ANSWER: crust, mantle, core crust, core, mantle mantle, crust, core mantle, core, crust core, crust, mantle core, mantle, crust 2.. The rigid, outer part of Earth, including the crust an
Trang 11. The geosphere consists of three major layers: the , , and
ANSWER: crust, mantle, core
crust, core, mantle mantle, crust, core mantle, core, crust core, crust, mantle core, mantle, crust
2. The is the zone inhabited by life
ANSWER: biosphere
3. The majority of water on Earth is found in the
ANSWER: oceans
4. The Earth formed years ago
ANSWER: 4.6 billion
4,600,000,000
5. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly and
ANSWER: nitrogen, oxygen
oxygen, nitrogen
6. The fundamental source of energy that drives the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere is the
ANSWER: Sun
7. The is the largest layer of Earth
ANSWER: mantle
8. Earth's outer, cool, rigid shell that makes up tectonic plates is called the
ANSWER: lithosphere
9. The central portion of the Earth, called the , contains a solid layer surrounded by a molten layer
ANSWER: core
10. A(n) is a sequential process or phenomenon that returns to its beginning and then repeats itself over and over
Trang 2
ANSWER: ecosystem
12. is a principle stating that the geologic processes operating today also operated in the past
ANSWER: Uniformitarianism
13. is a principle that states that occasional huge catastrophes alter the course of Earth history
ANSWER: Catastrophism
14. A(n) occurs when a small initial perturbation affects another component of the system, which amplifies the original effect
ANSWER: feedback mechanism
15. Earth's average temperature has increased by 0.8° C since the Industrial Revolution due to an increase in the
atmospheric gas
ANSWER: carbon dioxide
CO2
Fill in the blank.
16. Oceans, rivers, glaciers, and rain are part of the
a. geosphere
b. atmosphere
c. hydrosphere
d. biosphere
ANSWER: c
17. The is the densest layer of Earth
a. lithosphere
b. core
c. mantle
d. crust
ANSWER: b
Trang 3a. Crustal cells
b. Convection cells
c. Subduction zones
d. Tectonic plates
ANSWER: d
19. Water frozen in glaciers is part of Earth's
a. geosphere
b. atmosphere
c. hydrosphere
d. biosphere
ANSWER: c
20. Earth's core consists mostly of
a. iron and nickel
b. frozen water
c. solid rock
d. gas
ANSWER: a
21. The rigid, outer part of Earth, including the crust and the uppermost mantle, is called the
a. atmosphere
b. geosphere
c. lithosphere
d. hydrosphere
ANSWER: c
22. The majority of Earth’s freshwater is found in
a. glaciers
b. groundwater
c. streams and lakes
d. oceans
ANSWER: a
Trang 4a. nitrogen and argon
b. nitrogen and oxygen
c. oxygen and carbon dioxide
d. carbon dioxide and argon
ANSWER: b
24. A(n) occurs when the initial response to a change is minor, but any additional change results in a rapid and dramatic response
