us

7 Here is the list of plants (приславших) the samples of their products to us

8 He was looking at the boy (сидевшего) on a chair in the garden

9 The boy (сидевший) on a chair in the garden left

10 Did you see in what direction the man (стоявший здесь) went?

11 We came up to the man (стоявшему на углу) and asked him the way

12 The people (ожидающие доктора) have been sitting here for a long time

13 The people (ожидавшие вас) have just gone

14 The tourists (прибывшие) yesterday are having breakfast on the terrace now

15 The tourists (прибывающие) in the morning will be put up on the second floor of the hotel

16 The surgeon (сделавший эту операцию) promised the patient a speedy recovery

17 The dress (висевшее) in the shop window has mysteriously disappeared

18 The dress (висевшее) in the shop window was admired by everybody

Choose the correct variant for each of the sentences

1 knowing; known; who know

1 Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa depicts a woman for her famous half-smile

2 We hate people more than we do

3 She stammered and he gave her a slow smile

2 raising; raised; who raised

1 People by loving parents feel secure through the whole of their lives

2 People small children have no spare time

3 People me died long ago

3 convincing; convinced; who convinced

1 A successful leader can always find a argument

2 There is nothing more dangerous than a man in his being absolutely right

3 Today, after so many years, I can say I am thankful to my teacher me to follow this career

4 inspiring; inspired; who inspired

1 She was a woman o f beauty

2 Woman countless poets and artists now looked ugly, even sinister

3 An poet can forget about the necessity to eat and sleep

5 seating; seated; who seated

1 When I entered, there was nobody in the cafe except for a woman her old companion into the chair

2 The woman near the window enjoyed herself watching people in the street

3 The woman her old companion into the chair ran away to fetch some tea

6 solving; solved; who solved

1 A problem which is well stated is a problem half

2 You look so happy — like a man a complex problem

3 You seem to be concentrating on something — like a man a complex problem

7 closing; closed; who close; who closed

1 The boy in the attick started crying

2 I don't understand people their eyes on problems

3 The manager the plant last month decided to pay the workers some compensation

4 We could hardly wait until the shots of the film

8 sending; sent; who sends; who sent

1 Who is the man me this postcard? I can't imagine who it can be

2 Who is the man me these postcards? I receive them every Monday

3 Where is the man for the postcards? Why is he still here?

4 The post office is crowded with people Christmas cards

9 preparing; prepared;, who prepares; who prepared

1 He went ahead for any surprise

2 The man birthday parties is not here at the moment

3 We have come to offer help to the woman your birthday party

4 Unfortunately, M ary the whole party, couldn't come and enjoy the results of her work

10 welcoming; welcomed; who welcomed

1 The hostess stood on the porch with a smile

2 The guests into the house took off their coats

The Syntactic Features o f Participles 27

11 retiring; retired; who retired

1 people often go traveling.

2 A colleague of mine a month ago is going to Tibet

12 leaving; left; who left

1 The girls for the railway station ran downstairs

2 The girls for the railway station must be on the train already

13 writing; written; who wrote

1 Few women letters can finish them without adding a PS.

2 A man his first letter can't help re-reading it again and again

14 filling; filled; who fills

1 with disgust, she shuddered

2 Where is the man this barrel with beer?

15 eating; eaten; who eat(s); who ate

1 People fast food in childhood find it difficult to control their weight in adult life

2 I smiled at a homeless man his breakfast outside of a soup kitchen

3 Dennis got up and left his breakfast half

16 giving; given; who gives; who gave

1 John is a man always wise advice.

2 John, wise advice, finally saw the solution to his problem

3 I want to thank John me wise advice It was very helpful

Some of these sentences contain errors Find and correct them

1 Money spended is money lended

2 Art is a science having been made clear

3 Dance is the hidden language of the soul

4 She opened the envelope with trembling hands

5 The decision arrived was to everybody's satisfaction

6 Some questions having touched upon in the report are worth considering

7 The suspect having been questioned for several hours finally confessed his crime

8 She sat into the armchair at the window looking at the mountains lighting by the sun

9 Every man's life is a written by God's fingers fairy-tale

10 The red chamber was a spare room very seldom slept

11 The girl having sat opposite him suddenly got up and left

12 The contract signed now will be profitable to our company

13 Life is a moderately good play with a written badly third act

14 Illusions mistaking for truth are the pavement under our feet

15 I have seen gross intolerance showed in support of tolerance

Ex 22

Translate into English.

20 Человек, дремавший у окна, вдруг проснулся и спросил, какая эта станция

21 Новая книга, о которой сейчас много говорят, была написана молодым талантливым автором

Participles in Predicates 29

PARTICIPLES IN PREDICATES

The predicate is the second main part of the sentence and its organizing centre Structurally, it can be either simple or compound There are compound nominal and compound verbal predicates

PARTICIPLES IN SIMPLE VERBAL PREDICATES

Non-perfect active participle I is used in continuous tense forms after the auxiliary 'be'

I was writing I had been writing.

I am writing I have been writing.

I will be writing I will have been writing.

Participle II is used in passive tense forms after the auxiliary 'be'

It was written It had been written.

