Test bank for 2012 principles of human physiology, 5th edition

1 A change in muscle length A They are bipolar cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their vis

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Exam

Name _

MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) What is the adequate stimulus for nociceptors? 1)

A) change in muscle length

A) They are bipolar cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and

inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields

B) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields

and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields

C) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited

by light striking the peripheral retina

D) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and

inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields

E) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited

by light striking the peripheral retina

Answer: D

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)3) Which of the following synapses with second-order neurons in glomeruli? 3)

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4) Which of the following cells is the precursor cell for the olfactory cells? 4)

compromise blood flow to the eye is called 5)

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Figure 10.17) In Figure 10.1, what are the structures, in order from 1 to 5? 7)

A) zonular fibers, suspensory ligament, fovea, retina, sclera

B) suspensory ligament, aqueous humor, macula, lutea, cornea

C) radial muscle, pupil, macula, choroid, sclera

D) ciliary muscles, cornea, optic disc, choroid, sclera

E) ciliary body, iris, fovea, retina, sclera

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)8) Disks of a photoreceptor are located in the and contain 8)

A) outer segment : photopigment

B) synaptic terminal : transmitter

C) inner segment : transmitter

D) outer segment : transmitter

E) inner segment : photopigment

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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9) receptors are better able to provide information on whether a stimulus has changed,

whereas receptors are better adapted to provide information on the extent of that change 9)

between first- and second-order neurons? 10)

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12) In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the portion of the retina cross over, whereas the

ganglion cells from the portion of the retina remain on the same side 12)

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16) The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium

moves the cell, causing it to 16)

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19) Which receptor type is used to detect free hydrogen ion content of blood? 19)

central nervous system? 21)

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23) Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system? 23)

A) pitch of the sound

B) number of sound waves per second

C) air molecule density in the compressed versus rarified regions of the sound wave

D) energy embedded in the air molecules

E) size of the air molecules in the compressed region of the sound wave

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)25) A refers to a single afferent neuron and all of the sensory receptors associated with that

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27) Where is retinal found? 27)

A) baroreceptors

B) hair cells in utricle

C) hair cells in cochlea

D) hair cells in semicircular canals

E) osmoreceptors

Answer: B

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)29) The gate-control theory of pain modulation states that 29)

A) painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain

B) non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain

C) pain sensation must be modified within the sensory receptors

D) C fibers themselves can act to modify their own pain signal

E) the signal that modifies pain sensation in the spinal cord must originate from the nucleus

raphe magnus

Answer: B

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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30) First-order olfactory neurons synapse with These synapses occur in clusters called

A) olfactory neurons : glomeruli

B) mitral cells : cribriform areas

C) mitral cells : glomeruli

D) olfactory neurons : cribriform areas

E) bicuspid cells : glomeruli

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)31) What is the location of the gustatory cortex? 31)

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34) Which of the following statements about the spinothalamic tract is FALSE? 34)

A) Cold signals are transmitted along this pathway

B) Pain signals are transmitted along this pathway

C) The first-order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn

D) Warm signals are transmitted along this pathway

E) The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)35) The posterior portion of the semicircular canal detects acceleration in which direction? 35)

A) linear acceleration in the up and down directions

B) linear acceleration in the forward and backward directions

C) moving the head up and down as in saying "yes"

D) rotating the head as in saying "no"

E) rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)36) According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor 36)

A) type detects all the somesthetic sensations

B) type detects all the somatic sensations

C) responds to only one type of stimulus, regardless of the strength of stimulation

D) responds best to a specific energy modality

E) responds equally to several types of stimuli

Answer: D

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)37) In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive

power through what process? 37)

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38) What is the hole through which light can enter the eye called? 38)

A) fovea B) iris C) pupil D) lens E) cornea

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)39) The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called 39)

A) malleus, incus, stapes

B) saccule, utricle, cochlea

C) tympanic, tectorial, basilar

D) malleus, talus, stapes

E) tympani, vestibule, media

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)41) Which receptor type is used for sound waves? 41)

