A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2016 at Research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar) to study the “Effect of nutrient management on nutrient uptake and economics of maize (Zea mays L.) under different tillage practices”. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Main plot consist of three different tillage practices viz., a) Zero tillage (ZT) b) Conventional tillage (CT) and c) Bed planting (BP) and sub-plot comprised of four different level of nutrient management viz., a) Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (120, 60 and 50 kg/ha N, P2O5 and K2O) b) Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) based on nutrient expert and c) Farmers practice (FP) (150% of RDF + 10 ton FYM). Among the different tillage practices, bed planting recorded significantly higher gross returns (1,06,396 Rs/ha), net returns (64,111 Rs/ha) and total available nutrient uptake (N, P, K Fe and Zn) over rest of the tillage practices. Among the different nutrient management practices, SSNM recorded significantly higher net returns (63,523 Rs/ha), B: C ratio (1.89) and total available nutrient uptake (N, P, K Fe and Zn) over rest of nutrient management practices.
Trang 1Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.085
Effect of Nutrient Management on Nutrient Uptake and Economics of
Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Tillage Practices
Prabhat Kumar, M Kumar, Randhir kumar, Bharati Upadhaya,
Mohd Zakir Hussain* and Rahul Kumar Raushan
Department of Agronomy, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University
Pusa -848 125 (Bihar), India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Maize is the most important cereal crop of the
world and in India, it is used as human food
(23%), poultry feed (51%), animal feed
(12%), industrial (starch) product (12%),
beverages and seeds (1%) Maize grains
contain about 10 per cent protein, 4 per cent
oil, 70 per cent carbohydrates, 2.3 per cent
crude fibres, 10.4 per cent albuminoids and
1.4 per cent ash Maize grain has significant
quantities of vitamin A & E Maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world is of significant importance for countries like India, where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped the available food supplies In India, maize is grown in an area of 92.58 lakh ha with a production of 236.73 lakh tonnes and productivity of 25.57 q/ha (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, 2016) Tillage has been an important aspect of technological development in the evolution of
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 01 (2019)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2016 at Research farm of Tirhut
College of Agriculture, Dholi, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar) to study the “Effect of nutrient management on nutrient uptake and
economics of maize (Zea mays L.) under different tillage practices” The experiment was
laid out in split plot design with three replications Main plot consist of three different
tillage practices viz., a) Zero tillage (ZT) b) Conventional tillage (CT) and c) Bed planting (BP) and sub-plot comprised of four different level of nutrient management viz., a)
Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (120, 60 and 50 kg/ha N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O) b) Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) based on nutrient expert and c) Farmers practice (FP) (150% of RDF + 10 ton FYM) Among the different tillage practices, bed planting recorded significantly higher gross returns (1,06,396 Rs/ha), net returns (64,111 Rs/ha) and total available nutrient uptake (N, P, K Fe and Zn) over rest of the tillage practices Among the different nutrient management practices, SSNM recorded significantly higher net returns (63,523 Rs/ha), B: C ratio (1.89) and total available nutrient uptake (N, P, K Fe and Zn) over rest of nutrient management practices
K e y w o r d s
Maize, Economics,
Nutrient uptake,
Tillage practices,
Nutrient level
Accepted:
07 December 2018
Available Online:
10 January 2019
Article Info
Trang 2agriculture, particularly in food production
The objectives of tilling the soil include
seedbed preparation, water and soil
conservation and weed control Tillage has
various physical, chemical and biological
effects on soil both positive and negative,
depending on the appropriateness or otherwise
of the methods used The physical effects such
as aggregate-stability, infiltration rate, soil and
water conservation in particular, have direct
influence on soil productivity and
sustainability In recent years, the productivity
level has stagnated and in some situations
declined even with the application of
recommended dose of fertilizers Because
agriculture is a soil-based production system,
that extracts nutrients from the soil very
rapidly and hence effective and efficient
approaches should be taken to slow down the
removal and returning of nutrients to the soil
in order to maintain and increase the crop
productivity and sustain agriculture on long
term basis There exists significant
opportunity to increase fertilizer efficiency
and productivity of maize by adopting
Nutrient Expert-based field specific fertilizer
recommendations (Satyanarayana et al.,
2013) In this direction, an intervention on
plant nutrition’s like site-specific nutrient
management and recommended dose of
fertilizer based on proper field
experimentations and crop response are
urgently required Therefore, it is essential to
find out the suitable nutrient level with
suitable tillage practices for maize crop to get
the maximum profit per unit area
Materials and Methods
The field experiment was conducted to study
the “Effect of nutrient management on nutrient
uptake and economics of maize (Zea mays L.)
under different tillage practices” during kharif
season of 2016 at Research farm of Tirhut
College of Agriculture, Dholi, Dr Rajendra
Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa,
Samastipur (Bihar) The experimental area falls under humid sub-tropical climatic zone, which is greatly influenced by monsoon It is situated at 25.98ºN latitude, 85ºE longitude and 52.3 meters above mean sea level The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice Main plot consist of
three different tillage practices viz., a) Zero
tillage (ZT) b) Conventional tillage (CT) and c) Bed planting (BP) and sub-plot comprised
of four different level of nutrient management
viz., a) Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)
(120, 60 and 50 kg/ha N, P2O5 and K2O) b) Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) based on nutrient expert and c) Farmers practice (FP) (150% of RDF + 10 ton FYM)
A plot having uniform fertility and even topography was selected for the experiment The experimental area was ploughed except zero tillage with tractor driven plough and cross harrowing was done thrice with the help
of disc harrow Pre-sowing irrigation was given 7 days before land preparation to ensure adequate moisture in the soil for better germination Seed rate of 20 kg/ha was used for sowing of maize Seeds are placed in furrows at a depth of 3-4 cm maintaining plant
to plant distance of 20 cm that were opened at
67 cm apart by narrow spade (kudali) Thinning and gap filling were done at 20 days after sowing, wherever required One pre-emergence spray of atrazine @ 2.0 kg/ha was done after sowing followed by two manual weeding at 25 and 56 days after sowing for effective weed control in maize Irrigations
were scheduled at critical growth stages viz.,
six leaf stage, knee height stage, tassel emergence, 50 per cent silking and at dough stage Usual plant protection measures were adopted to protect the crop from insect pests and diseases as and when required The crop was harvested from the net plot area when it attains the physiological maturity (yellowing) First, the cobs were removed from the standing crop and the stover was harvested later The harvested cobs were kept in separate
Trang 3gunny bags for each plot and dried under the
sun before shelling After shelling, grain yield
was recorded with the help of spring balance
from each net plot area and converted into
q/ha at 15 per cent moisture level
Estimation of N, P, K, Zn and Fe content in
plant
The plant samples of maize crop was collected
from each plot at the harvesting time and dried
for 48 hours in hot air oven at 65±5ᴼC
temperature These dried samples were ground
to fine powder separately and passed through
0.5 mm mesh sieve These plant samples were
examined for nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, zinc and iron content The
dried and processed samples of grain and
straw of maize was separately digested in
block digester and nitrogen content (%) was
estimated according to the fundamental
system depicted by Jackson (1973) The
refining procedure was conveyed out by
Nitrogen Analyzer (Gerhardt) and titration by
computerized burette (Brand)
5 ml aliquot was taken in 50 ml volumetric
flask and 5 ml vanadomolybdate solution was
included The volume was made up to the
imprint with refined water and blended
altogether Following 25 minutes when yellow
shading had completely grown, then the rate
transmittance was persued on UV-obvious
spectrophotometer at 440 nm (Jackson, 1973)
The concentration of K in plant sample was
determined by flame photometer in digested
material after standardizing the flame
photometer with concentration of K (Jackson,
1973)
The Zn and Fe in acid digest of plant samples
can be determined with the help of atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) The
AAS is based on the principle that atoms of
metallic elements (Zn and Fe) which normally
remain in ground state, flame conditions absorb energy when subjected to radiation of specific wavelength The absorption of radiation is proportional to the concentration
of atoms of that element The absorption of radiation by the atoms is independent of the wavelength of absorption and temperature
Nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Zn and Fe) by plant was computed by the following formula:- Nutrient uptake (kg/ha) =
