Ebook Imaging anatomy musculoskeletal (2nd edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book Imaging anatomy musculoskeletal presents the following contents: Thigh radiographic anatomy and MR atlas, knee overview, knee extensor mechanism and retinacula, cruciate ligaments posterior capsule, knee and leg measurements and lines, ankle ligaments, foot overview, ankle tendons,...

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• Muscle origin (O)

• Structure supplied by nerve or vessel (S)

• Sacroiliac joint (SI)

IMAGING ANATOMY

Bony Anatomy of Femur

• Femoral head

○ 2/3 of sphere sitting on cylindrical femoral neck

○ Fovea capitis: Medial concavity for attachment of

○ Bowed anteriorly, inclined medially

○ Linea aspera on posterior surface; multiple muscle

• Thigh divided into 3-4 soft tissue compartments

○ Anterior compartment: Iliotibial tract, tensor fascia lata

m., quadriceps muscles (sartorius m.)

○ Medial compartment: Gracilis muscle, adductor muscles

○ Posterior compartment: Hamstring muscles, short head

of biceps femoris muscle, sciatic nerve

○ Sartorius is often considered separate compartment

• Muscles at junction pelvis/thigh: Each considered separate

compartment

○ Pectineus, iliopsoas, obturator externus, lateral femoral

muscles

• Extensions from fascia lata divide compartments

○ Medial intermuscular septum: Anterior/medial

○ Lateral intermuscular septum: Anterior/lateral

○ Thin fascia separates medial, posterior compartments

• Clinical note: Compartment anatomy critical to tumor

staging and biopsy planning

○ Cross compartment extension of tumor, contamination

by biopsy may require change from limb salvage toamputation

Medial Thigh Muscles

• F: Hip adduction; assist hip flexion, internal rotation

○ O: Pubic body inferior to crest

○ I: Medial lip linea aspera

○ N: Posterior division of obturator nerve

• Adductor brevis lies posterior to adductor longus

○ O: Inferior pubic ramus

○ I: Inferior 2/3 of pectineal line, superior 1/2 of medial lip

of linea aspera

○ N: Posterior division of obturator nerve

• Adductor magnus: Massive, posteromedial muscle can bedivided into 3 parts

○ N: Posterior division obturator nerve, exceptischiocondylar portion innervated by tibial nerve

○ Adductor minimus– O: Pubic ramus– I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, medial to gluteusmaximus

○ Adductor and ischiocondylar portion of adductormagnus

– O: Ischiopubic ramus, ischial tuberosity– I: Wide insertion on medial lip linea aspera, medialsupracondylar line

□ 5 aponeurotic openings in insertion sites

□ 4 openings transmit perforating branches andterminus of profunda femoris a

□ Lowest opening is adductor hiatus, through whichsuperficial femoral vessels pass into popliteal fossa– Ischiocondylar portion is most medial (hamstring)portion, inserts on medial supracondylar line

• Gracilis

○ O: Inferior pubic ramus, symphysis pubis

○ I: Medial proximal tibia (pes anserine)

○ F: Also assists knee flexion

○ O: Superior pubic ramus, pecten

○ I: Pectineal line femur

○ Femoral nerve ± accessory obturator nerve

Anterior Thigh Muscles

• Common innervation: Femoral nerve

• Common function: Knee extension (except sartorius)

• Sartorius (tailor's) muscle

○ O: ASIS, notch below

○ I: Proximal medial tibia (pes anserine)

○ F: Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation; knee flexion

○ Crosses hip and knee joints

○ Longest muscle in body

○ Separate fascial covering

• Quadriceps femoris: Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastusmedialis, vastus intermedius muscles

○ Common tendon of insertion onto superior, lateral,medial patella

• Rectus femoris

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○ I: Superior patella, tibial tuberosity

○ F: Also hip flexion

○ Crosses hip and knee joints

• Vastus lateralis

○ O: Superior intertrochanteric line femur, anterior and

inferior greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip

linea aspera, lateral intermuscular septum

○ I: Lateral patellar retinaculum, superolateral patella,

rectus femoris tendon

○ Largest quadriceps muscle

• Vastus medialis

○ O: Entire medial lip linea aspera, inferior

intertrochanteric line, medial intermuscular septum

○ I: Tendon rectus femoris muscle, superomedial patella

(quadriceps tendon), medial condyle tibia (medial

patellar retinaculum)

• Vastus intermedius

○ O: Anterior and lateral femoral shaft, inferior lateral lip

linea aspera, lateral intermuscular septum

○ I: Blends along deep aspect rectus femoris, vastus

medialis, vastus lateralis muscles

• Articularis genu

○ O: Anterior lower femur

○ I: Synovial membrane knee

○ N to vastus intermedius

Iliotibial Tract/Band: Lateral Thickening Fascia Lata

• O: Tubercle iliac crest

• I: Lateral condyle tibia

• Insertion site of tensor fascia lata muscle and portion of

gluteus maximus muscle

Posterior Thigh Muscles

• Common nerve: Sciatic nerve

○ Tibial division: Long head of biceps femoris,

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, ischiocondylar

portion adductor magnus muscles

○ Common peroneal division: Short head of biceps femoris

muscle

• Common functions: Hip extension, knee flexion

• Hamstrings: Long head of biceps femoris,

semimembranous, semitendinosus, ischiocondylar portion

adductor magnus muscles

○ Does not include short head of biceps femoris m

• Biceps femoris

○ Long head: O: Ischial tuberosity (inferior, medial)

– Common tendon with semitendinosus muscle

○ Short head: O: Lateral lip linea aspera femur, lateral

supracondylar line, lateral intermuscular septum

– Post-axial muscle

– Not part of hamstring muscles

○ I: Fibular head, lateral condyle tibia

○ F: Also external rotation flexed knee

• Semimembranosus

○ O: Ischial tuberosity (superior, lateral)

○ I: Posterior medial condyle tibia, popliteal fascia

– Some fibers extend to form oblique popliteal l (see

• Semitendinosus

○ O: Ischial tuberosity (inferior, medial)– Common tendon long head of biceps femoris m

○ I: Medial proximal tibia (pes anserine)

○ F: Also internal rotation flexed knee

○ Entirely tendinous in distal thigh

Hip Flexors

• Sartorius: Anterior femoral muscle

• Pectineus: Medial femoral muscle

• Iliopsoas: I: Lesser trochanter

○ Iliacus– O: Iliac crest, iliac fossa, sacral ala, SI joint capsule– N: Femoral nerve

○ Psoas major– O: Lateral vertebral body and intervertebral discs T12-L5, all lumbar transverse processes

– N: L1, L2, L3

○ Psoas minor– O: Lateral vertebral body T12, L1 and T12-L1intervertebral disc

– N: L1, L2

Femoral Triangle

• Anterior wall: Inguinal ligament

• Posterior wall: Adductor longus and pectineus muscles(medial), iliopsoas muscle (lateral)

• Medial border: Adductor longus muscle

• Lateral border: Sartorius muscle

• Apex: Crossing adductor longus and sartorius muscles

• Contents: Femoral nerve and branches, femoral vessels,lymph node (Cloquet node), femoral sheath

○ Structures lateral to medial at entrance: NAVeL: Nerve,artery, vein, lymphatics

• Femoral artery/vein relationships

○ Entrance: Artery lateral

○ Apex: Artery anterior

• Femoral nerve branches within triangle

○ Saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis onlybranches to exit triangle

• Femoral sheath: Transversalis fascia covers vesselsproximally

○ 3 compartments: Lateral (artery), middle (vein), medial(femoral canal)

• Femoral canal: Medial compartment femoral sheath

○ Anterior border: Inguinal ligament

○ Posterior border: Pubic bone

○ Medial border: Lacunar ligament

○ Lateral border: Femoral vein

○ Entrance: Femoral ring– Anterior border: Medial inguinal ligament– Posterior border: Superior pubic ramus– Medial border: Lacunar ligament– Lateral border: Septum between femoral canal andfemoral vein

– Open to peritoneal cavity

○ Contents: Lymphatic vessels and nodes (Cloquet node),fat, connective tissue

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Thigh • Vessel passageway from thigh to popliteal fossa

• Anteromedial border: Sartorius muscle

• Anterolateral border: Vastus medialis muscle

• Posterior border: Adductor longus and magnus muscles

• Entrance: Apex femoral triangle, exit adductor hiatus

○ Adductor hiatus: Gap in adductor magnus muscle

between adductor portion and ischiocondylar portiondistal thigh

• Contents: Femoral artery and vein, saphenous nerve

○ Nerve initially anterior to artery, then medial

○ Artery anterior to vein

○ Descending geniculate artery arises in canal

Femoral Vessels

• Enter thigh deep to inguinal ligament, midpoint between

ASIS and symphysis pubis

• Upper thigh: Vessels within femoral triangle

○ Enter: Artery lateral to vein

○ Exit: Artery anterior

• Mid thigh: Vessels within adductor canal

○ Entrance: Artery anterior

○ Exit: Artery anterior

• Distal thigh: Exit adductor canal via adductor hiatus, enter

popliteal fossa

• Common femoral arterybranches

○ Superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac,

superficial external pudendal arise anteriorly

○ Deep external pudendal arises medially

– May branch from medial circumflex femoral

○ Divides into superficial and deep branches

○ Superficial femoral artery

– Branch: Descending genicular

○ Deep femoral (profunda femoris)

– Arises laterally in femoral triangle– Dives between pectineus and adductor longusmuscles

– Medial to femur, deep to adductor longus muscle– Branches in femoral triangle: Medial circumflexfemoral (main supply to femoral head and neck),lateral circumflex femoral, muscular branches– Branches in adductor canal: 3 perforating branches,descending genicular

– Terminal branch: 4th perforating artery

• Femoral vein: Travels with artery

○ Tributaries: Deep femoral, descending genicular, lateral

circumflex femoral, medial circumflex femoral, deepexternal pudendal, greater saphenous veins

○ Greater saphenous vein

– Longest vein in body– Toes to saphenous opening (fascia lata)– Tributaries: Accessory saphenous, superficialepigastric, superficial circumflex femoral, superficialexternal pudendal veins

Femoral Nerve

• L2, L3, L4, L5; post axial

• Largest branch lumbar plexus

• Exits plexus lower psoas muscle

vessels, enters femoral triangle

• Multiple branches in femoral triangle

○ Muscular branches: To pectineus, sartorius, rectusfemoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastusintermedius muscles

○ Cutaneous nerves: Anterior femoral cutaneous,saphenous

– Saphenous nerve exits triangle, enters adductor canal

○ Articular branches hip and knee

Obturator Nerve

• L2, L3, L4; pre axial

• Branch lumbar plexus

• Relationships

○ Posterior to iliac vessels

○ Medial to psoas muscle

○ Lateral to internal iliac vessels

• Via obturator foramen to thigh

• S: Adductor muscles, hip and knee joints, skin medial distalthigh

• Accessory obturator nerve: L3, L4

○ Separate in lower thigh

• Exits pelvis inferior to piriformis muscle

• Crosses over superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferiorgemellus, quadratus femoris, adductor magnus muscles

• Deep to long head of biceps femoris muscle

• Branches arising in thigh: Articular to hip, nerves tohamstring muscles

• Tibial nerve: Larger division of sciatic nerve

○ S: Posterior femoral muscles except short head of bicepsfemoris muscle

• Common peroneal nerve

○ Oblique lateral course with biceps femoris muscle

○ S: Short head of biceps femoris muscle

Fascia of Thigh

• Fascia lata: Encase entire thigh

○ Superior attachment: Inguinal ligament

• Iliotibial tract: Lateral thickening of fascia lata

○ Superior attachment: Tubercle of iliac crest

○ Inferior attachment: Lateral tubercle of tibial condyle(Gerdy tubercle)

○ Insertion site of portions of gluteus maximus and tensorfascia lata muscles

• Lateral intermuscular septum: Separates vastus lateralisand biceps femoris muscles

• Medial intermuscular septum: Separates adductor andvastus medialis muscles

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Rectus femoris, direct head

Sartorius m

Patellar ligamentIliotibial band

Adductor magnus m

Iliacus musclePsoas muscleAnterior superior iliac spine

Tensor fascia lata m

Psoas muscleIliacus muscle

Pes anserine tendonsMedial patellar retinaculumVastus medialis m

Adductor longus m

Adductor brevis m

Pectineus muscle

(Top) Muscle and ligament attachments of the anterior pelvis and femur are shown The 3 vasti muscles that form part of the

quadriceps group are the primary muscles arising from the anterior femur Adductor magnus inserts on the adductor tubercle just above

the medial femoral condyle (Middle) Superficial muscles of the anterior thigh are shown The oblique course of the sartorius muscle is

easily appreciated The adductor brevis muscle is deep to the adductor longus and pectineus muscles The most medial muscle is the

gracilis The vastus lateralis and medialis muscles continue to their insertions on the lateral and medial patellar margins, respectively.

(Bottom) Deep muscles of the anterior thigh are shown The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to the rectus femoris muscle With the

ANTERIOR THIGH

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Sacrotuberous ligamentAdductor magnus m.

Gracilis muscleIschiocondylar portion, adductor magnus

m

Adductor hiatusGracilis tendon

Piriformis muscleObturator internus m

Short head, biceps femoris muscleVastus lateralis m

(Top) Muscle and ligament attachments of the posterior pelvis and femur are shown The adductor brevis muscle insertion is superior to

the adductor longus muscle The transverse head of the adductor magnus (a.k.a adductor minimus) inserts just medial to the gluteus maximus muscle The ischiocondylar head has a long insertion on the posterior femur (Middle) Superficial muscles of the posterior thigh are shown The gluteus muscles from anterior to posterior and deep to superficial are gluteus minimus, medius, and maximus The semitendinosus muscle is superficial to the semimembranosus muscle The semimembranous muscle originates lateral to the conjoined origin of biceps and semitendinosus (Bottom) Deep muscles of the posterior thigh are shown With the removal of the hamstring

POSTERIOR THIGH

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(Top) There are 3 soft tissue compartments of the thigh: Anterior, containing the quadriceps, medial, containing the adductors, and

posterior, containing the hamstrings The sartorius can be considered part of the anterior or medial compartments, but it has a separate

fascial sheath and is often considered a separate compartment (Middle) Fascial compartments at the level of the mid thigh are shown.

The medial compartment has enlarged, whereas the posterior compartment has decreased in size (Bottom) Compartments of the distal

thigh are shown Compartments of the thigh are an important anatomic consideration for tumor biopsy and resection, since care must

be taken not to traverse more than 1 compartment to avoid wide contamination of the tumor.

COMPARTMENTS OF THIGH

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Descending branch lateral

circumflex femoral artery

Perforating vessels

Inferior lateral genicular artery

Superior lateral genicular

Descending genicular arteryPopliteal artery

Medial femoral circumflex a

External pudendal a

Inferior epigastric a

Obturator arteryInternal iliac artery

Popliteal artery

Inferior medial genicular a

Descending genicular artery

Descending branch lateralcircumflex femoral artery

Superior lateral genicularartery

Perforating arteries

Inferior lateral genicular artery

Ascending and descendingbranches medial circumflexSuperior gluteal artery

(Top) Anterior view of the arteries of the thigh is shown Deep femoral artery (a.k.a profunda femoris artery) gives rise to the

circumflex femoral arteries It supplies the musculature of the thigh Lateral femoral circumflex artery travels posterior to the rectus femoris muscle and wraps around the anterior portion of the femoral neck (Bottom) Posterior view of the femoral and popliteal

arteries and the superior and inferior gluteal arteries of the greater sciatic notch is shown Medial circumflex femoral artery wraps around posterior femoral neck.

