Research mission: Outline, summarize the main points of feminist theory. Identify the system of female characters and their role in E. Hemingway’s works. From theory “feminist critique”, explains some characteristics of female characters in E. Hemingway’s works. Format E. Hemingway''s female characters in American traditional literary. Provide a new approach to E. Hemingway’s works.
Trang 1LE LAM
FEMALE CHARACTERS IN
ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S WORKS FROM FEMINISM PERSPECTIVE
Speciality: Theory critical of literature
Classification: 62.22.01.20
ABSTRACT OF THESIS DOCTORATE OF LITERATURE
Trang 51. The reason for choosing subject
1.1. E Hemingway (1899 1961) is the great writer of the twentieth century humanity. He has left a strong impression in the reader not only in the literary art, but also through his life
1.2. E. Hemingway explored and discovered to reflect on his writings the diversity of human life. He left a legacy for humanity literature not many in number, not abundant in the genre, but the works of E. Hemingway were conveyed more pressing issues that contain the forever mankind
1.3. In Vietnam, E. Hemingway is one of the few foreign writers who are the most investing in translating and studying. The number of published books and especially the number of translations of his works have shown the interest of readers, researchers, critics, translators for this writer
1.4. There are many comments on “the world men without women” in the works of E Hemingway. It is suggested that E. Hemingway had an aversion to women
Deploying the topic, we look forward to bringing a more comprehensive view of female characters in the works of E. Hemingway. To demonstrate another aspect: in E Hemingway’s iconic world, the female character still occupies a significant position
Trang 61.5. The foreign researchers have applied the theory of feminist literary criticism to recognize the female characters in Hemingway's work, especially in the late twentieth century and early twentyfirst century, this method became popular. It creates a new look, a new debate in researching the work of E Hemingway for all these problems that seem to have an arrangement
2. Objects, mission, scope of the research
2.1. Study objects
The thesis studied the female characters in E Hemingway’s short stories and novels to highlight E. Hemingway’s iconic heroine characteristics and related issues
2.2. Research mission
Outline, summarize the main points of feminist theory
Identify the system of female characters and their role in E. Hemingway’s works
Trang 7We apply some basic methods: systematic method; comparative method; methods of analysis and synthesis; Historical method; Interdisciplinary method
Chapter One: Overview of Research Issues
Chapter Two: E. Hemingway’s female characters in American traditional feminist literature
Chapter three: Correlation female – male characters
Chapter four: Feminist over formatting female characters
Trang 8We have spent more than half a century to receive and study the works of Hemingway. He is one of the foreign literary authors studied most in Vietnam. Many contents in Hemingway's works have been mentioned, but the issues of the female characters have not been studied in a comprehensive and satisfactory way
It can be seen in the first stage, the researchers focused on introducing the identity, the life, and the representative works of Hemingway. The later, they focused on the contents: The Principle of Iceberg, the dialogue art, the interior monologue art, the symbolism art, the art of character show, and the art of using of space and time, etc. There has not yet any researches in which the female characters in Hemingway's works selected as independent bodies to investigate
Here, we go through some related contents:
In 1985, in the introduction to the book Ernest Hemingway A
day’s wait by the Cultural Association published Nghia Binh, Mai
Quoc Lien said about the social trends shown by the character
Margaret (Magot) in the work The short happy life of Francis
Macomber.
In 1992, Western Literature syllabus (Episode 3) was published, Hemingway’s works were officially taught in Vietnamese schools.
Trang 9The study of the female character in Hemingway’s works in other countries has been focused more than in Vietnam. Although, we have not
Trang 10Brett in The Sun Also Rises.
In Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, edited by Robert
O. Stephens, published in 1977, when judging the plot as well as the way of building the characters and the relationships among the
characters in The Sun Also Rises, the writer has made remarkable
insights about the relationship between the female and the male characters
In 1983, Robert A Lee compiled Ernest Hemingway: New
Critical Essays. The book has collected a number of essays on the
representative works of Hemingway as In Our Time, The Sun Also
Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, etc The
researchers have made brief insights about the female characters,
especially two characters Brett in The Sun Also Rises and Catherine in
A Farewell to Arms.
In 1984, the University of Wisconsin published the book Ernest
Hemingway The Writer in Context, edited by James Nagel. It is
Trang 11In his "The Sun Also Rises" Notes, published in New York in
1991, Gary Carey summarized briefly the biology of the character Brett and mentioned some external appearances as well as personality
of this character
The research on the female characters and related issues in Hemingway's works has really brightened in the late of the 20th century and the 1st decade of the 21st century
In 1996, the University of Cambridge published The Cambridge
Companions to Ernest Hemingway. Notably, there are Brett and the Other Woman in "The Sun Also Rises" of James Nagel and Hemingway and Gender History by Rena Sanderson. These articles
have focused on analyzing the characteristics as well as classifying the female characters in Hemingway's works
In 2000, Linda WagnerMartin compiled Historical Guide to
Ernest Hemingway. Some articles have refered to the gender issues in
the works of Hemingway as: The fashion of machismo by Marilyn Elkins, Hemingway's Gender Training by Jamie Barlowe, etc.
Trang 12It can not be whole if we have not mentioned the book
Hemingway and Women Female Female Voice and the Critical,
complied by Lawrence R. Broer and Gloria Holland, published by University of Alabama in 2002. The book is the collection of articles
Linda WagnerMartin continued to publish Ernest Hemingway:
A Literary Life in 2007. A number of articles have provided important
documentary about the life as well as the gender issues and the female characters in Hemingway’s works
In 2007, Bloom edited Bloom's Guides on "The Sun Also Ries"
of Hemingway In this book, Mimi Reisel Gladstein on Brett as Hemingway's Destructive Indestructible Woman and James Nagel on the Other Women showed the evaluation of the female characters in
Trang 13In 2010, Bloom continued to publish Bloom's Guides Ernest
Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Richard Fantina on Catherine as a Hemingway's Woman has made relatively specific insights about the
main female characters in A Farewell to Arms.
In 1984, University of Wisconsin press published the book
“Ernest Hemingway The Writer in Context”, edited by James Nagel.
A noteworthy article is “Women and the Loss of Eden Hemingway's Mythology” by Carol H. Smith. The author talked about an undeniable role of female characters in Hemingway's works
In 1990, Jackson J. Benson compiled the book “New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway”. The book is a collection of articles representing new point of views on Hemingway's short stories in which the heroines play an important role
In "The Sun Also Rises" Notes, published in New York in 1991, Gary Carey summarized Brett’s biography and mentioned some features of her appearance as well as her personality
The research on female characters in Hemingway's works and related issues really prospered in the late 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century
In 1996, University of Cambridge published the book “The Cambridge Companions to Ernest Hemingway” Two noticeable articles are “Brett and the Other Woman in The Sun Also Rises" by James Nagel and “Hemingway and Gender History” by Rena
Trang 14Sanderson The articles in the book focused on classifying Hemingway’s heroines and analyzing their characteristics.