It is written It has been written.

It will be written It will have been written.

Participle II is used in perfect tense forms after the auxiliary 'have'.

I had written It had been written.

I have written It has been written.

It will have written It will have been written.

PARTICIPLES IN COMPOUND PREDICATES THE PARTICIPLE AS A PREDICATIVE

A fault confessed is half redressed.

An English proverblink verb + PREDICATIVE = compound nominal predicate

A predicative is a notional part of a compound nominal predicate The structural part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by a link verb Non-perfect active participle I and participle II can function as predicatives

His remark seemed hurting.

= Казалось, что девушка улыбалась нам.

With the link-verb be participle I becomes adjectivized and loses its verba! character.

Life is long but time is fleeting.

Participles in Predicates 31_

Participle II of a transitive verb denotes a state which is usually the result of a prior action

The poor puppy remained locked for two days.

THE PARTICIPLE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE

Grammarians differ in their views on the following pattern

She was heard singing a lovely tune.

= Слышали, как она напевала красивую мелодию.

Some scholars believe that non-perfect participle I or participle II (rarely) can act as part of a compound

verbal predicate of double orientation The participle 'singing' is viewed as part of a compound verbal predicate 'was heard singing'.

She J ( was heard singing

a compound verbal predicate

was heard ) ( singing

part of a compound verbal predicate

Others suppose that 'she singing a lovely tune' is a subjective participial construction5 that acts as

a complex subject

She was heard sinaina a lovely tune.

This phenomenon is open to interpretation You are free to support either point of view

5 For details and examples see SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Translate the sentences into Russian and comment on the use of the participles.A

1 She looked worried

2 A cold shower is always stimulating

3 I felt refreshed and rested

4 He looked threatening

5 He seemed delighted to see me again

6 In cold weather water becomes frozen

7 He remained sitting at the table and listened

8 Look at the house being built over there

9 Los Angeles seems held between light and dark

10 I used to tell all my trouble to Mrs Winkshap, our neighbor living next door

11 When I get bored I get distracted and when I get distracted, I become depressed

12 Sometimes small weaknesses seem charming and engaging

13 We discussed the attempts being made to correct the situation

14 Her achievements remained underestimated

15 Ideas can't go to jail Books won't stay banned for ever

B

1 Don't go for the looks They are deceiving

2 A poem is never finished, only abandoned

3 The days of the digital watch are numbered

4 We shall see the sky sparkling with diamonds

5 Holidays are tempting only for the first week or so

6 A dollar saved is a dollar earned

7 Hope is faith holding your hand in the dark

8 Life in continual chaos seems exhausting and frightening

9 Answers to big questions don’t remain stone-written

10 The only thing that comes to a sleeping man are dreams

11 The most astonishing thing about miracles is that they happen

12 The only reason some people get lost in thought is because it’s unfamiliar territory

13 There is nothing better than to return to a place that remains unchanged since your childhood

14 A kiss is a lovely trick designed by nature to stop words when speech becomes tiring

15 Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, snow is exhilarating, there is no such thing as bad weather

16 If we disguise ourselves to others, in the end we become disguised to ourselves

17 Freshness is important If a thing seems new, intriguing, challenging and enchanting, it will sell, and sell well

Participles in Predicates 33

Choose the correct variant Point out the variety of link verbs

1 I grew tiring/ tired and went to bed.

2 She felt relaxed/relaxing in the hot sun.

3 Her experience sounded terrified/terrifying.

4 The old lady gets easily confusing/ confused.

5 The police seemed puzzled/ puzzling by the clues.

6 The children were thrilled/ thrilling with the clown's tricks.

7 The students looked fascinating/fascinated by the exhibition.

8 He got terribly excited/ exciting to be asked to play for Wales.

9 If fear alters your behaviour, you are already defeating/defeated.

10 This is really tiring / tired I have become exhausting / exhausted.

11 The increase in the number of car thefts looks alarmed/alarming.

12 He was very surprising / surprised by her sudden change of attitude.

13 He was disturbing/ disturbed by the threatened/threatening phone calls.

14 He felt slightly embarrassed/ embarrassing at being the center of attention.

15 Why do people get frightening/frightened of new ideas? I get frightening / frightened

of the old ones

Choose the correct variant

On Saturday I took my children to the circus I thought I would have a boring / bored time, but actually

I was quite astonishing / astonished by the amazing / amazed acts We were stunning / stunned by the acrobats They balanced on top of each other with incredible ease We were really impressing

/impressed by their performance The children found the lion-tamer's act exciting / excited I felt terrifying /terrified when he put his hands into the lion's mouth, but the children were amusing / amused and clapped loudly A magician performed incredible tricks; it was fascinating / fascinated

to watch him make various objects disappear and reappear The children were more interesting /

interested in the elephant act When the huge animals came into the arena, the audience cheered

The elephants were very well-trained and their tricks were entertaining / entertained Some children from the audience were invited to ride on the elephants' backs My children were disappointing /

disappointed when they were not chosen, but their disappointment faded when the clowns took

the center ring It was quite a captivating / captivated show By the time we got home we all felt

exhausting / exhausted.