ARTERIAL ANATOMY OF THIGH

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Medial circumflex femoral vein

Deep circumflex iliac vein

Perforating veins

Common femoral vein

Common iliac vein

Lateral circumflex femoralvein

Internal iliac vein

Superficial femoral vein

(Top) Anterior view of the deep veins of the thigh is shown The deep veins typically follow the arterial tree The main venous drainage

is the superficial femoral vein, which is (confusingly) part of the deep venous system Note the entrance of the greater saphenous vein

into the femoral vein; it has no associated artery (Bottom) Posterior view of the veins of the thigh and buttocks is shown Superficial

femoral vein becomes the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.

VENOUS ANATOMY OF THIGH

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(Top) The sciatic nerve enters the lower extremity by passing under the inferior border of the piriformis muscle The sciatic nerve passes

posterior to the external rotator tendons and then courses deep to the biceps femoris muscle The tibial and peroneal divisions of the sciatic nerve are visible throughout its course They diverge in the distal thigh The tibial nerve bisects the popliteal fossa The common peroneal nerve follows the biceps femoris muscle around the fibular head (Bottom) Dermatomes of the anterior (A, C), posterior (B, D),

lateral (E), and medial (F) thigh are shown Two different patterns are recognized for the anterior and posterior thigh, as represented by the 2 diagrams.

SCIATIC NERVE AND DERMATOMES

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Sacrotuberous ligamentGluteus maximus m.

Adductor magnus m

Semimembranosus m

Semitendinosus m

Pes anserine

Apex femoral triangle

Pubic tubercleSymphysis pubisInguinal ligament

(Top) Medial muscles of the thigh are shown The gracilis muscle has a thin profile when viewed from the front, however, when viewed

from the side, it is quite broad The semimembranosus muscle runs along the deep surface of the semitendinous muscle and inserts onto

the tibia posterior to the pes anserine tendons Its insertion is hidden on this image The iliopsoas muscle courses over the pelvic brim on

its course to the lesser trochanter (Bottom) The contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial (NAVeL) are femoral nerve,

femoral artery, femoral vein, and lymphatics The nerve lies superficial to the iliopsoas muscle The lateral border of the triangle is the

sartorius muscle The anterior wall is the inguinal ligament The fascia lata encases the structures of the thigh The femoral sheath is

the fascial covering over the proximal vessels At the cutaway proximal boundary, note the septa dividing the sheath into

compartments The femoral canal is the medial compartment.

MEDIAL THIGH MUSCLES, FEMORAL TRIANGLE

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Sacral arcSacrum

Obturator foramenIschial tuberosity

Teardrop

Inferior ramusPubic body

Superior pubic ramusPubic tubercleSymphysis pubis

Sacroiliac joint

Intertrochanteric crest

Basicervical regionSubcapital regionFemoral head

Iliac wingFovea capitis

Femoral diaphysis

Lesser trochanterGreater trochanterIliac crest

Symphysis pubisPubic tubercleSuperior pubic ramus

Pubic bodyInferior ramusTeardrop

Ischial tuberosityObturator foramenSacroiliac joint

(Top) AP radiograph shows the proximal femur Note the regions of the proximal femur: The subcapital region at the junction of the

femoral head and neck, the basicervical region at the base of the femoral neck For descriptive purposes, fractures between the basicervical and subcapital regions are referred to as transcervical (not labeled) In a well-positioned AP femur the lesser trochanter points medial and posterior The intertrochanteric crest, a posterior prominence connecting the 2 trochanters, is visible The fovea capitis appears as a central depression on the femoral head (Bottom) Lateral view of the proximal femur is shown With external rotation, the lesser trochanter is now seen in profile, its inferior cortex blending with the cortex of the adjacent femoral neck The femoral head, neck, and greater trochanter are all overlapping.

PROXIMAL FEMUR RADIOGRAPHS

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(Top) The femoral shaft has a slight medial slant that balances the lateral slant of the femoral neck Note the prominent linea aspera,

which divides inferiorly into medial and lateral supracondylar lines Hyperostosis of the linea aspera is common in older patients.

(Bottom) Lateral radiograph of the distal femur shows a posterior flange, known as the linea aspera The linea aspera is a site of

multiple muscle attachments Nutrient groove enters the posterior femur at the midshaft and courses superiorly and anteriorly in the

femoral shaft Fabella is a variably present sesamoid in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius.

DISTAL FEMUR RADIOGRAPHS

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Iliotibial bandRectus femoris m.

Vastus lateralis m

Femoral neckQuadratus femoris m

Conjoined origin long head of bicepsfemoris m and semitendinosus m

Sartorius muscleCommon femoral artery, vein and nervePectineus m

Adductor brevis m

Obturator externus m

Obturator internus m

Ischial tuberosityConjoined origin long head of bicepsfemoris m and semitendinosus m.Semimembranosus t

Gluteus maximus m

(Top) Sciatic nerve lies between quadratus femoris muscle and gluteus maximus muscle The tensor fascia lata and sartorius muscles are

on a divergent course heading laterally and medially, respectively (Middle) The obturator internus and externus muscles are seen on the inner and outer surfaces of the obturator foramen The obturator membrane separates the muscles The iliopsoas muscle is tapering toward its insertion onto the lesser trochanter The gluteus maximus muscle continues its wide coverage of the inferior aspect

of the buttocks (Bottom) The semimembranosus muscle originates from the external surface of the ischial tuberosity, anterior to the conjoined origin of the semitendinous and long head of the biceps femoris muscles The adductor brevis muscles lie deep to the

AXIAL T1 MR, UPPER RIGHT THIGH

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Rectus femoris m.

Sciatic n

Gluteus maximus m

Acetabular fossaObturator externus m

Rectus abdominis m

Pectineus muscleIliopsoas muscleCommon femoral artery, vein and nerve

Common femoral artery & vein

Iliopsoas m

Pectineus m

Adductor brevis m

Obturator externus m

Conjoined origin long head of biceps

femoris and semitendinosus ms

IschiumSemimembranosus t

Conjoined origin long head of biceps

femoris m & semitendinosus m

Sciatic n

Gluteus maximus m

Adductor brevis m

Pectineus muscleCommon femoral a., v

Iliotibial band

Gluteus medius t

Vastus lateralis m

(Top) Sciatic nerve lies between quadratus femoris muscle and gluteus maximus muscle The tensor fascia lata and sartorius muscles are

on a divergent course heading laterally and medially, respectively (Middle) The obturator internus and externus muscles are seen on

the inner and outer surfaces of the obturator foramen The obturator membrane separates the muscles The iliopsoas muscle tapers

toward its insertion onto the lesser trochanter The gluteus maximus muscle continues its wide coverage of the inferior aspect of the

buttocks (Bottom) The semimembranosus muscle originates from the external surface of the ischial tuberosity, anterior to the

conjoined origin of the semitendinous and long head of the biceps femoris muscles The adductor brevis muscles lies deep to the

AXIAL T1 MR, UPPER LEFT THIGH

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Sciatic n.

Gluteus maximus m

Semimembranosus t

Ischial tuberosityObturator internus m

Common femoral n., a., v

Conjoined origin long head of bicepsfemoris m & semitendinosus m

Quadratus femoris m

Vastus medialis m

Vastus lateralis m

Lesser trochanterGluteus maximus m

Sciatic nerveLateral circumflex femoral artery & vein

Rectus femoris m

Femoral nerveSartorius m

Semitendinosus t

Long head biceps t

Semimembranosus t

Ischial tuberosityInferior pubic ramusObturator externus m

(Top) The greater saphenous vein is feeding into the common femoral vein Except for the gluteus maximus muscle, the quadratus

femoris muscle is the most inferior of the external rotators of the hip (Middle) Pectineus muscle is medial to iliopsoas muscle and will insert inferior to it on the proximal femoral shaft Semintendinosis tendon and long head of biceps tendon are starting to diverge at this point (Bottom) The vastus lateralis has the most proximal origin of the vasti muscles The vastus intermedius muscle is now coming into view The lateral circumflex femoral artery courses deep to the sartorius and rectus femoris muscles.

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Obturator externus m.

Gluteus maximus m

Semimembranosus t

Conjoined origin long head biceps

Iliopsoas muscleQuadratus femoris m

Adductor longus t

Greater saphenous v

Pectineus muscleAdductor brevis m

Ischial tuberosity

Vastus lateralis m

Rectus femoris m

Iliotibial band

Inferior (ischiopubic) ramus

Sartorius m

(Top) The greater saphenous vein is feeding into the common femoral vein The gluteus medius tendon has its insertion along the lateral

facet of the greater trochanter Except for the gluteus maximus muscle, the quadratus femoris muscle is the most inferior of the

external rotators of the hip and is recognized by its horizontal orientation deep to the gluteus maximus muscle (Middle) Pectineus

muscle is medial to the iliopsoas muscle and will insert inferior to it on the proximal femoral shaft Semintendinosis tendon and long

head biceps tendon are starting to diverge at this point (Bottom) The vastus lateralis has the most proximal origin of the vasti muscles.

The vastus intermedius muscle is now coming into view The lateral circumflex femoral artery courses deep to the sartorius and rectus

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Biceps femoris t., long headSemitendinosus m.

Semimembranosus t

Pectineus muscleAdductor brevis m

Sciatic nerveVastus medialis m

Common femoral a., v

Long head biceps m

(Top) All 4 of the quadriceps muscles are now visible, with the vastus intermedius and medialis still quite small This is the most inferior

image on which the femoral nerve can be identified It branches entirely within the femoral triangle The 2 origins of the adductor magnus muscle are visible The more anterior adductor portion (a.k.a adductor minimus) originates from the inferior pubic ramus, and the more posterior portion of the muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity (Middle) The changing orientation between the semimembranosus and the other hamstring tendons continues The semimembranosus tendon is now more medially positioned These are the first images on which the thin gracilis tendon is distinctly visible It is visually merged with other structures above this level.

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Common femoral artery & vein

Greater saphenous v

Gluteus maximus m

Sciatic nerveQuadratus femoris m

Gracilis muscleAdductor brevis m

Adductor longus m

Pectineus muscleCommon femoral a., v

(Top) All 4 of the quadriceps muscles are now visible, with the vastus intermedius and medialis still quite small This is the most inferior

image on which the femoral nerve can be identified It branches entirely within the femoral triangle The 2 origins of the adductor

magnus muscle are visible The more anterior adductor portion (a.k.a adductor minimus) originates from the inferior pubic ramus, the

more posterior portion of the muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity (Middle) The changing orientation between the

semimembranosus and the other hamstring tendons continues The semimembranosus tendon is now more medially positioned These

are the first images on which the thin gracilis tendon is distinctly visible It is visually merged with other structures above this level.

