After reading this chapter, you will be able to answer the following questions: What is the rationale for antitrust law? What is the Sherman Act? What is explored in Section 1 of the Sherman Act? What is explored in Section 2 of the Sherman Act? What is the Clayton Act? What is the Federal Trade Commission Act?
Trang 1Antitrust Law
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Trang 2Exhibit 471: Antitrust Law Rationale
Traditional Antitrust
Theories
To foster competition, a few
powerful sellers should not
dominate the economy; there
should be many buyers and sellers
in the market
Accumulation of economic power
leads to accumulation of political
power, which leads to political
consequences for consumers
Efficiency should not be the only
or most important goal of antitrust
law
Chicago School
Theories
Do not argue that concentrated economic power leads to political consequences
If a company held great economic power and if the power led to
efficiency, company should be left alone
Purpose of antitrust law is to encourage economic efficiency
Trang 3Act
Applies to business practices that restrain
trade/commerce
473
Trang 4Elements of violation:
Agreement between parties
Unreasonable restraint on trade
Restraint affects interstate commerce
Trang 5Sherman Antitrust Act Section 1 Violations
Horizontal Restraint of Trade: When two competitors in same market
make an agreement to restrain trade
Price Fixing: When two or more competitors agree to set prices for a
product/service
Horizontal Division of Markets: Agreement between two or more
competitors to divide among themselves markets by geography, customers,
or products
Vertical Restraint of Trade: When two parties at different levels in
manufacturing and distribution process make an agreement that retrains
trade
Trang 6Sherman Antitrust Act “Section 2” Violations
Occur when companies with monopoly power use their economic power to limit production and raise prices
“Monopolization”: Occurs when company:
Possesses market power; and
Unfairly achieved this market power/uses this market power for abuse
“Attempt to Monopolize”: Occurs if company intends its behavior to:
Exclude competitors; and
Allow company to gain monopoly power
Trang 7The Clayton Act
Section 2: Prohibits price discrimination: Occurs when company sells same goods to competing buyers for different prices
Section 3: Prohibits exclusionary practices, including exclusive dealing and tying arrangements
Section 7: Prohibits Anticompetitive mergers and acquisitions
Horizontal Merger: Merger between two or more companies producing
same/similar products
Vertical Merger: Occurs when one company at one level of
manufacturingdistribution system acquires company at another level of
system
Conglomerate Merger: Occurs when company merges with another
company that is not a competitor or a buyer/seller to the company
Section 8: Prohibits person from becoming director in two or more
competing companies
Trang 8The Federal Trade Commission Act
competition
Sherman Act/Clayton Act is potentially illegal under
Federal Trade Commission Act
Trang 9The RobinsonPatman Act
to buyers
sellers’), Congress adopted The RobinsonPatman
Act