Boost your vocabulary cam 8

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại Cuốn sách này là của ……… Điểm mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading là: ………… Để làm được điều này, mình sẽ đọc cuố

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại

Cuốn sách này là của

………

Điểm mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading là: …………

Để làm được điều này, mình sẽ đọc cuốn sách này ít nhất … lần/tuần

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

Chào các bạn,

Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary” được biên soạn bởi mình và các bạn trong nhóm IELTS Family Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng

bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc

Trong quá trình thực hiện, mình và các bạn trong nhóm đã dành nhiều thời gian để nghiên cứu cách thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn Tuy vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có những hạn chế nhất định Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi về email

Trân trọng cảm ơn,

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại

TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN

Đinh Thắng

Hiện tại là giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012 Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.Từng làm việc tại tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012)

HP Academy là NHÀ dành cho việc dạy và học IELTS tại 2 cơ sở Tân Bình và Gò Vấp, TP.HCM

Ở HP, các bạn sẽ KHÔNG được cam kết đầu ra Kết quả của các cựu học viên chính là câu trả lời chính xác nhất cho chất

lượng dạy và học

www.hpacademy.vn

03 LÝ DO TẠI SAO NÊN HỌC TỪ VỰNG THEO CUỐN SÁCH NÀY

1 Không còn mất nhiều thời gian cho việc tra từ

Các từ học thuật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm giải thích hoặc từ đồng nghĩa Bạn tiết kiệm được đáng kể thời gian gõ từng từ vào từ điển và tra Chắc chắn những bạn thuộc dạng “không được chăm chỉ lắm trong việc tra từ vựng” sẽ thích điều này

2 Tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ quan trọng

Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra hết các từ giúp bạn nhưng sách đã chọn ra các từ quan trọng và phổ biến nhất giúp bạn Như vậy, bạn có thể tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ này, thay vì phải mất công nhớ các từ không quan trọng Bạn nào đạt Reading từ 7.0 trở lên đều sẽ thấy rất nhiều trong số các từ này thuộc loại hết sức quen thuộc

3 Học một từ nhớ nhiều từ

Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (từ đồng nghĩa), giúp các bạn có thể xem lại

và học thêm các từ có nghĩa tương đương hoặc giống như từ gốc Có thể nói, đây là phương pháp học hết sức hiệu quả vì khi học một từ như impact, bạn có thể nhớ lại hoặc học thêm một loạt các từ nghĩa tương đương như significant, vital, imperative, chief, key Nói theo cách khác thì nếu khả năng ghi nhớ của bạn tốt thì cuốn sách này giúp bạn đấy số lượng từ vựng lên một cách đáng kể

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại

CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TRƯỚC, HỌC TỪ VỰNG SAU

Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học Cuốn

sách được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng

Bước 2: Tìm mua cuốn Cambridge IELTS (8 cuốn mới nhất từ 6-14) của Nhà xuất bản

Cambridge để làm Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu Sách của nhà xuất bản Cambridge được tái bản tại Việt Nam thường có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất rõ nét

Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách trên Ví dụ passage 1,

test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13

Bước 4: Đối chiếu với cuốn sách này, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần học

Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13, bài về Tourism New Zealand Website: Bạn sẽ thấy

4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ học thuật - academic word

4.2 C ột bên phải chứa các từ vựng này theo kèm định nghĩa (definition) hoặc từ đồng nghĩa (synonym)

CÁCH 2: HỌC TỪ VỰNG TRƯỚC, ĐỌC TEST SAU

Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học Cuốn

sách được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng

Bước 2: Đọc cột bên trái như đọc báo Duy trì hàng ngày Khi nào không hiểu từ nào

thì xem nghĩa hoặc synonym của từ đó ở cột bên phải Giai đoạn này giúp bạn phát triển

việc đọc tự nhiên, thay vì đọc theo kiểu làm test Bạn càng hiểu nhiều càng tốt Cố gắng nhớ từ theo ngữ cảnh

Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách Cambridge IELTS Ví

dụ bạn đọc xong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13 này thì có thể quay lại làm các test trong cuốn 10 chẳng hạn Làm test xong thì cố gắng phát hiện các từ đã học trong cuốn 13 Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt chắc chắn sẽ gặp lại rất nhiều từ đã học Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ vừa phải cũng sẽ gặp lại không ít từ

Bước 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm Ví dụ trong

cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10

Tóm lại, mình ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này

B1 Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13

B2 Làm test 1 trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10

B3 Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10 & tìm các từ lặp lại mà bạn đã đọc trong cuốn Boost your

vocabulary 13

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại

According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000

years ago, and long before the advent of the

Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure

time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate

communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods

and, in particular, to regulate planting and

harvesting They based their calendars on three

natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the

successive periods of light and darkness as the

earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following

the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and

chronicle = a written record, history, story of

historical events ˈkrɒnɪkl̩

timekeeping = the activity of recording the time

something takes ˈtaɪmˌkiːpɪŋ

advent = coming, start, arrival, the time when

something first begins to be widely used ˈædvent

co-ordinate = organize, manage, direct, t o make various, separate things work together kəʊˈɔːdnɪt

communal = shared, common, public, relating or

belonging to all the people living in a particular

lunar = relating to the Moon ˈluːnə orbit =circle, revolve around, travel around, go around, ˈɔːbɪt

