Pocket medical dictionary

Từ điển y khoa kèm hình ảnh minh họa, giải thích bằng tiếng anh có gần 17.000 định nghĩa về các lĩnh vực giải phẫu, di truyền, thần kinh học, miễn dịch tim mạch, ung thư, phụ khoa, sản khoa và X quang rất hữu ích với người dùng quan tâm và muỗn hiểu rõ về thuật ngữ chuyên ngành

Illustrated

Melloni’s POCKET MEDICAL

DICTIONARY

Illustrated

June L.Melloni, PhD Ida G.Dox, PhD B.John Melloni, PhD Gilbert M.Eisner, MD

A CRC PRESS COMPANY BOCA RATON LONDON NEW YORK WASHINGTON,

D.C

The Parthenon Publishing Group

345 Park Avenue South 10th Floor New York, NY 10010 USA

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of

thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

Published in the UK by The Parthenon Publishing Group 23–25 Blades Court Deodar Road London SW15 2NU

UK

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Melloni’s pocket medical dictionary: illustrated/June L.Melloni…[et al.]

p.; cm

Includes bibliographic references and index

ISBN 1-84214-0515 (alk paper)

1 Medicine—Dictionaries I Title: Pocket medical dictionary II Melloni, June L [DNLM: 1 Medicine—Dictionary—English W13 M5272 2003]

R12LM54 2003 610`.3–dc22

ISBN 0-203-59614-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1842140515 (Print Edition) Copyright © 2004 Biagio John Melloni,

9308 Renshaw Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the copyright holders, except for the quotation of brief passages for the purpose of review

Ligaments of the pelvis 1406Ligaments of the shoulder 1407Ligaments of the spine 1488Heimlich maneuver 1638Musculoskeletal system 1702Central and peripheral nervous systems 1775

Tables

Appendices (anatomic tables)

Sinuses 2399Skeleton 2577Tendons and ligaments of the hand and wrist 2722Process of producing DNA typing 2783

Appendix I: Table of arteries 2895Appendix II: Table of bones 2924Appendix III: Table of muscles 2933Appendix IV: Table of nerves 2963

The fields of medicine and their related allied health professions require an abundance ofknowledge and extensive vocabulary Medical and scientific information continues togrow with the advent of new technologies, advanced medical procedures, and progressive

research Melloni’s Pocket Medical Dictionary, Illustrated, aims to facilitate the use of

up-to-date and expanded medical terminology It provides clear and concise definitions of terms in their current usage, including a myriad of new terms

The Pocket Dictionary follows the format of the 4th edition of Melloni’s Illustrated

Medical Dictionary, which is now in its 25th year of uninterrupted publication and has

received widespread acclaim as a comprehensive and accurate medical reference.Although more portable with its smaller dimensions, this dictionary is composed ofnearly 17,000 definitions It contains a large number of definitions that include the fields

of anatomy, genetics, neurology, cardiology immunology, oncology, gynecology, obstetrics and radiology The inclusion of biological and chemical terms relevant to warfare contributes to the usefulness and currency of the book This edition also containsmany illustrations, since accurately rendered medical illustrations are a hallmark of theMelloni’s dictionaries Many of the single-concept illustrations contain color highlights

to enhance comprehension of the definitions and solidify retention of their meaning.Illustrated tables of arteries, bones, muscles, and nerves provide easy-to-find information about body structures, thereby adding to the usefulness of the book

Melloni’s Pocket Medical Dictionary, Illustrated, takes the most important qualities of the 4th edition, reduces its size without sacrificing accuracy and clarity, and adds the

most current information to serve the needs of dedicated individuals interested inproviding the best health care The vocabulary coupled with detailed visuals, furnishes awealth of information that we hope will benefit its users

(ab′dŏ-men, ab-do′men) The part of the body between the thorax and pelvis; contains the viscera Also called belly

acute a An incapacitating condition characterized by intense abdominal pain, which

may or may not be associated with fever, nausea, vomiting, and shock

burst a See evisceration (2)

body; opposite of adductor

chromosome a A departure from the normal number of chromosomes or chromosome

structure; e.g., in Down syndrome there are 47 chromosomes, in Turner syndrome there are 45

abetalipoproteinemia

(a-ba-tă-lip-o-pro-te-ne′me-ă) An autosomal recessive inherited disorder marked by pigmentary degeneration of the retina, presence of large numbers of acanthocytes in theblood, and absence of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the plasma; may be associated with excessive fat in the feces and progressive neurologic disease

ability

(ă-bil′ĭ-te) The physical or mental competence to function

impaired urinary concentrating a Inability to concentrate solutes in the urine;

characteristic of diseases affecting the inner portion of the kidney (e.g., pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell disease)