Open the brackets using participles

1 His ignorance was (to horrify)

2 The cool breeze seems so (to refresh)

3 The roar of the crowd sounded (to deafen)

4 If it weren't for the last minute, nothing would get (to do)

5 He who abandons the field stays (to beat)

Ex 27

Ex 26

6 This year's sales figures look (to encourage).

7 War does not determine who is right — only who is (to leave)

8 The instructions on the box sounded (to confuse)

9 The film about the homeless was (to depress)

10 I don't care where I sit as long as I get (to feed)

11 The idea of a trip abroad seemed (to appeal) to us

12 All these years I have been growing into myself Finally I feel (to grow)

13 Some books are undeservedly (to forget); none are undeservedly (to remember)

14 Last night I dreamed I ate a huge marshmallow, and when I woke up the pillow was (to go)

Complete the sentences using the suitable participles formed from the verbs in the

column on the right.

9 You don't pay back your parents The debt gets by your children i tempt

10 If you live long enough, first you g e t of things you never did, and j- tire

Ex 29 Complete the sentences with the link verbs and participles More than one variant is

edge of their seats

anything of the kind

5 When we saw the waiters we feared the worst but, surprisingly, the m eal

1 Having passed the exam with flying colours she

2 He worked at the computer for fourteen hours running He _

3 I had to listen to his annoying voice for two hours and finally I

It was past midnight The children were still outside The mother

more

more and

Many young teachers

Seeing Jane safe and sound we

with their profession

The lecture was boring and the student gradually

8 Though Hugh apologized to her, Elisabeth _

9 When Peter broke the exciting news w e greatly

Translate into English using the prompts given and different link verbs

comfort; convince; fascinate; frustrate; humiliate; invite; overwhelm; penetrate;

wear out; satisfy; spoil; terrify

J The action or state expressed by a participle adverbial refers to the subject of the sentence.

Opening the fridge, she smelt salmon.

= Открыв холодильник, она услышала запах лосося.

/'NOT Opening the fridge, the salmon smelt good)

— Who opened the fridge?

© — The salmon did

Ш Sometimes the distinction between different adverbials is not obvious and can be open to interpretation For instance, the participles in the sentences below can be treated either as adverbials of time or as adverbials of reason.

Seeing Jane I stopped = I stopped (as / when) I saw Jane.

= Увидев Джейн, я остановилась.

Interrupted, he stopped arguing - He stopped arguing (as/when) he was interrupted

= Когда / потому что его перебили, он перестал спорить.

То make the meaning of the sentence clearer, we use conjunctions: as if, as though, if, once, until,

unless, though, when, while They explicitly indicate the semantic type of the adverbial.

When sinaina Kerry notices nobody.

= Когда Кэрри поет, она никого не замечает.

If seen in this light, the subject of the discussion becomes clearer.

= Если взглянуть на предмет обсуждения с этой точки зрения, то он становится более понятным.

1 Adverbials of time expressed by participles denote

• actions or states that take place at the same time with the action of the finite verb To stress

the idea of simultaneity, the speaker may introduce participles by conjunctions WHEN or

• actions or states that precede the action of the finite verb

Having travelled all over the world, he returned tired but happy.

Participles in Predicates 39 Non-perfect participle I of certain verbs can denote an action that precedes the action of the finite verb In such contexts the action of the finite verb closely follows the action of non-perfect

participle I, and there is no time lapse between the events These are non-perfect participles of verbs

• of sense perception: feel, find, hear, notice, see, etc.

Seeing his baby safe and sound, Ted gave a cry of joy.

= Увидев своего ребенка живым и невредимым, Тед закричал от радости.

• of motion: arrive, approach, come, descend, enter, leave, reach, turn, etc.

Descending the stairs, we found the company waiting for us in the lobby.

= Спустившись, мы обнаружили в холле группу людей, ожидавших нас.

• associated with motion: close, grasp, open, push, put, put on, seize, take, take off, etc.

Picking up the receiver, he heard a familiar voice.

- Подняв трубку, он услышал знакомый голос.

However, we use perfect participles I of these verbs to show and emphasise prior actions

(a) when there is a lapse of time between the actions of the participle and of the finite verb

(b) when the action denoted by the participle is durative Compare:

© Feeling the ache, he screamed for help.

= Испытывая боль, он кричал о помощи.

© Having had the ache all the night, he felt exhausted.

= Промучившись от боли всю ночь, он был обессилен.

IMPORTANT! After conjunctions UNTIL and ONCE only participle II is used.

He will not stop talking until interrupted.

= Он не прекратит говорить, пока его не остановят.

Once interrupted, she did not know what to say.

= Стоило ее только перебить, как она не знала что сказать.

NOTE 1.

Participle I of the verb ‘be’ - BEIN G - is not be used as an adverbial of time It expresses

a reason To denote the time of the action either a clause or an elliptical clause is used Compare:

Being in London [= as he was in London], he could not attend our meeting in Minsk.

= Поскольку он был в Лондоне, он не смог посетить собрание в Минске.

When / while in London [= when / while he was in London], he visited his aunt.

= Будучи в Лондоне, он навестил свою тетю.