Chapter 1, CH.1 microbiology review Flashcards _ Quizlet

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Prescott's Microbiology - Chapter 1, CH.1 microbio review

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Key concepts:

Last Universal Common Ancestor Bacteria And Archaea Membrane Bound Organelles

Terms in this set (75)

-must invade a host to replicate -packet of genetic information

- "parasite of a cell"

- at the origin of the phylogenetic tree -shows that bacteria and archaea evolved

independent of each other because it is on the bacterial branch

pure / axenic culture -culture removed from the natural habitats and

isolated from other microbes, problematic when trying to observe behaviors

Edward Jenner -experiment with cowpox in children, didn't get

smallpox (milkmaids were immune) -created first vaccinations

microbiology scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruse

list 6 groups of microorganisms 1 bacteria

2 archaea

3 protists

4 fungi

5 algae

6 viruses

which group of microorganisms can exist in extreme

enviromental conditions

prokaryotes can survive in high salt, high temp, low temp, and deep in the ocean

what group of the microorganisms is neither a prokaryote or eukaryote

viruses

2 examples of how microorganisms benefit man

1 production of drinks and food 2 production of antibiotics and insulin

which microogranism did hooke first observe

fungi

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what year did Fleming develop penicillin

1929

10/10/2020 Prescott's Microbiology - Chapter 1, CH.1 microbiology review Flashcards | Quizlet

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who said that if an organism is exposed to a pathogen they will get it

Koch

germ theory The idea that disease was caused by living organism

what is a pure culture culture containing 1 species

what is used to characterize microbes of their physical characteristics

microscope

TEM transmission Electron microscopy SEM scanning electron microscopy

what is a light microscope used for

visualize living organisms move

why do we stain microbes live bacteria cells lack color and contrast

what can you see with a TEM microscope

visualization of internal cell structures viruses

What can you see with SEM scope

the cells surface viruses

living organisms

how to classify and distinguish microbes

staining

both eukaryote and prokaryotes have

cell membranes barrier between the outside and th inside

only bacteria have microcompartments

true

prokaryotes have different flagella but not cilia true or false

true

where does the energy mitochondria and chloroplasts

metabolism take place in a eukaryote

where does the energy metabolism take place in the prokaryote

cytoplasm and cell membrane

how are the cell shape and arrangement determined

light microscopy and staining

prokaryotes lack what? membrane bound organelles

what is the capsule made of mix of polysacharides and proteins

what is the purpose of the capsule

protection

structure and function of the rigid cell wall

maintain cell shape and prevent distruction

gram positive cells attract and hold more of the stain

true

color of the gram positive after stained

dark purple

color of the gram negative after stained

pink

building blocks and needed for energy reproduction

macroelements

Cellular microbes include 1.Fungi(yeast/mold)

2 Protists (algae/protozoa/slime molds) 3.Bacteria (E.coli)

4.Archaea(methanogens)

Acellular microbes 1 Viruses (nucleic acids and proteins)

2 Viroids (RNA)

3 Virusoids (RNA)

4 Prions (Protein)

Microorganisms/Microbes organisms that are too small to be seen with the eye

lack differentiated tissue

Prokaryotic cell structure no nucleus

no membrane-bound organelles single celled

10/10/2020 Prescott's Microbiology - Chapter 1, CH.1 microbiology review Flashcards | Quizlet

more complex nucleus membrane bound organelles

cell wall with peptidoglycan

no nucleus ubiquitous

Cyanobacteria Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

produce oxygen

lack of peptidoglycan in cell wall unusual metabolic characteristics

placed at the origin of the phylogenetic tree, shows that bacteria and archaea evolved independent of each other because it is on the bacterial branch

culture

Bacteria and Archaea don't reproduce sexually and are considered strains

tools used to study microorganisms

microscopes culture techniques molecular genetics genomics

Francesco Stelluti observed bees and weevils between 1625-1630

published drawings of the fungus Mucor in his book

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek first person to observe and describe microorganism

accurately using microscope (1632-1723)

spontaneous generation Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonlivin

matter

Francesco Redi disproved spontaneous generation

showed that maggots don't arise from decaying me

John Needham(1713-1781) -he put broth in flasks -> boiled -> sealed it

-later, the broth contained microorganisms -showed that microorganisms don't grow from eggs

•put water and seeds in flasks ,sealed it then boiled

•Results: no growth of microorganisms

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Swan-neck flask' experiments

-placed nutrient solution in swan-neck flasks -boiled the solutions

-left flasks exposed to air Results: no growth of microorganisms

John Tyndall experiment -demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms

- provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria

Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) heat resistant bacteria could produce endospores

Agostino Bassi showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a

fungus

M.J Berkeley demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland

was caused by a water mold

Heinrich de Bary showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop

diseases

Louis Pasteur on microorganisms and disease (1822-1895)

demonstrated that microorganisms carried out fermentations

Pasteruization used in processing milk products, fruit juices,

beer,wine

kill pathogens to reduce food spoilage

10/10/2020 Prescott's Microbiology - Chapter 1, CH.1 microbiology review Flashcards | Quizlet

discovered how antiseptics prevent infection

Robert Koch (1843-1910) -demonstrated the germ theory

-Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera -Developed pure culture methods

Koch's Postulates rules for proving that a microorganism causes a

specific disease

Koch's work led to discovery or development of:

-agar -Petri dishes -nutrient broth and nutrient agar -methods for isolating microorganisms

Charles Chamberland (1851-1908)

-developed porcelain bacterial filters to study tobacco mosaic disease

determined that extracts from diseased plants had infectious agents present

infectious agents were eventually shown to be virus

Emil von Behring (1854-1917) and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852-1931)

developed antitoxins for diphtheria

Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) -first person to discover phagocytosis

- bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in blood -evidence for cellular immunity

Sergei Winogradsky and Martinus Beijerinck

Studied soil microorganisms and discovered metabolic processes (e.g., nitrogen fixation) Pioneered use of enrichment cultures & selective media

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