(ab-nor′mal) Not normal; departing from the usual position, structure, or condition

ABO blood group

International classification of human blood types according to their compatibility in transfusion; typed as A, B, AB, or O

age of viability 2 To arrest the usual course of a disease 3 To cause cessation of

fetal weight of less than 500 g 2 The arrest of any process

complete a Expulsion of fetus (or embryo), placenta, and membranes, ending with

cessation of both pain and copious bleeding

elective a Induced abortion performed at the request of the pregnant woman, but not

due to impaired maternal health or fetal disease and before fetal viability is reached

eugenic a See therapeutic abortion

habitual a A sequence of three or more spontaneous abortions occurring

consecutively before 20 weeks of gestation, with the fetus weighing less than 500 g; may

be due to fetal or maternal factors (e.g., genetic error, hormonal abnormalities, anatomic anomalies of reproductive tract, infection, systemic disease, immunologic factors) Sometimes causes are unknown

incomplete a Abortion in which some of the products of conception (usually a portion

of the placenta) remain within the uterus, causing profuse uterine bleeding

induced a Intentionally caused abortion; may be therapeutic or nontherapeutic

inevitable a Bleeding of intrauterine origin before 20 completed weeks of gestation with

continuous and progressive dilatation of the cervix

missed a Death of an embryo or fetus before completion of the 20th week of gestation

with retention of all the products of conception for several weeks; manifested by absence

of fetal heartbeat, regression of breast changes, decrease of uterine size, and weight loss

partial-birth a (PBA) Common term for termination of a late pregnancy with a

breech presentation Labor is induced by conventional methods; the cervix is widely dilated and delivery is expedited by evacuating the cranial contents with a suction catheter, then compressing the cranium See also dilatation and evacuation (D&E)

recidive a The occurrence of two consecutive spontaneous abortions before 20 weeks

of gestation, with the fetus weighing less than 500 g

septic a Infected abortion accompanied by life-threatening dissemination of

microorganisms and toxic substances throughout the maternal blood circulation; marked

by a malodorous discharge, pelvic and abdominal pain, suprapubic tenderness, and peritonitis

spontaneous a Abortion resulting from natural causes, without deliberate mechanical

or medicinal interference, and occurring before the fetus can survive outside the uterus Also called miscarriage

therapeutic a Abortion performed before the time of fetal viability for medical or

psychiatric reasons

threatened a Slight or heavier bloody vaginal discharge, occurring during the first 20

weeks of pregnancy, with or without cramplike pain and low backache, without expulsion

of the products of conception, and without dilatation of the cervix

(ă-brād′) To rub or wear away the external layer by friction, as to scrape away the epidermis from a part; to excoriate

abrasion

(ă-bra′zhun) 1 A superficial injury, in which the skin or mucous membrane is scraped

away 2 The process of wearing down of a tooth by friction; usually applied to excessive

wear such as that caused by the use of an abrasive dentifrice

abruption

(ab-rup′shun) A tearing away; detachment

placental a See abruptio placentae

abscess

(ab′ses) Localized accumulation of pus

alveolar a Abscess in a tooth socket usually caused by bacteria spreading from dental

caries; causes severe throbbing pain and swelling

amebic a One occurring as a complication of amebic dysentery, usually in the liver,

and containing a brown pasty fluid

breast a See mammary abscess

canalicular a Abscess connected to a milk (lactiferous) duct within a breast, causing a

purulent discharge from the nipple

chronic a A long-standing collection of pus without inflammation

extradural a Abscess situated between the skull and the outer covering of the brain

(dura mater)

gingival a A localized, painful, inflammatory lesion of the gingiva, usually arising

from a periodontal pocket

gummatous a Abscess formed subsequent to the softening and breaking down of a

gumma, the characteristic tumor of tertiary syphilis

mammary a Single or multiple abscesses of the breast substance, affecting usually

one breast; most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, or occasionally by

streptococci Organisms gain entry through cracks on the nipple, most frequently during lactation, or in skin conditions such as eczema Destroyed breast tissue may be replaced

by fibrous tissue with resulting nipple retraction, which may be mistaken for a tumor

metastatic a Secondary abscess caused by organisms carried in the bloodstream from

a primary abscess

pelvic a An abscess located in the pelvic cavity, usually in the rectouterine pouch,

often occurring as a complication of abdominal or pelvic inflammatory disease

periapical a An abscess occurring in the alveolus near the apex of a tooth root, usually

due to death of the tooth pulp

peritonsillar a Acute suppurative inflammation of the tonsils and surrounding tissues psoas a One occurring in the sheath of the psoas muscle secondary to tuberculosis of

