After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the need for comparative analysis, identify the tools of financial statement analysis, explain and apply horizontal analysis, describe and apply vertical analysis.
Trang 2CHAPTER 18
Financial Statement
Analysis
Trang 4Balance sheet Income statement Retained earnings statement
Horizontal and Vertical Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Quality of Earnings
Quality of Earnings
Discontinued operations Extraordinary items
Changes in accounting principle
Comprehensive
income
Alternative accounting methods Pro forma income Improper recognition
Financial Statement Analysis Financial Statement Analysis
Trang 5Intracompany Industry averages Intercompany
Horizontal Vertical Ratio
Trang 11Amount Percent Amount Percent
Trang 12Measures the ability of the company to survive over a long period of
time.
Trang 13Ratio Analysis
The discussion of ratios will include the following types of comparisons.
A single ratio by itself is not very meaningful
Trang 14 Ratios include the current ratio , the acidtest ratio , receivables
turnover , and inventory turnover
Trang 152 0 0 9 2 0 0 8
N e t s a le s $ 1 , 8 1 8 , 5 0 0 $ 1 , 7 5 0 , 5 0 0 Cos t of g ood s s old 1 , 0 1 1 , 5 0 0 9 9 6 , 0 0 0
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Illustration
Trang 17Lia b ilitie s a nd S toc khold e r s ' Equity 2 0 0 9 2 0 0 8
Cur r e nt lia b ilitie s
Ac c ounts pa y a b le $ 1 6 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 4 5 , 4 0 0
I nc om e ta x e s pa y a b le 4 3 , 5 0 0 4 2 , 0 0 0
T ota l c ur r e nt lia b ilitie s 2 0 3 , 5 0 0 1 8 7 , 4 0 0 Bond s pa y a b le 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 2 0 0 , 0 0 0
T ota l lia b ilitie s 4 0 3 , 5 0 0 3 8 7 , 4 0 0
S toc khold e r s ' e quity
Com m on s toc k ($ 5 pa r ) 2 8 0 , 0 0 0 3 0 0 , 0 0 0
Re ta ine d e a r ning s 2 8 6 , 7 0 0 1 6 5 , 4 0 0
T ota l s toc khold e r s ' e quity 5 6 6 , 7 0 0 4 6 5 , 4 0 0
T ota l lia b ilitie s a nd e quity $ 9 7 0 , 2 0 0 $ 8 5 2 , 8 0 0
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
All sales were on account. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $3,200 on December 31,
2009, and $3,000 on December 31, 2008.
Trang 18Ratio Analysis
Compute the Current Ratio for 2009.
The ratio of 1.82:1 means that for every dollar of current liabilities, the company has $1.82 of current assets.
Current Assets Current Liabilities = Current Ratio
$369,900
$203,500 = 1.82 : 1
Liquidity Ratios
Trang 19$203,500 = 1.16 : 1
=
Liquidity Ratios
Trang 20Net Credit Sales Average Net Receivables
Receivables Turnover
=
Liquidity Ratios
Trang 21Ratio Analysis
A variant of the receivables turnover ratio is to convert it to an average collection period in terms of days.
This means that receivables are collected on average every 21 days.
$1,818,500 ($107,800 + $102,800) / 2 = 17.3 times
Liquidity Ratios
365 days / 17.3 times = every 21.1 days
Receivables Turnover
Trang 22Cost of Good Sold Average Inventory
Inventory Turnover
=
Liquidity Ratios
Trang 23Inventory Turnover
Trang 24Ratio Analysis
Profitability Ratios
Measure the income or operating success of a company for a given period of time.
Income, or the lack of it, affects the company’s ability to obtain debt
and equity financing, liquidity position, and the ability to grow.
Ratios include the profit margin , asset turnover , return on
assets , return on common stockholders’ equity , earnings per share , priceearnings , and payout ratio.