the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that

accompany our planet's revolution around the sun

B

Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had

greater social impact And, for those living near the

equator in particular, its waxing and waning was

more conspicuous than the passing of the

seasons Hence, the calendars that were developed

at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the

lunar cycle than by the solar year In more northern

climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was

practised, the solar year became more crucial As

the Roman Empire expanded northward, it

organised its activity chart for the most part around

the solar year

C

Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians

had formulated a municipal calendar having 12

months of 30 days, with five days added to

approximate the solar year Each period of ten days

was marked by the appearance of special groups of

stars called decans At the rise of the star Sirius just

before sunrise, which occurred around the

all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans

could be seen spanning the heavens The cosmic

significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans

led them to develop a system in which each interval

of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was

divided into a dozen equal parts These periods

became known as temporal hours because their

duration varied according to the changing length of

days and nights with the passing of the seasons

Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at

the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of

daylight and darkness equal Temporal hours, which

were first adopted by the Greeks and then the

Romans, who disseminated them through Europe,

remained in use for more than 2,500 years

D

In order to track temporal hours during the day,

inventors created sundials, which indicate time by

the length or direction of the sun's shadow The

accompany= go together with, come with, be

associated with, happen with, appear with

əˈkʌmpəni

artificial= man-made, synthetic, non-natural

ɑːtɪˈfɪʃl̩

equator = an imaginary line drawn around the

middle of the Earth ɪˈkweɪtə

wax and wane = to increase and decrease over

time ˈwæks ənd weɪn

conspicuous = obvious, clear, noticeable

kənˈspɪkjʊəs

latitude = the distance north or south of the

equator, measured in degrees ˈlætɪtjuːd

clime =zone, region, a place that has a particular type of climate klaɪm

crucial = vital, fundamental, essential, important,

necessary, key ˈkruːʃl̩

formulate = invent, create, make, develop

ˈfɔːmjʊleɪt

municipal = civic, public, community, #private

mjuːˈnɪsɪpl̩

decan= The decans (Egyptian) are 36 groups

of stars (small constellations) used in the Ancient Egyptian astronomy ˈdɛk(ə)n

cosmic = relating to space or the universe

ˈkɒzmɪk

interval= intermission, interlude, break ˈɪntəvl̩

temporal hours = a unit of time used in the

past that divided the daylight into an equal number of hours, ˈtempərəl ˈaʊəz

duration = the length of time that something

lasts djʊˈreɪʃn̩

equinox = solstice, one of the two times in a

year when night and day are of equal length

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại

sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was

designed to measure temporal hours at night One

of the first water clocks was a basin with a small

hole near the bottom through which the water

dripped out The falling water level denoted the

passing hour as it dipped below hour lines

inscribed on the inner surface Although these

devices performed satisfactorily around the

Mediterranean, they could not always be depended

on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of

northern Europe

E

The advent of the mechanical clock meant that

although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal

hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones

With these, however, arose the question of when to

begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a

number of systems evolved The schemes that

divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according

to the start of the count: Italian hours began at

sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical

hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for

some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight

Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock',

or French, hours, which split the day into two

12-hour periods commencing at midnight

F

The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical

clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England

The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was

neither the descending weight that provided its

motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been

around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the

power; It was the part called the escapement In the

early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring

or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear

wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing

tension of its mainspring By the 16th century, a

pendulum clock had been devised, but the

pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not

dip = dunk, immerse, to put something into a

liquid for a very short time and take it out again.

arise = rise, ascend, appear, # retire əˈraɪz

evolve = change, grow, advance, to develop

and change gradually over a long period of time ɪˈvɒlv

scheme= plan, idea, method. skiːm

divide= split, separate, distribute, allocate,

commence = start, begin, originate. kəˈmens

weight-driven mechanical clock = a clock using

a pendulum weɪt - ˈdrɪvən mɪˈkænɪkl̩ ˈklɒk

descend= downward, fall, drop, go down dɪˈsend

escapement = a piece of machinery in a clock

from the spring or weight to a wheel ɪˈskeɪpmənt

mainspring = the most important spring in a

watch or clock ˈmeɪnsprɪŋ

pendulum = a long metal stick with weight at the

bottom that swings regularly from side to side to control the working of a clock ˈpendjʊləm

G

To address this, a variation on the original

escapement was invented in 1670, in England It

was called the anchor escapement, which was a

lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor The

motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it

catches and then releases each tooth of the escape

wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount

Unlike the original form used in early pendulum

clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the

pendulum to travel in a very small arc Moreover,

this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum

which could beat once a second and thus led to the

development of a new floor standing case design,

which became known as the grandfather clock

H

Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set

the beat for most electronic devices Nearly all

computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to

regulate their operation Moreover, not only do time

signals beamed down from Global Positioning

System satellites calibrate the functions of

precision navigation equipment, they do so as well

for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems

and nationwide power-distribution grids So integral

have these time-based technologies become to

day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is

recognised only when they fail to work

the anchor escapement = a type of

escapement used in pendulum clocks ði ˈæŋkər ɪˈskeɪpmənt

escape wheel = a toothed wheel in the

escapement of a watch or clock ɪˈskeɪp ˈwiːl̩

precise = exact, correct, accurate.prɪˈsaɪs

original = initial, earliest (existing or

happening first) əˈrɪdʒn̩əl

permit= allow, enable, facilitate pəˈmɪt

accurate= correct, precise, exact ˈækjərət

a quartz-crystal clock = is a clock that uses an

electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time ə kwɔːts- ˈkrɪstl ˈklɒk

beam down = to transport somebody to or from

a spaceship using special electronic equipment.

biːm daʊn

calibrate = standardize, adjust, regulate ˈkælɪbreɪt precision= accuracy, exactness, correctness

prɪˈsɪʒn̩

navigation = routing, direction-finding

the science or job of planning which way you need

to go when you are travelling from one place to another nævɪˈɡeɪʃn̩

integral = connected, central, internal, forming

a necessary part of something ˈɪntɪɡrəl

dependency = reliance, enslavement, craving

dɪˈpendənsi

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại

READING PASSAGE 2

An accident that occurred in the skies over the

Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the

establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft

in the skies over the United States, which were

becoming quite congested The resulting structure of air

traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in

the United States, and similar air traffic control

procedures are also in place over much of the rest of

the wor

B

Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before

the Grand Canyon disaster As early as the 1920s, the

earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in

the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while

beacons and flashing lights were placed along

cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways

However, this purely visual system was useless in bad

weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was

establishment = founding, launch, creation

ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt

federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of

the United States = a national authority with

powers to regulate all aspects of flying in aircraft ˈfedərəl ˌeɪviˈeɪʃn̩ ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn̩ (FAA)

congested = full of traffic, overfilled, blocked,

crowded, #empty, #clear kənˈdʒestɪd

procedure = process, way, method

prəˈsiːdʒə

rudimentary = basic, elementary, simple,

fundamental # advanced ruːdɪˈmentri

manually = by hand,physically, # mental

ˈmænjʊəli

vicinity (of something) =neighborhood, locality, surrounding area vɪˈsɪnɪti

beacon = signal,sign, warning light, ˈbiːkən

purely = entirely, wholly, totally, completely,

# partly ˈpjʊəli

coming into use for ATC The first region to have

something approximating today’s ATC was New York

City, with other major metropolitan areas following

soon after

C

In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage

of the newly developed radar and improved radio

communication brought about by the Second World

War, but the system remained rudimentary It was only

after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of

America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous,

for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a

large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’

margin of error and practically demanding some set of

rules to keep everyone well separated and operating

safely in the air

D

Many people think that ATC consists of a row of

controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the

nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic

what to do This is a very incomplete part of the picture

The FAA realised that the airspace over the United

States would at any time have many different kinds of

planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of

weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was

needed to accommodate all of them

E

To meet this challenge, the following elements were put

into effect First, ATC extends over virtually the entire

United States In general, from 365m above the ground

and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled

airspace In certain areas, mainly near airports,

controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the

ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all

the way down to the surface Controlled airspace is that

airspace in which FAA regulations apply Elsewhere, in

uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer

regulations In this way, the recreational pilot who

simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the

restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in

uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who

does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily

enter the controlled airspace

F

The FAA then recognised two types of operating

environments In good meteorological conditions, flying

metropolitan= urban, municipal, civic

jet engine = an engine that pushes out

a stream of hot air and gases behind it, used

in aircraft ˈdʒet ˈendʒɪn

margin of error = the degree to which

a calculation might or can be wrong ˈmɑːdʒɪn

əv ˈerə

consist of = comprise, be made up of, be

compose of, comprise, make up kənˈsɪst ɒv

realise = recognize, understand,

comprehend, # misunderstand ˈrɪəlaɪz

accommodate = adapt, acclimatize, adjust

afford= give, offer, provide, allow əˈfɔːd

meteorological =atmospheric, climatic, weather miːtjərəˈlɒdʒɪkl̩

Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại

would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR),

which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to

maintain an acceptable level of safety Poor visibility

necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR),

under which the pilot relied on altitude and

navigational information provided by the plane’s

instrument panel to fly safely On a clear day, a pilot in

controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan,

and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which

accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the

same airspace However, a pilot can only choose to fly

IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above

and beyond the basic pilot’s license that must also be

held

G

Controlled airspace is divided into several different

types, designated by letters of the alphabet

Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while

controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and

not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E All airspace

above 5,490m is designated Class A The reason for the

division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from

the type of planes operating in them Generally, Class E

airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few

of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and

commercial turboprop aircraft Above 5,490m is the

realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more

efficiently at higher altitudes The difference between

Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations

are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is,

skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation This is

because ATC control of the entire space is essential

Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B,

govern the vicinity of airports These correspond

roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan

and major metropolitan airports respectively, and

encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations

For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C

airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC

No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed,

although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations

governing VFR flight To enter Class B airspace, such

as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an

explicit ATC clearance is required The private pilot who

cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing

turboprop= an aircraft that gets power from

this type of engine tɜːbəʊˈprɒp

realm = area, space, range, field relm instrumentation= the set of instruments used to help in controlling a machine

rigorous= precise,careful, accurate ˈrɪɡərəs

explicit = clear,precise, exact, #implicit.