the lower spine or to regional enteritis Also called iliac abscess

pulp a One within the pulp cavity of a tooth

stitch a An abscess around a suture

subdiaphragmatic a An abscess between the diaphragm and the liver or between the

diaphragm and the spleen and stomach Also called subphrenic abscess

subphrenic a See subdiaphragmatic abscess

tubo-ovarian a Abscess involving a fallopian (uterine) tube and its corresponding

ovary, usually associated with inflammation of the tube; often seen in patients with a history of pelvic infection; symptoms include a tender pelvic mass, pelvic and abdominalpain, and fever

abscissa

(ab-sis′ă) The horizontal coordinate which, together with a vertical one (ordinate), forms

a frame of reference for the plotting of data

(ab-sorb′) 1 To take in as through pores or interstices 2 To incorporate or take up gases,

liquid, light rays, or heat 3 To neutralize an acid

absorbable

(ab-sorb′ă-bl) Capable of being absorbed

absorptiometry

(ab-sorp-she-om′ĕ-tre) 1 Any procedure for measuring absorption of waves or particles

2 In radiology, the measurement of the amount of radiation emitted by a radioisotope

that is completely dispersed throughout a tissue

dual-photon a A method of quantitating bone mineral content by comparing the

transmission of two photoelectric energy peaks emitted by gandolinium 153 through boneand soft tissues; used to measure bone density of the spine and hip for diagnosis of osteoporosis and in following therapy response

absorption

(ab-sorp′shun) 1 The taking up of substances by the skin or other tissues 2 The taking

up of part or all of the energy of incident radiation by the medium through which radiation passes, resulting in reduction of radiation intensity

abstract

(ab′strakt) 1 A preparation containing the soluble elements of a drug mixed with lactose

2 A summary of a book or literary article

abulia

(ă-bu′le-ă) Pronounced diminution of will power; inability to make decisions

abuse

(ă-bus′) 1 Improper use, particularly excessive use of anything 2 Maltreatment

child a An act or omission, which is not accidental, committed by a parent, caregiver, or

other adult or significantly older child that harms, or threatens to harm, a child’s physical

or mental health or welfare

drug a., substance a The excessive and persistent use of drugs or alcohol for the

purpose of altering mood or consciousness, without due regard for accepted medical practice

physical child a Abuse that results in physical injury, usually perpetrated in the name

of discipline

sexual child a Any sexual activity perpetrated by an adult or older child with or upon

a child, or the sexual exploitation of a child for the gratification or profit of the other

(ak-an-thol′ĭ-sis) Disintegration of the epidermis

acanthoma

(ak-an-tho′mă) Carcinoma of the epidermis

acanthosis

(ak-an-tho′sis) Thickening of the prickle-cell layer of the skin

a nigricans A benign hyperpigmented skin lesion associated with a variety of

disorders of the endocrine system, such as Cushing’s syndrome, pituitary tumors, and polycystic ovary syndrome Often there is an underlying insulin resistance

acariasis

(ak-ă-ri′ă-sis) 1 Any disease caused by mites 2 Infestation with mites

sarcoptic a See scabies

acataphasia

(a-kat-ă-fa′ză) Loss of the power to formulate one’s thoughts correctly

(ak-ses′o-re) Supplementary; having a subordinate function to a similar but more important structure

(ă-se′tik as′id) A colorless, organic acid with a pungent odor

glacial a a A caustic liquid containing 99.5% acetic acid; used to remove corns and

warts

acetify

(ă-set′ĭ-fi) To convert to vinegar or acetic acid

(as′ĕ-tōn) A colorless, volatile, extremely flammable liquid with an ethereal odor,

CH3COCH3; generally used as an organic solvent

acetonemia

(as-ĕ-to-ne′me-ă) The presence of relatively large amounts of acetone or acetone bodies

in the blood, as occurs when there is incomplete oxidation of large amounts of fat, as in ketoacidosis or starvation

acetonuria

(as-ĕ-to-nu′re-ă) The presence of acetone in the urine; it occurs in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and in starvation from incomplete oxidation of fats

acetylcholinesterase

(as′ĕ-til-ko-lĭ-nes′tĕ-rās) An enzyme present throughout body tissues that promotes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine; it acts to remove acetylcholine discharged at the

neuromuscular junction, thus preventing it from reexciting the muscle

acetyl coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA

(as′ĕ-til ko-en′zīm ā, as′ĕ-til-ko-ā) An important metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle; formed when an acetyl group is attached to coenzyme A by a thioester bond during oxidation of fatty acid, amino acids, or pyruvate

(ă-kil′ēz) A mythical Greek hero who was invulnerable except in the heel

A bursa See bursa of calcaneal tendon, under bursa

A tendon See calcaneal tendon, under tendon

(ă-klo-fo′biă) A morbid fear of darkness

(ă-kon-dro-jen′ĕ-sis) 1 Dwarfism marked by extremely short limbs, rudimentary digits,

and large head 2 A lethal form marked by lack of ossification in ribs, spine, and pelvis

achromasia

(ak-ro-ma′se-ă) 1 Absence of normal pigmentation of skin 2 Lack of staining reaction

in a cell

achromatic

(ak-ro-mat′ik) 1 Colorless 2 Refracting light without separating it into its component

colors 3 Staining poorly

(ă-kro-mo-trik′ē-ă) Lack or loss of color in the hair

amino a Any organic acid containing one or more amino groups (NH2) and a carboxylgroup (CO2H) and forming the basic structural units of proteins Individual amino acidmolecules are linked together by chemical bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups

to form chains of molecules (polypeptides); polypeptides, in turn, link together to form a protein molecule Amino acids that cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from the diet are called essential; those that can be made by the body from other amino acids are termed non-essential

bile a.’s Steroid acids important in digestion and absorption of fats

binary a Acid made up of only two elements (e.g., hydrochloric acid)

dibasic a An acid containing molecules with two displaceable hydrogen ions

essential fatty a (EFA) A polyunsaturated fatty acid indispensable for nutrition; its

absence causes a specific deficiency disorder and it cannot be fabricated by the body(must be obtained from the diet); e.g., linoleic acid and linolenic acid Originally called vitamin F

fatty a.’s A large group of organic acids, especially those present in fat, made up of

molecules containing a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end of a long hydrocarbon chain;

the number of carbon atoms ranges from 2 to 34 Usually classified as saturated (those containing the maximum quantity of hydrogen) and unsaturated (whose carbon atoms

contain some sites unoccupied by hydrogen); the latter are further classified as

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

inorganic a An acid composed of molecules that do not contain carbon atoms (e.g.,

hydrochloric acid, boric acid)

monobasic a An acid containing molecules with one displaceable hydrogen ion nonesterified fatty a (NEFA) The main form of circulating fatty acid used for energy omega-3 fatty a., ω-3 fatty a Monounsaturated fatty acid in which the double bond

occurs at the third carbon from the end (omega) of the carbon chain

organic a An acid composed of molecules containing carbon atoms (e.g., ascorbic

acid, amino acid)

polyunsaturated fatty a Any unsaturated fatty acid with two or more double bonds;

e.g., linoleic acid (two double bonds) and arachidonic acid (four double bonds)

resin a.’s A class of organic compounds derived from certain plant resins (e.g., abietic

acid and pimaric acid)

saturated fatty a A fatty acid in which the carbon chain is connected by single bonds,

and is incapable of accepting any more hydrogen, i.e., all the available valence bonds of the carbon chain are filled with hydrogen atoms (e.g., stearic acid and palmitic acid)

unsaturated fatty a A fatty acid in which the carbon chain has at least one double

bond, and is capable of accepting additional hydrogen atoms (e.g., oleic acid)

compensated a Condition in which the pH of blood is kept normal through respiratory

or renal mechanisms, even though the blood bicarbonate may be out of the usual range

lactic a Accumulation of lactic acid in the body causing decreased bicarbonate

concentration

metabolic a Acidosis occurring in metabolic disorders in which acid (excluding

carbonic acid, H2CO3) accumulates in, or bicarbonate is lost from, extracellular fluids

renal tubular a (RTA) Acidosis caused by defective elimination of acid or by

excessive loss of bicarbonate by the kidneys; characterized by an elevated plasmachloride and a lowered concentration of plasma bicarbonate

respiratory a Acidosis caused by failure to eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2) adequately; the retained CO2 in the blood yields carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its dissociation increases the hydrogen ion concentration; retention of CO2 may occur because of a ventilatory problem, as in advanced pulmonary disease

aciduria

(as-ĭ-du′re-ă) Abnormal amounts of acids in the urine

orotic a Genetic disorder associated with defective metabolism of pyrimidine,

resulting in megaloblastic anemia, retarded physical and mental growth, and excretion of orotic acid in the urine

acne

(ak′ne) An eruption caused by inflammation of the sebaceous glands When used alone, the term usually denotes acne vulgaris

common a See acne vulgaris

conglobate a Severe skin condition marked by numerous abscesses and cysts with

interconnecting tracts and pronounced scarring

a medicamentosa Acne that is aggravated by certain drugs

a rosacea See rosacea

a vulgaris Chronic acne, occurring commonly on the face, chest, and back of

adolescents and young adults Also called common acne; acne