A) hair cells in semicircular canals

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42) In terms of a bad smell, why is it better to stay in its presence than to leave and return several

A) The decrease in graded potentials increases the frequency of their action potentials

B) Olfactory receptors are tonic

C) With time, labeled lines change their modality

D) Olfactory receptors are rapidly adapting

E) Slowly adapting receptors take longer to come online

Answer: D

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)43) The light-absorbing portion of the photopigment is ; its sensitivity to a particular

wavelength of light is altered by 43)

surrounds the stereocilia and kinocilium 44)

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45) Depolarization of hair cells in the utricle occurs when the 45)

A) head is tilted to the left

B) hair cell bends toward the kinocilium

C) head is tilted to the right

D) head is tilted forward

E) hair cell bends away from the kinocilium

Answer: B

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)46) Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes? 46)

membrane, activating that ultimately causes the 47)

A)Golf : potassium channel to open

B) transducin : potassium channel to open

C) gustducin : sodium channel to close

D) gustducin : potassium channel to close

E)Golf : cation channel to open

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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48) In the visual system, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes which of the

A) pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens

B) pupillary constriction and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens

C) pupillary dilation and an increase in the refractive power of the lens

D) pupillary dilation and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens

E) pupillary dilation and no effect on the refractive power of the lens

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)49) Which receptor type is used to detect swelling of receptor cells? 49)

A) warm transduction

B) cold transduction

C) respond to painfully hot stimuli

D) respond to painfully hot chemicals

E) respond to painful mechanical stimulation

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)51) The refractive power of what structure can be altered to focus light? 51)

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52) The saccule detects what type of motion? 52)

A) linear acceleration up or down

B) linear acceleration forward and backward

C) angular acceleration, as when tilting the head so that the ear approaches the shoulder

D) angular acceleration, as when nodding the head "yes"

E) angular acceleration, as when shaking the head "no"

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)53) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tastes? 53)

A) salty B) sour C) sweet D) bitter E) hot

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)54) Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye? 54)

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56) What category of structures includes the rods and cones? 56)

contraction causes pupillary 57)

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60) What is the pigmented structure that absorbs light waves? 60)

A) retinal pigmented epithelium

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64) When the doctor shines a penlight into the patient's eye, which of the following occurs? 64)

A) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial

muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction

B) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial

muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction

C) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial

muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation

D) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial

muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation

E) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner

circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)65) Which of the following has receptor cells that are modified epithelial cells? 65)

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67) How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous

A) The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a

stronger stimulus

B) Different second-order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities

C) Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities

D) The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a

most terminate within the 68)

A) lateral reticular formation

B) medial geniculate body

C) vestibular nuclei

D) nucleus raphe magnus

E) lateral geniculate body

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)69) Somatosensory receptors that lack identifiable specialized structures are called 69)

A) free nerve endings

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70) How are pain signals from visceral receptors "referred" to the body surface? 70)

A) the divergence of visceral and somatic afferents onto different second-order neurons

B) signals from visceral receptors that travel to skin receptors to activate them

C) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons

D) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same third-order neurons

E) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same first-order neurons

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)71) Frequency of sound is coded for by the 71)

A) direction that the stereocilia are stimulated

B) amplitude of the action potentials

C) location of the hair cell stimulated

D) number of hair cells stimulated

E) frequency of action potentials

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)72) Which of the following is NOT part of the gate-control theory of pain modulation? 72)

A) Inhibitory interneurons are activated by collaterals of A fibers that are associated with

mechanical stimuli

B) A nonpainful stimulus can activate the inhibitory interneuron and thereby inhibit the painful

stimulus

C) Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain

D) Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second-order pain neurons

E) Inhibitory interneurons are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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73) Photoreceptors transmit information directly to cells via the release of a neurotransmitter,

causing those cells to develop a(n) potential proportional to the intensity of the stimulus 73)

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76) What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus

potential to damage tissue? 78)

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79) Which of the following is most sensitive to light? 79)

which of the following? 80)

A) direction toward which only the kinocilia are bent

B) extent to which the stereocilia are bent

C) speed at which the head rotates

D) direction toward which the stereocilia are bent relative to the kinocilium

E) speed at which the stereocilia are bent

Answer: D

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)81) Tips of stereocilia for sound are embedded in what structure? 81)

A) convex : focal length

B) concave : focal length

C) convex : focal point

D) transparent : focal length

E) concave : focal point

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)

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83) Both the auditory and vestibular systems rely upon to detect movement of fluid within

A) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, flattening the lens

B) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes

rounder

C) Ciliary muscles relax, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder

D) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, flattening the lens

E) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, and the lens becomes

rounder

Answer: B

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)86) Proprioceptors provide the body with continuous information that changes little as a particular

joint angle is maintained, and are therefore an example of receptors 86)

A) tonic or slowly adapting

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87) What is a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the change of activity within a particular

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90) Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina? 90)

A) photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell

B) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell

C) bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell

D) ganglion cell, bipolar cell, photoreceptor

E) bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor

Answer: B

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)91) Which of the following is true of photoreceptors in the light (relative to the dark)? 91)

A) The synaptic terminal is releasing more transmitter

B) Phosphodiesterase is more active

C) Sodium channels are open

D) The photoreceptors are depolarized

E) cGMP levels are elevated

Answer: B

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)92) The second-order neurons in the olfactory pathway are called cells 92)

A) gustatory B) ganglion C) glomeruli D) mitral E) bipolar

Answer: D

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)93) Which receptor type is used to detect the stretch of specific blood vessels? 93)

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94) Another name for an afferent neuron is neuron 94)

A) Hair cells are surrounded by endolymph

B) Only the inner hair cells of the cochlea function directly in sound transduction

C) When potassium channels in hair cells open, potassium ions move into the cell, depolarizing

it

D) There are three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells

E) Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward

the kinocilium

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)96) The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are 96)

A) integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex

B) transmitted to the lateral geniculate body where they are integrated

C) maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated

D) transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then

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97) In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively by the

presence of open channels 97)

A) opening of sodium channels

B) opening of calcium channels

C) closure of sodium channels

D) opening of potassium channels

E) closure of potassium channels

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)100) Which of the following best describes the location of the anterior segment? 100)A) within the ear, between the vestibular and basilar membranes

B) within the ear, between the basilar and tympanic membranes

C) within the eye, between the iris and lens

D) within the eye, between the cornea and iris

E) within the eye, between the cornea and lens

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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101) Which receptor type is used to detect angular acceleration? 101)A) hair cells in cochlea

B) chemoreceptors

C) hair cells in semicircular canals

D) hair cells in utricle

E) mechanical nociceptors

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)102) Slow pain is mediated by what type of nociceptor? 102)A) A-delta fibers

order, starting with the photoreceptor and ending with the visual cortex? 103)A) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic radiations, optic chiasm, optic

tract, lateral geniculate body, visual cortex

B) photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell, optic tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral

geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex

C) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral

D) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body,

optic tract, optic radiations, visual cortex

E) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic tract, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral

Answer: C

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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104) When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively , allowing the eye to focus on

objects that are 104)A) flat : distant

B) transparent : anywhere within the field of view

B) myopia : eyeball too long

C) cataract : discoloration of the lens

D) myopia : lens too strong

E) astigmatism : hardening of the lens

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)106) The neural pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex is called the optic 106)A) chiasm B) tract C) fasciculus D) radiations E) nerve

Answer: D

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)107) Fast pain originating from nociceptors is perceived as a pain and is carried along

fibers 107)A) sharp : C

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108) Molecules must be dissolved in fluid to interact with the receptor for which of the following? 108)A) vision

what type of crystals? 109)A) calcium carbonate

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112) Which receptor type is used to detect increases in temperature between 30°C and 43°C? 112)A) warm receptors

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116) Where is the auditory cortex found? 116)A) frontal lobe

Answer: E

Explanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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