Economics
Economic indices were worked out based on the prevailing market prices in each case Cost
of cultivation was worked out by taking into consideration all the expenses incurred in raising the crop
Cost of cultivation under different treatments was worked out separately Labour and requirement of mechanical power of different operations such as land preparation, seed implements, fertilizers, irrigation, weeding, and harvesting were calculated as per the local rates
Gross returns were calculated by multiplying the yield (grain, stover and stone) separately/hectare under various treatments with prevailing market rate
Net returns were obtained by subtracting the cost of cultivation from gross returns of the individual treatments
Benefit: cost ratio was calculated by the following formula:-
B: C ratio =
Net profit (Rs/ha) Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha)
Trang 4Results and Discussion
The results obtained from the present
investigation are presented in table 1, 2 & 3
Nutrient (N, P, K, Zn and Fe) uptake by
plant
Effect of tillage practices
Data on total N, P and K uptake by the crop
indicates that tillage practices significantly
influenced the nitrogen uptake by the crop
Maximum uptake of N, P and K was recorded
under bed planting tillage practices The
maximum total nitrogen uptake of 216.02
kg/ha was recorded with the bed planting
tillage practices followed by zero tillage
(185.33 kg/ha) and conventional tillage
(164.99 kg/ha) The maximum total P uptake
was obtained with bed planting (77.35 kg/ha)
followed in order by zero tillage (65.90 kg/ha)
and conventional tillage (57.67 kg/ha) Tillage
practices significantly influenced the total
available K uptake by the crop The maximum
total K-uptake by crop was found with the bed
planting (168.70 kg/ha) and minimum with the
conventional tillage (129.58 kg/ha) Bed
planting was significantly superior over zero
tillage and conventional tillage practices
Similarly, maximum total Zn & Fe uptake was
recorded under bed planting tillage practices
497.27 and 827.87 g/ha, respectively The
lowest total Zn and Fe uptake found under
conventional tillage practices 438.03 & 717.52
g/ha, respectively
Nutrient uptake is the function of total
biomass production and nutrient content in the
biomass The higher N, P, K, Zn and Fe
content was the cumulative effect of better
crop growth and development facilitated by
conductive growing environment under bed
planting that recorded significantly higher N,
P, K, Zn and Fe Meena
et al., (2012) also recorded significantly
higher N, P, K, Zn and Fe removal in baby
corn under bed planting followed by zero tillage and conventional tillage mainly because of enhanced fertilizer use efficiency, reduced crop lodging and low incidence of disease
Effect of nutrient management
The effect of nutrient management on total N-uptake in crop was found to be significant Maximum N, P & K uptake by the crop was recorded with farmer practices Maximum nitrogen uptake by crop was recorded with farmer practices (200.60 kg/ha) followed by SSNM (189.14 kg/ha) and RDF (178.73 kg/ha) nutrient management The maximum P-uptake was recorded with farmer practices (69.48 kg/ha) followed by SSNM (64.99 kg/ha) and RDF (61.55 kg/ha) nutrient management The effect of nutrient management on total K-uptake was found significant The maximum total K-uptake was observed in farmer practices (136.81 kg/ha) nutrient level The lowest data total K-uptake
by found under RDF (128.46 kg/ha) The effect of nutrient management on total Zn &
Fe uptake was also found significant The maximum total Zn and Fe uptake was
recorded in farmer practices viz., 478.90 and
789.51 g/ha, respectively
The N, P, K, Fe and Zn content in crop affected significantly by nutrient management and the highest value were observed under farmer practices followed by SSNM and RDF
Singh et al., (2012) also observed higher
content and removal of N, P, K, Zn and Fe with higher level of applied fertilizer
Economics Gross returns
The statistical analysis of experimental data revealed that the tillage practices significantly
influenced gross returns of kharif maize
Trang 5Table.1 Effect of nutrient management and different tillage practices on total available N, P and
