Lecture E-Commerce - Chapter 3: The internet and the web (part I)

In this chapter, the learning objectives are: Define the origin and evolution of the internet, identify the key technology concepts behind the internet describe the role of internet protocols and utility programs explain the current structure of internet, understand the limitations of todays internet describe the potential capabilities of internet ii understand how the world wide web works describe how internet and web features and services support e-commerce.

CSC 330 E-Commerce

Teacher

Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan

GM-IT CIIT Islamabad

• Virtual Campus, CIIT

• COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

• T1-Lecture-3

The Internet and The Web

Chapter-2 Part-I

T1-Lecture-3

For Lecture Material/Slides Thanks to:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

Define the origin and evolution of the Internet

Identify the key technology concepts behind the

internet

Describe the role of Internet protocols and utility

programs

Explain the current structure of Internet

Understand the limitations of todays internet

Describe the potential capabilities of Internet II

Understand how the world wide web works

Describe how internet and web features and services support e-commerce

The Internet: Technology Background

World Wide Web (Web)

One of the Internet’s most popular services

Provides access to around billions, possibly trillions, of Web pages

The Evolution of the Internet 1961 - Present

Innovation Phase, 1964 -1974

Institutionalization Phase, 1975 -1994

Commercialization Phase,1995 - present

The Evolution of the Internet 1964 - 1974

Innovation Phase: (1964 -1974)

The basic building blocks were introduced such as;

packet-switching hardware, client/server computing, and a communications protocol called TCP/IP

The original purpose of the Internet, was to link large

mainframe computers on different university/college

campuses

This kind of one-to-one communication between

campuses was previously possible only through the

telephone system or postal mail

The Evolution of the Internet 1975 -1994

Institutionalization Phase: (1975 -1994)

Large institutions such as the US Department of Defense (DoD) and the National Science Foundation (NSF)

provided funding to legitimate for the fledging invention

called the Internet

DoD contributed $1 million to further develop the network into a robust military communications system so that it

could withstand during nuclear war

In 1986, the NSF assumed responsibility for the

development of a civilian Internet (NSFNET) and began a ten-year-long $200 million expansion program

The Evolution of the Internet (1995-

Present)

Commercialization Phase: (1995 – present)

Government agencies encouraged private

corporations to take over and expand both the Internet backbone and local services to ordinary citizens who

were not students

By 2000, the Internet’s use had expanded well

beyond military installations and research universities

and came into the public domain

An instance of internet - active nodes

The Internet: Key Technology Concepts

Packet Switching

Packet Switching:

Slices digital messages into packets

Sends packets along different communication paths as they become available

Reassembles packets once they arrive at destination

Uses routers

Special purpose computers that interconnect the

computer networks make up the Internet and route

packets

Routing algorithms ensure packets take the best

available path toward their destination

Less expensive, wasteful than circuit-switching

Packet Switching

Packet Switching Demo 

http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/geek_glossary/packet_switching_flash.html  

Key Concept Related to TCP/IP

Protocol

A set of rules and standards for data transfer

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) the core communications protocol for the

Internet

TCP

Protocol that establishes the connections among

sending and receiving Web computers and handles the assembly of packets at the point of transmission, and

their reassembly at the receiving end

IP

protocol that provides the Internet’s addressing

scheme and is responsible for the actual delivery of the packets

Internet Protocol (IP):

 Provides the Internet’s addressing scheme

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

Establishes connections between sending and receiving Web computers

Handles assembly of packets at point of transmission, and reassembly at receiving end

Four TCP/IP Layers (hourglass model)

1 Network Interface Layer

2 Internet Layer

3 Transport Layer

4 Application Layer

The TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol

Suite

Key Concept Related to TCP/IP

Network Interface Layer:

Responsible for placing packets on, and receiving

them from, the network medium

Internet Layer

Responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing messages on the Internet

Transport Layer

Responsible for providing communication with the

application by acknowledging and sequencing the

packets to and from the application

Key Concept Related to TCP/IP

Application Layer

Provides a wide variety of applications (HTTP, FTP,

SMTP ) with the ability to access the services of the

lower layers of TCP/IP

Internet address

Internet address expressed a unique number that

appears as a series numbers separated with periods,

such as 64.49.254.91 carrying the address of an

individual machine on the internet

Internet (IP) Addresses

How 500 million people will be addressed?