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Adductor longus m.

Deep femoral a., v

Adductor magnus m (adductor)

Gluteus maximus m

Gracilis muscleAdductor brevis m

Vastus lateralis m

Iliotibial band

Rectus femoris m

Superficial femoral a., v

Deep femoral a., v

Adductor magnus m

Gracilis muscleAdductor longus m

Sartorius muscleGreater saphenous v

Vastus lateralis m

Iliotibial bandVastus intermedius m

Gluteus maximus insertion

Greater saphenous v

Sartorius muscle

Gluteus maximus m

(Top) The common femoral vessels have divided into superficial and deep femoral vessels The gracilis muscle is now visible The tensor

fascia lata muscle has assumed a more flattened profile The sciatic nerve lies deep to the biceps femoris muscle (Middle) The adductor magnus is a large muscle with multiple components The most medial portion is called the ischiocondylar portion and attaches to the adductor tubercle of the medial femoral epicondyle (Bottom) A large perforating artery is visible It is a branch of the deep femoral artery The tensor fascia lata muscle has completely inserted onto the iliotibial band Throughout the thigh, the sciatic nerve resides deep to the biceps femoris muscle.

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Deep femoral a., v.

Vastus medialis m

Sciatic nerveAdductor magnus m., (adductor)Long head, biceps femoris m

Adductor longus m

Adductor brevis m

Gracilis muscleAdductor magnus m

Deep femoral a., v

Superficial femoral artery & vein

Rectus femoris m

Gluteus maximus m

Iliotibial bandVastus medialis m

Perforating vessels

Sciatic nerveLong head, biceps femoris m

Gluteus maximus m

Insertion, gluteus maximus m

(Top) The common femoral vessels have divided into superficial and deep femoral vessels The gracilis muscle is now visible The tensor

fascia lata muscle has assumed a more flattened profile Sciatic nerve lies deep to the biceps femoris muscle (Middle) The adductor

magnus is a large muscle with multiple components The most medial portion is called the ischiocondylar portion and attaches to the

adductor tubercle of the medial femoral epicondyle (Bottom) A large perforating artery is visible It is a branch of the deep femoral

artery The tensor fascia lata muscle has completely inserted onto the iliotibial band Throughout the thigh, the sciatic nerve resides

deep to the biceps femoris muscle.

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Intermedius m

Iliotibial bandVastus lateralis m

Vastus medialis m

Deep femoral a., v

Gracilis muscle

(Top) Differentiation of the vastus muscles is difficult in the mid thigh Incomplete fat planes partially separate the muscles The vastus

lateralis wraps around the anterior margin of the vastus intermedius (Middle) The gluteus maximus has a broad insertion on the iliotibial band and the gluteal tuberosity, a prominence at the superolateral aspect of the linea aspera of the femur (Bottom) The semitendinosus muscle belly enlarges through the mid thigh The muscle bellies of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle share a reciprocal relationship As the semitendinosus muscle becomes smaller along its inferior extent, the semimembranosus muscle becomes larger.

AXIAL T1 MR, RIGHT MID THIGH

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Deep femoral a., v.

Rectus femoris m

Gracilis muscleAdductor longus m

Vastus lateralis m

Iliotibial bandVastus medialis m

Vastus lateralis m

(Top) Differentiation of the vastus muscles is difficult in the mid thigh Incomplete fat planes partially separate the muscles The vastus

lateralis wraps around the anterior margin of the vastus intermedius (Middle) The gluteus maximus has a broad insertion on the

iliotibial band and the gluteal tuberosity, a prominence at the superolateral aspect of the linea aspera of the femur (Bottom) The

semitendinosus muscle belly enlarges through the mid thigh The muscle bellies of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle

share a reciprocal relationship As the semitendinosus muscle becomes smaller along its inferior extent, the semimembranosus muscle

becomes larger.

AXIAL T1 MR, LEFT MID THIGH

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Vastus lateralis m

Gluteus maximus m

Long head, biceps femoris m

Linea aspera of femurVastus medialis m

Deep femoral a., v

(Top) The saphenous nerve is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve It lies in front of the femoral vessels at this level; more

inferiorly, it moves medially and becomes subcutaneous, accompanying the saphenous vein (Middle) The vastus lateralis is broad and covers the vastus intermedius The gracilis muscle has a band-like configuration and moves slightly posteriorly as it descends caudally.

(Bottom) The adductor magnus is the largest mid-thigh muscle The semimembranosus tendon is thin and starting to course medially.

Although its tendon originates anterior and lateral to the semitendinosus tendon, the semimembranosus muscle will lie medial to the semitendinosus muscle in the mid thigh It returns anterior to the semitendinosus tendon in the distal thigh.

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Long head, biceps femoris m.

Gluteus maximus m

Rectus femoris m

Gracilis muscleAdductor magnus m

Deep femoral a., v

Vastus lateralis m

(Top) The saphenous nerve is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve It lies in front of the femoral vessels at this level; more

inferiorly, it moves medially and becomes subcutaneous, accompanying the saphenous vein (Middle) The vastus lateralis is broad and

covers the vastus intermedius The gracilis muscle has a band-like configuration and moves slightly posteriorly as it descends caudally.