In 2000, Linda WagnerMartin compiled “Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway” Some articles refer to gender issues in Hemingway’s works such as: “The fashion of machismo” by Marilyn Elkins, “Hemingway's Gender Training” by Jamie Barlowe
Moreover, it can not but mention the book “Hemingway and Women Female Female Voice and the Critical” by Lawrence R. Broer and Gloria Holland Editor, published by University of Alabama
in 2002. The book collects the articles about Hemingway and his works written by female researchers
In addition to the issue of gender in Hemingway’s works, the book “Bloom's Modern Critical Views Ernest Hemingway” published
by Chelsea House Press in 2005 has integrated the article “Santiago and the Eternal Feminine: gendering La Mar in "The Old Man and the Sea" by Susan F. Beegel
The book “Ernest Hemingway: Machismo and Masochism Richard written by Fantina and published by Palgrave Macmillan in
2005 touched much on encrypting and decrypting the images which represent the men and women in Hemingway's works; explained the absence of women and the domination of the symbolic values for men
as hunting, bull fighting, boxing etc
Linda WagnerMartin continued publishing the book “Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Life” in 2007. A number of articles have
Trang 15In 2007, Bloom edited “Bloom's Guides Ernest Hemingway's
"The Sun Also rises”. In this book, the two articles “Mimi Reisel Gladstein on Brett as Hemingway's Destructive Indestructible Woman” and “James Nagel on the Other Women” shows the evaluation of the female characters in the novel “The Sun Also Rises”
In 2010, Bloom continues printing the book “Bloom's Guides Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms” The article “Richard Fantina on Catherine as a Hemingway's Woman” has relatively specific insights about the heroine in “A Farewell to Arms”
Most recently, in the book “Bloom's Modern Critical Views Ernest Hemingway” published by Yale University in 2011, there are a lot of articles mentioning sex or female characters in Hemingway's works
A review of researches on female characters in Hemingway's works in English, it can be seen that foreign researchers focused on two main aspects to recognize heroines: From feminist perspective; from the context and background with the psychoanalytic stamp of Hemingway Thereby, we can see Hemingway's insight about the status of women as well as the complex relationship between men women in his works
Trang 16E. HEMINGWAY’S FEMALE CHARACTERS
IN AMERICAN TRADITIONAL FEMINIST LITERATURE2.1. Feminist outline
First of all, we clarify some basic concepts:
Feminist is a concept related to the broadest problem which brings mean of philosophy and culture of gender inequality and the struggle for women's equality with men, as well as establish women’s own standards in the life
In this thesis, the concept of feminist is limited in the scope of feminist criticism. The following contents is totally aggregated from the works of Phuong Luu, Le Huy Bac, foreign works have been translated into Vietnamese and research some of the feminist concepts
in dictionaries and books of specialized treatises
Feminist, basically understood, is "Equal rights of women in all fields of economy, society, education ” Researchers generally unite that we understood in the widen level; the concept of women's rights
is the rights of women placed in relation to the rights of men to get the reach called gender equality. At the narrow level, feminist related to the concepts such as gender, gender in literature
Women's rights towards is the equality between men and women, and creates the system of own standards, confirms the peculiarity of women
Trang 17to it is the struggle movement of women to demand their rights and benefits as men
Coming from the social movements, associated with the change
of society (about cognition, institution, nation, ethnic ), the issues, therefore, which related to feminist always change Perhaps, the feminist theoretical aspect which is the most relevant to consider the issue of Hemingway's women’s character is the aspect of natural beginning of women's rights rights of women
2.2. The rights of women and female characters in American literature
As stated above, the US is one of places where the movement for women's rights took place in the most powerfully and violently. Therefore, this place is considered as a startingpoint which supports the theory of literary related to women's rights
By Hemingway, female characters in the process of American literature have experienced a long way to perfection. If seen from the standpoint of feminism literary criticism, female characters in American literature from the period of the country showed up way struggle for rights, established social and political positions for women
Trang 18Considering female characters in Hemingway's works, and putting them into the mainstream of American literature, we can see
he contributed greatly to innovating methods to show this kind of characters It seems that Hemingway had harmonized features in constructing female characters of American writers
2.3. The influence of feminist ideas with the expression of female characters of Hemingway
Hemingway has a history almost as associated with "feminist". From his childhood, the writer saw the feminist even in his family: his grandmother, his mother and his aunt who are social activists actively supported the women’s rights struggle movement
When Hemingway was an adult as well as a writer, he also met the writers who had the tendency to women’s rights, even among them who also helped to orient his literature
The thing that directly effects on both Hemingway's literary and life is the contents of the thought of feminism, but not merely feminism criticism in literature. Feminism is as a guest of life for Hemingway to describe more factors of literary theory which rule the works of writers
Summary
Synthesis of some characteristic of feminist researchers have been mentioned, we wish to point out the correlation and its effect on Hemingway’s method to build female characters. By him, feminism has experienced a long way to develop both society and theories that it
is created However we can see the stage the writer lived and