In this chapter, students will be able to understand: State some comparative statistics on rich and poor countries, differentiate growth from development and explain how those differences affect macroeconomic policy, explain the particular problems of monetary policy in a developing country context, list seven obstacles facing developing countries.
Trang 1Measuring Economic Growth
and Development
The Process of Economic Development
Trang 3• Over the 1990s, the IMF seemed slowly to be learning from the criticisms of its policies
• Now, the IMF sees itself as promoting socalled `highquality growth’,
• “defined as growth that is sustainable, brings lasting gains in employment and living standards and reduces poverty. Highquality growth should promote greater equity and equality of opportunity. It should respect
Trang 5or economic income criterion
Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of all
income (= value of final output) accruing to residents of a country, regardless of the sources of that income.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all
income (= value of final output) created within the borders
of a country, regardless of whether the ultimate recipient
of that income resides within or outside the country.
Trang 6• If inflows > outflows, then GNP > GDP
• If inflows < outflows, then GDP > GNP
Trang 7P o p u l a t i o n T o t a l T o t a l G D P / G N I G N I p e r c a p i t a
Trang 10Five Necessary Adjustments
Accounting for Income Distribution: Gini Coefficient
hypothetical income distribution for a country:
Trang 11The Gini coefficient = area A/ area(A+B)
Trang 12Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007: Table 2.7, pp. 6668.
Trang 13• they account for an important share of a population’s consumption contributing to higher life standards.
• After all isn’t this what development is all about? Higher life standards.
Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations:
Necessary Adjustments
Trang 14• which create health problems requiring remediation These are still counted as positive contributions to the measured level of GNP and GDP.
• Rather than adding to welfare, actually these are negative externalities of the production process.
• economists have developed some alternative measures of
economic welfare
Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations:
Necessary Adjustments
Trang 16GNI per capita at official exchange rate, 2005 PPP GNI per capita, 2005
Trang 19E = 2/3 adult literacy rate (A) + 1/3 combined enrollment ratio (C) max E = 100%; min E = 0%
min L= 25 yrs; max L = 85 yrs
Y = log (PPP measure of GDP per capita) – log (100)
log (40,000) – log (100)
Trang 20Calculation of the HDI Example: Albania 2001
Trang 21• The genderrelated development index: GDI
– takes into account the differences between women and men on the values of the indicators that enter the HDI. – All countries do worse as reflected in the deterioration
of their HDI as converted into GDI.
• The human poverty index: HPI
– corrects for another weakness of HDI in that it does not show what’s happening to the poorest members of
society.
– slightly different variables in the index – e.g. % of
people not using improved water sources; % of children under five who are underweight, etc.
Trang 22HDI value HDI ranka PPPGDP rankingHDI Ranking b GDI d
Source: UNDP (2006: Tables 1 and 2,
pp. 28391; Table 21, 21013).
a The highest, or best, ranking was 1 (Norway) in 2004; the lowest, or worst, ranking, was 177 (Niger).
b If positive, the ranking for the country on the HDI is better than the country’s ranking on per capita PPP GDP (PPP GDP rank – HDI rank > 0);
if negative, the HDI ranking for the country is worse than the per capita PPP GDP ranking (PPP GDP rank – HDI rank < 0).
d Genderrelated Development Index; adjusts HDI for differences in
achievement on the HDI variables between males and females.
Trang 24Are they at odds or are they complimentary?
• If a country places emphasis on factors such as education, equity, health, will this adversely affect growth?
• Or, if a country places emphasis on growth, how will that affect equity?
• Kuznets, 1955:
– explores historical relation between per capita income and income distribution for a number of countries.