(Bottom) The adductor magnus is the largest mid-thigh muscle The semimembranosus tendon is thin and starting to course medially.

Although its tendon originates anterior and lateral to the semitendinosus tendon, the semimembranosus muscle will lie medial to the

semitendinosus muscle in the mid thigh It returns anterior to the semitendinosus tendon in the distal thigh.

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FemurDeep femoral a., v

Deep femoral a & v

Greater saphenous v

Semimembranosus muscle & tendon

Sartorius muscleSuperficial femoral artery & nerveRectus femoris m

(Top) The fat plane separating the vastus lateralis muscle from the vastus medialis muscle deep to it is clearly defined at this level and

below The semimembranosus muscle is starting to form medial to its tendon and is medial to the semitendinosus muscle (Middle) The sartorius muscle continues its medial and now posterior course It will eventually reside immediately anterior to the gracilis muscle The relative position of the sartorius muscle is a guide to the approximate location of an axial image through the thigh (Bottom) The semimembranosus muscle continues to enlarge The long head of the biceps femoris muscle is at its largest mid thigh The short head of the biceps is not yet present Adductor brevis is inserting on the femoral shaft.

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Adductor brevis m

Sartorius muscleRectus femoris m

Semitendinosus m

Vastus lateralis m

(Top) The fat plane separating the vastus lateralis muscle from the vastus medialis muscle deep to it is clearly defined at this level and

below The semimembranosus muscle is starting to form medial to its tendon and is medial to the semitendinosus muscle (Middle) The

sartorius muscle continues its medial and now posterior course It will eventually reside immediately anterior to the gracilis muscle The

relative position of the sartorius muscle is a guide to the approximate location of an axial image through the thigh (Bottom) The

semimembranosus muscle continues to enlarge The long head of the biceps femoris muscle is at its largest mid thigh The short head of

the biceps is not yet present Adductor brevis is inserting on the femoral shaft.

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Deep femoral a., v

Superficial femoral a., v

Sartorius muscleRectus femoris m

Semitendinosus m

Sciatic nerveDeep femoral a., v

FemurVastus intermedius m

(Top) The gracilis muscle continues its posterior course The sartorius muscle moves closer to the gracilis muscle (Middle) The

semimembranosus muscle belly increases in size as the semitendinosus muscle belly decreases in size The adductor longus muscle lies anterior to the adductor magnus muscle throughout the thigh (Bottom) Because of its oblique course and its own separate fascial covering, the sartorius muscle is often considered a separate compartment Superior to this level, the muscle is not in direct continuity with the other muscles of the anterior compartment.

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Deep femoral a., v.

(Top) The gracilis m continues its posterior course The sartorius muscle moves closer to the gracilis muscle (Middle) The

semimembranosus muscle belly increases in size as the semitendinosus muscle belly decreases in size The adductor longus muscle lies

anterior to the adductor magnus muscle throughout the thigh (Bottom) Because of its oblique course and its own separate fascial

covering, the sartorius muscle is often considered a separate compartment Superior to this level, the muscle is not in direct continuity

with the other muscles of the anterior compartment.

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Vastus intermedius m

FemurNutrient canalDeep femoral a., v

(Top) The deep femoral vessels have followed an inferior and lateral course from their point of branching in the upper thigh They now

course posterior to the femur The inferior-most aspect of the adductor longus muscle is visible The adductor magnus, gracilis, and sartorius muscles are the only medial compartment muscles to continue into the distal thigh (Middle) The short head of the biceps femoris arises between the adductor magnus and the vastus lateralis from the lateral margin of the linea aspera in the mid thigh.

(Bottom) The rectus femoris muscle is now nestled between the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles The deep femoral vessels

terminate in the mid thigh.

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Short head biceps femoris m.

(Top) The deep femoral vessels have followed an inferior and lateral course from their point of branching in the upper thigh They now

course posterior to the femur The inferior-most aspect of the adductor longus muscle is visible The adductor magnus, gracilis, and

sartorius muscles are the only medial compartment muscles to continue into the distal thigh (Middle) The short head of the biceps

femoris arises between the adductor magnus and the vastus lateralis from the lateral margin of the linea aspera in the mid thigh.

(Bottom) The rectus femoris muscle is now nestled between the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles The deep femoral vessels

terminate in the mid thigh.

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Sciatic n

Semitendinosus m

Short head, biceps femoris m

Short head biceps femoris m

Linea aspera, femur

(Top) A portion of the adductor magnus is seen inserting on the posterior femur, separating from ischiocondylar muscle fibers that

continue caudad Muscular insertions of the adductor magnus are quite broad (Middle) The tendon of the rectus femoris muscle is now located along the deep surface of the muscle The origin of the short head of biceps and insertion of portions of the adductor magnus muscle on linea aspera of femur are well seen (Bottom) The muscle bellies of the rectus femoris and semitendinosus both decrease in size in the distal thigh The short head of the biceps femoris muscle has a long origin from the linea aspera of the posterior femur.

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Adductor magnus m (adductor)

Adductor magnus m., (adductor)

Adductor magnus m., (ischiocondylar)

(Top) A portion of the adductor magnus is seen inserting on posterior femur, separating from ischiocondylar muscle fibers that continue

caudad Muscular insertions of the adductor magnus are quite broad (Middle) The tendon of the rectus femoris muscle is now located

along the deep surface of the muscle The origin of the short head of biceps and insertion of portions of adductor magnus muscle on the

linea aspera of femur are well seen (Bottom) The muscle bellies of the rectus femoris and semitendinosus both decrease in size in the

distal thigh The short head of the biceps femoris muscle has a long origin from the linea aspera of the posterior femur.

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(Top) The vastus medialis muscle enlarges relative to the remainder of the quadriceps in the distal thigh The sciatic nerve continues to

reside along the deep surface of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle (Middle) The sartorius and gracilis muscles are now within the posterior 1/2 of the medial aspect of the thigh The semitendinosus muscle is becoming quite small (Bottom) The separation of the adductor and ischiocondylar portions of the adductor magnus muscle forms the adductor hiatus The superficial femoral vessels pass through the adductor hiatus to enter the popliteal fossa Upon passing through the hiatus, they become the popliteal vessels.

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Vastus medialis m.

Sartorius m

Greater saphenous v

(Top) The vastus medialis muscle enlarges relative to the remainder of the quadriceps in the distal thigh The sciatic nerve continues to

reside along the deep surface of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle (Middle) The sartorius and gracilis muscles are now within

the posterior 1/2 of the medial aspect of the thigh The semitendinosus muscle is becoming quite small (Bottom) The separation of the

adductor and ischiocondylar portions of the adductor magnus muscle forms the adductor hiatus The superficial femoral vessels pass

through the adductor hiatus to enter the popliteal fossa Upon passing through the hiatus, they become the popliteal vessels.

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FemurShort head biceps femoris m

Tibial & peroneal nn

(Top) Rectus femoris tendon is enlarging, and there is only a small portion of muscle still present Tendon of vastus intermedius forms a

layer along the superficial margin of the muscle The ischiocondylar portion of adductor magnus forms a long tendon extending to the adductor tubercle of the medial femoral condyle It lies posterior to the vastus medialis (Middle) The long head of biceps femoris forms

a posterior aponeurosis on which the fibers of the short head insert The sciatic nerve has moved medial to the biceps femoris muscle.

(Bottom) The tibial and peroneal nerves are distinct within the sciatic nerve from the nerve origin In the distal thigh, they start to

diverge, with the peroneal nerve coursing laterally.

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Long head, biceps femoris m.

Adductor magnus (ischiocondylar)

(Top) Rectus femoris tendon is enlarging, and there is only a small portion of muscle still present Tendon of vastus intermedius forms a

layer along the superficial margin of the muscle Ischiocondylar portion of adductor magnus forms a long tendon extending to the

adductor tubercle of the medial femoral condyle It lies posterior to the vastus medialis (Middle) The long head of biceps femoris forms

a posterior aponeurosis on which the fibers of the short head insert The sciatic nerve has moved medial to the biceps femoris muscle.

(Bottom) The tibial and peroneal nerves are distinct within the sciatic nerve from the nerve origin In the distal thigh, they start to

diverge, with the peroneal nerve coursing laterally.

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Vastus lateralis m

Iliotibial tractShort head, biceps femoris m

(Top) The rectus femoris muscle is now a flat tendinous band that forms the central and anterior portion of the quadriceps tendon The

vastus medialis obliquus muscle is not a well-defined structure, but simply the most inferior medial portion of the vastus medialis; it has

a more horizontal course than the remainder of the muscle (Middle) The sciatic nerve has assumed a bilobed appearance as the common peroneal and tibial nerves separate On this image, the popliteal vein is lateral to the popliteal artery The veins and arteries can be identified because a vein will always be larger than its companion artery The more typical position of the artery is deep to the vein (Bottom) The semitendinosus is tendinous through the distal thigh Here the tendon is seen along the medial aspect of the residual

AXIAL T1 MR, RIGHT DISTAL THIGH

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Short head, biceps femoris m.

Vastus lateralis m

(Top) The rectus femoris muscle is now a flat tendinous band that forms the central and anterior portion of the quadriceps tendon The

vastus medialis obliquus muscle is not a well-defined structure, but simply the most inferior medial portion of the vastus medialis; it has

a more horizontal course than the remainder of the muscle (Middle) The sciatic nerve has assumed a bilobed appearance as the

common peroneal and tibial nerves separate On this image, the popliteal vein is lateral to the popliteal artery The veins and arteries

can be identified because a vein will always be larger than its companion artery The more typical position of the artery is deep to the

vein (Bottom) The semitendinosus is tendinous through the distal thigh Here the tendon is seen along the medial aspect of the residual

AXIAL T1 MR, LEFT DISTAL THIGH

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Common peroneal n

Iliotibial tractTibial n

Lateral superior genicular a., v

(Top) The sartorius muscle begins to wrap around the gracilis muscle The medial superior genicular vessels are visible; they are

branches of the popliteal vessels The 2 divisions of the sciatic nerve are now distinct (Middle) Through the distal thigh, the

semitendinosus tendon resides along the superficial surface of the semimembranosus muscle (Bottom) Slips from tendons of the vastus medialis, lateralis, intermedius, and rectus femoris muscles join to form the quadriceps tendon The lateral superior genicular vessels, branches of the popliteal vessels, are present Saphenous nerve lies deep to sartorius muscle.

AXIAL T1 MR, RIGHT DISTAL THIGH

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