a. feedback mechanism
b. catastrophic event
c. threshold effect
d. systematic catastrophe
ANSWER: c
25. Earth's surface systems are ultimately powered by the
a. Moon
b. mantle convection
c. Sun
d. radioactive decay in Earth's interior
ANSWER: c
26. Homo sapiens and our direct ancestors have been abundant on our planet for about years.
a. 5-7 million
b. 10-15 million
c. 42-44 million
d. 4.6 billion
ANSWER: a
27. Geologists estimate that Earth formed years ago
a. 4.6 million
b. 46 million
c. 4.6 billion
d. 46 billion
Trang 5a. Gradualism
b. Uniformitarianism
c. Catastrophism
d. Density layering
ANSWER: b
29. During cycles, matter never disappears, though it may change form. Scientists say this means matter is
a. recycled
b. reserved
c. conserved
d. reformed
ANSWER: c
30. According to current trends in Earth's population development, it is likely that pressure on Earth's resources will
a. increase
b. decrease
c. not change
d. be insignificant
ANSWER: a
31. The lithosphere consists of
a. crust and asthenosphere
b. crust only
c. crust and upper mantle
d. mantle only
ANSWER: c
32. As we move from the surface of Earth to the interior,
a. temperatures increase
b. layers become less dense
c. layers become molten liquids
d. tectonic plates become smaller
ANSWER: a
Trang 6a. the least dense layer of Earth
b. the densest layer of Earth
c. the thickest layer of Earth
d. composed of liquid magma
ANSWER: c
34. Ground water saturating rock underground is a component of the
a. atmosphere
b. hydrosphere
c. biosphere
d. geosphere
ANSWER: b
35. Water frozen in glaciers is a component of the
a. geosphere
b. biosphere
c. hydrosphere
d. atmosphere
ANSWER: c
36. Which scientist is responsible for formulating the principle of uniformitarianism?
a. Nicholas Steno
b. John McPhee
c. James Hutton
d. William Whewell
ANSWER: c
37. The crust is the
a. thinnest layer of Earth
b. hottest layer of Earth
c. densest layer of Earth
d. innermost layer of Earth
Trang 7a. events that occur slowly become insignificant
b. events that occur slowly become significant
c. improbable events seldom occur
d. improbable events never occur
ANSWER: b
39. Our Solar System formed
a. when a fiery hot nebula in space coalesced under the force of gravity
b. from huge meteoroids that had been flying through intergalactic space
c. when another star exploded, shooting rocky debris into space
d. from a coalescing frigid cloud of dust and gas
ANSWER: d
40. A tectonic plate is composed of
a. cool, rigid rock that rides on a continuous shell of molten magma
b. cool, rigid rock that rides on a plastic mantle layer
c. hot, plastic rock supported by a rigid foundation of cool rock
d. cool, rigid rock that floats on the Earth's molten core
ANSWER: b
41. Which of the following is not a system?
a. The human body
b. The digestive organs in a human body
c. A bacterium that lives within the small intestine
d. An atom
ANSWER: d
42. The earliest known life forms existed on Earth
a. 38 million years ago
b. 544 million years ago
c. 1 billion years ago
d. 3.8 billion years ago
ANSWER: d
Trang 843. During the formation of the solar system, rocky clumps collided to form larger bodies called , which would ultimately collide to form the planets
a. asteroids
b. meteorites
c. planetismals
d. accretionaries
ANSWER: c
44. What is an example of a catastrophic event?
a. mountain erosion
b. formation of mountains via plate collisions
c. a tsunami
d. formation of an ocean
ANSWER: c
45. As Earth warms, the rate at which organic matter decomposes increases. As organic matter decomposes, carbon dioxide is released, which in turn, makes Earth warmer and increases the rate at which organic matter decomposes This is an example of
a. uniformitarianism
b. catastrophism
c. a threshold effect
d. a feedback mechanism
ANSWER: d
46. At its center, Earth is as hot as the Sun's surface
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
47. The direct ancestors of humans lived on Earth with the dinosaurs
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Trang 9a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
50. Multicellular life forms have existed for the majority of Earth history
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
51. Each of Earth’s spheres is an independent system with unique cycles that has minimal interactions with other spheres
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
52. When Earth was forming, it was so hot that most of the material on the planet was molten
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
53. Earth's mantle is composed of liquid magma
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
54. Earth’s layers formed due to density differences in materials. Less dense material sank, while more dense material rose to the surface
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
55. Oceans cover about 71 percent of Earth
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
56. Systems are driven by the flow of matter and energy
Trang 10a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
58. Humans are presently living through the largest documented extinction event since the age of the dinosaurs
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
59. Studies of Earth history reveal that catastrophic events rarely occur
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
60. A threshold effect begins with a rapid and dramatic change in response to an event, and then after a threshold is crossed, additional small perturbation causes further little or no effects
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False