Trang 25=
Profitability Ratios
Trang 26Net Sales Average Assets
Asset Turnover
=
Profitability Ratios
Trang 27Net Income Average Assets
Return on Assets
=
Profitability Ratios
Trang 28Net Income – Preferred Dividends Average Common Stockholders’ Equity
Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity
=
Profitability Ratios
Trang 31Payout Ratio
=
Profitability Ratios
*
* From analysis of retained earnings.
Trang 32Ratio Analysis
Solvency Ratios
Solvency ratios measure the ability of a company to survive over a long period of time.
Debt to total assets and times interest earned are two ratios
that provide information about debtpaying ability.
Trang 33Debt to Total Assets Ratio
=
Solvency Ratios
Trang 34Times Interest Earned
=
Solvency Ratios
Trang 35Earning Power and Irregular Items
Earning power means the normal level of income to be obtained in the future.
Trang 37operations of $55,000,000 in 2008. During 2008, it disposed of its restaurant division at a pretax loss of $270,000. Prior to disposal, the division operated at
a pretax loss of $450,000 in 2008. Assume a tax rate of 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for McCarthy.
Exercise: McCarthy Corporation had after tax income from continuing
operations of $55,000,000 in 2008. During 2008, it disposed of its restaurant division at a pretax loss of $270,000. Prior to disposal, the division operated at
a pretax loss of $450,000 in 2008. Assume a tax rate of 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for McCarthy.
Income from continuing operations $55,000,000 Discontinued operations:
Loss from operations, net of $135,000 tax 315,000 Loss on disposal, net of $81,000 tax 189,000
Net income $54,496,000 Total loss on discontinued operations 504,000
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Trang 38I nc om e f r om c ont inuing ope r a t ions 5 5 ,0 0 0
Dis c ont inue d ope r a t ions : Los s f r om ope r a t ions , ne t of t a x 3 1 5
T ot a l los s on d is c ont inue d ope r a t ions 5 0 4
I nc om e S t a t e m e nt (in thous and s )
S a le s $ 2 8 5 ,0 0 0 Cos t of good s s old 14 9 ,0 0 0
Trang 39Extraordinary items are nonrecurring material items that differ significantly from a company’s typical business activities.
An extraordinary item must be both of an
Unusual Nature and Occur Infrequently
Company must consider the environment in which it operates.
Amounts reported “net of tax.”
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Trang 40Earning Power and Irregular Items
Trang 41YES NO
Are these considered Extraordinary Items?
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Trang 42operations of $55,000,000 in 2008. In addition, it suffered an unusual and
infrequent pretax loss of $770,000 from a volcano eruption. The corporation’s tax rate is 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for McCarthy Corporation
beginning with income from continuing operations.
Exercise: McCarthy Corporation had after tax income from continuing
operations of $55,000,000 in 2008. In addition, it suffered an unusual and
infrequent pretax loss of $770,000 from a volcano eruption. The corporation’s tax rate is 30%. Prepare a partial income statement for McCarthy Corporation
beginning with income from continuing operations.
Income from continuing operations $55,000,000 Extraordinary loss, net of $231,000 tax 539,000 Net income $54,461,000
($770,000 x 30% = $231,000 tax)
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Trang 45Occurs when the principle used in the current year is different from the one used in the preceding year.
Trang 46investments by stockholders and distributions to stockholders.
Trang 47Why are gains and losses on availableforsale securities excluded from net income?
Trang 48Companies have incentives to manage income to meet or beat Wall
Street expectations, so that
the market price of stock increases and the value of stock options increase.
A company that has a high quality of earnings provides full and
transparent information that will not confuse or mislead users of the
financial statements.
Quality of Earnings
Quality of Earnings
Trang 49Variations among companies in the application of GAAP may hamper comparability and reduce quality of earnings.
Quality of Earnings
Quality of Earnings
Pro Forma Income
Pro forma income usually excludes items that the company thinks are unusual or nonrecurring.
Some companies have abused the flexibility that pro forma numbers allow.
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