The answer is IP addressing version 4 (IPv4) used

previously and IP addressing version 6 (IPv6) a new

version introduced lately to accommodate more clients

IPv4

32-bit number

IPv4 can handle 4 billion

Expressed as series of four sets of separate numbers marked off by periods e.g 201.61.186.227 or

130.111.67.244

Class B address: (130.111.67.244) Network identified

by first two sets, computer identified by last set

Class C address: (201.61.186.227)

Network identified by first three sets, computer

Internet (IP) Addresses

IPv6

A newer version of the IP protocol, called IPv6, has

been developed IPv6 provides for 128-bit addresses,

or about 1 quadrillion

(10 to the power15)

Checking your IP

From start menu click Run

Type cmd in dialogue box

Type ipconfig

Routing Internet Messages:

TCP/IP and Packet Switching

The Internet uses packet-switched networks and the TCP/IP

communications protocol to send, route, and assemble messages Messages are broken into packets, and packets from the same

message can travel along different routes.

Domain Names, DNS, and URLs

Domain Name

IP address expressed in natural language

comsats.edu.pk  203.124.43.105

Domain Name System (DNS)

Allows numeric IP addresses to be expressed in

natural language

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Address used by Web browser to identify location of

content on the Web

e.g., http://www.azimuth-interactive.com/flash_test/potocol/server/file

How to Pick a Domain Name

Pointer for picking domain names

If you sell bricks, pick a domain name containing a

word like brick

Consider name length and ease of remembering

the name

Hyphens to force search engines to see keywords

in your domain name

Make sure the domain name is easy for Web users

to remember and find

The domain name should suggest the nature of

your product or service

The domain name should serve as a trademark

The domain name should be free of legal conflicts

Some memorable Internet names

◦ Close to an existing name

 Gooogle.com

 Goggle.com

How to Register a Domain Name

if you are interested a domain In Pakistan (.pk )

You may use :

https://nexus.pk/pknic.php

If you want to register an international domain com you may try :

How to Register a Domain Name in Pakistan?

How to Register a Domain Name in Pakistan?

How to Register an international Domain Name ?

How to Register an international Domain Name ?

The Internet Today

Internet growth has boomed without disruption because

it is based on some powerful applications using the

following architecture:

1.Client/server computing model

2.Pear to Pear P2P Model

3.Cloud Computing

4. Hourglass, layered architecture

◦ Network Technology Substrate

◦ Transport Services and Representation Standards

◦ Middleware Services

◦ Applications

Client/Server Computing

Powerful personal computers (clients) connected in network with one or more servers

Servers perform common functions for the clients,

such as Storing files, software applications, etc

Client Server

The New Client: The Emerging Mobile

Platform

Within a few years, primary Internet access will be through:

Netbooks

◦ Designed to connect to wireless Internet

◦ Under 2 lbs, solid state memory, 8” displays

◦ $200–400

Smartphones

◦ Disruptive technology: Processors, operating systems

Cloud Computing

Obtain Software and hardware as Service

Firms and individuals obtain computing power

(hardware) and software over Internet

◦ E.g., Google Apps

Fastest growing form of computing

Radically reduces costs of:

◦ Building and operating Web sites

◦ Infrastructure, IT support

◦ Hardware, software

Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing Model

Other Internet Protocols and Utility

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

 HTTP was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

 HTTP runs

 in the Application Layer of the TCP/IP model

 An HTTP session begins by the client’s browser requesting a

resource, such as a Web page, from a remote Internet server

 When the server responds by sending the page requested, the

HTTP

 session for that object ends

 Web pages may have many objects such as graphics, sound or video files, frames, so each object must be requested by a separate HTTP message

 The most common HTTP request message is Get, used to request

a resource

Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Is an Internet protocol used to send e-mail to a

server

SMTP is a relatively simple, text-based

protocol that was developed in the early 1980s

SMTP handles only the sending of e-mail

Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs

To retrieve e-mail from a server, The client computer

uses

Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

A protocol used by the client to retrieve mail from an Internet server and then delete the

messages on the server, or retain them on the

server

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

IMAP is a more current e-mail protocol supported by all browsers and most servers and ISPs

IMAP allows users to search, organize, and filter

their mail prior to downloading it from the server

Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 One of the original Internet services Part of the TCP/IP protocol that permits users to transfer files from the server to their client

computer, and vice versa.

 The files can be documents, programs, or large database files

 FTP is the fastest and most convenient way to transfer files

larger than 1 megabyte, which some e-mail servers will not

accept

Telnet

 A terminal emulation program that runs in TCP/IP.

 The term Telnet also refers to the Telnet program, which

provides the client part of the protocol and enables the client to

emulate a mainframe computer terminal.

Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol that

 operates between the Transport and Application Layers of

TCP/IP and secures communications between the client and the

server

 SSL helps secure e-commerce communications and payments through a variety of techniques such as message encryption and digital signatures

Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs

P2P Class Discussion

How does P2P networking differ from client/server

networking?

Why is P2P networking a potential money-saver for

corporations and other organizations?

What are some illegal uses of P2P networking?

What are some legal uses of P2P networking?

What other alternatives are there for streaming large video files?

For Lecture Material/Slides Thanks to:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc