In this chapter, the learning objectives are: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs, explain the significance of the relevant range, explain the concept of mixed costs, list the five components of cost-volume-profit analysis, indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.
Trang 1Chapter 22-1
Trang 48 Define margin of safety, and give
the formulas for computing it.
9 Describe the essential features of a
costvolumeprofit income statement.
Trang 5To understand costvolumeprofit (CVP), you must know how costs behave
Trang 6Cost Behavior Analysis
Profit Analysis
Profit Analysis
Cost-Volume-Variable costs Fixed costs Relevant range Mixed costs Identifying variable and fixed costs
Basic components CVP income statement Break-even analysis Target net income Margin of safety Changes in business environment
CVP income statement revisited
Trang 7Helps management plan operations and decide between alternative courses of action
Applies to all types of businesses and entities
LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.
Trang 8Many companies use more than one measurement base
LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.
Trang 9activity or volume index
The activity index:
Identifies the activity that causes changes in the behavior of costs
Allows costs to be classified according to their response to changes in activity as either:
Variable Costs Fixed Costs Mixed Costs
LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.
Trang 10LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.
Trang 11LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.
Trang 13Property taxes Insurance
Rent Depreciation on buildings and equipment
LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.
Trang 17is often curvilinear
For fixed costs, the relationship is also nonlinear – some fixed costs will not change over the entire range of activities while other fixed costs may change
LO 2: Explain the significance of the relevant range.
Trang 19Within this range, a straightline relationship usually exists for both variable and fixed costs
LO 2: Explain the significance of the relevant range.
Trang 22The difference in costs between the high and low levels represents variable costs, since only variable costs change as activity levels change
LO 3: Explain the concept of mixed costs.
Trang 23total variable cost at either the high or the low activity level from the total cost at that level
LO 3: Explain the concept of mixed costs.
Trang 262 then add that total to the fixed cost
EXAMPLE: If the activity level is 45,000 miles, the estimated
maintenance costs would be $8,000 fixed and $49,500 variable ($1.10 X 45,000 miles) for a total of $57,500.
LO 3: Explain the concept of mixed costs.
Trang 28LO 4: List the five components of costvolumeprofit analysis.
Trang 29LO 4: List the five components of costvolumeprofit analysis.
Trang 30LO 4: List the five components of costvolumeprofit analysis.
Trang 33LO 5: Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.
Trang 34The formula for contribution margin per unit and the
computation for Vargo Video are:
LO 5: Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.
Trang 36The formula for contribution margin ratio and the computation
for Vargo Video are:
LO 5: Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.
Trang 39LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point.
Trang 40The formula for the breakeven point and the computation for Vargo Video are:
To find
To find sales dollars sales dollars required to breakeven:
1000 units X $500 = $500,000 (breakeven dollars)
LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point.
Trang 41The breakeven point can be computed using either contribution margin per unit or contribution margin ratio.
LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point.
Trang 43Plot the total cost line (starts at the fixedcost line at zero activity
Determine the breakeven point from the intersection of the total cost line and the total sales line
LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point.
Trang 45Chapter
22-45
Gossen Company is planning to sell 200,000 pliers for $4 per unit. The contribution margin ratio is 25%. If Gossen will break even at this level
Trang 46from a mathematical equation,
by using contribution margin, or from a costvolume profit (CVP) graph
Expressed either in sales units or in sales dollars
LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target
net income.
Trang 49Chapter
22-49
The mathematical equation for computing required sales to obtain target net income is:
Trang 53Chapter
22-53
Marshall Company had actual sales of $600,000 when breakeven sales were $420,000. What is the margin of safety ratio?
Trang 54Compute the variable and fixed cost elements using the highlow method.
Trang 56Chapter
22-56
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