K uptake by plant
Tillage Practices
ZT 107.09 78.24 185.33 36.97 28.93 65.90 37.32 108.03 145.35
CT 96.89 68.10 164.99 33.52 24.15 57.67 33.85 95.73 129.58
BP 125.08 90.94 216.02 42.18 35.17 77.35 43.19 125.51 168.70
Nutrient Management
RDF 105.50 73.23 178.73 35.82 25.73 61.55 37.24 106.14 143.38
FP 114.03 86.57 169.56 39.37 30.11 69.48 40.64 119.19 159.83
Table.2 Effect of nutrient management and different tillage practices on total uptake Fe and Zn
by plant (g/ha)
Tillage Practices
Nutrient Management
Trang 6Table.3 Effect of nutrient management and different tillage practices on Economics
cultivation
The maximum gross return was found under
bed planting tillage practices (106396 /ha)
The lowest gross returns was found under
conventional tillage practices (89130 /ha)
The gross returns were significantly
influenced by nutrient management The
maximum gross returns was found under
farmer practices nutrient management
(100524 /ha) The lowest gross return was
recorded under in RDF nutrient level (94227
/ha) Gross returns are the directive of total
biological and economical yield of any crop
Data recorded under different components
revealed that gross return increased with
increasing grain, stover and stone yield
obtained under different treatments
Maximum gross return was found under bed
planting tillage practices This is due to higher
production of grain, stover, and stone yield
and higher increase in output in comparison to
input
Net returns
A critical analysis of data revealed that net
returns significantly influenced by different
tillage practices The maximum net return was
recorded in bed planting tillage (64111 /ha)
The lowest net return was found under
conventional tillage practices (51345 /ha)
There was significant influenced of nutrient management on net return The maximum net return (63523 /ha) was recorded in SSNM nutrient management The lowest net return
(61316 /ha) found in RDF nutrient level Net
return with bed planting was found to be maximum which was significant superior over rest of the treatments The reason of high net return due higher grain yield, stover yield and
stone yield
B:C ratio
Observation on data that revealed that tillage practices significantly influenced the B: C ratio The maximum B: C ratio (1.72) was recorded with zero tillage practices followed
by bed planting (1.60) and conventional tillage practices (1.35) Analysis of data revealed that nutrient management significantly influenced the B: C ratio The maximum B: C ratio was recorded with SSNM (1.89) followed by RDF (1.86) and farmer practices (1.50) This might due to low cost of cultivation Similar results found were
reported by Yadav et al., (2016)
It was concluded that maximum total nutrient uptake was recorded under bed planting
which was significantly superior over rest of
Trang 7tillage practices while under nutrient
management practices, maximum nutrient
uptake was obtained under farmer practices
Maximum gross and net returns were
obtained under the bed planting which was
significantly superior over rest of the tillage
practices while maximum net returns and B:
C ratio were observed under SSNM which
was significantly superior over other nutrient
management practices
References
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Delhi, Pp 498
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B P., Rana, D S and Idnani, L k
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growth, productivity and economics of
baby corn (Zea mays) mung bean
(Vigna radiata) cropping system Indian
Journal of Agronomy 57(3): 217-221
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M., Johnston, A.M., Jat, M.L., Kuchanur, P., Sreelatha, D., Sekhar, J.C., Kumar, Y., Maheswaran, R., Karthikeyan, R., Velayutham, A., Dheebakaran, G., Sakthivel, N., Vallalkannan, N., Bharathi, C., Sherene, T., Suganya, S., Janaki, P., Baskar, R., Ranjith, T H., Shivamurthy, D., Aladakatti, Y R., Chiplonkar, D., Gupta, R., Biradar, D.P., Jeyaraman, S and Patil, S.G 2013 Nutrient Expert TM: A Tool to Optimize Nutrient Use and Improve Productivity of Maize
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Yadav, A K., Chand, S and Thenua, O V S
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How to cite this article:
Prabhat Kumar, M Kumar, Randhir kumar, Bharati Upadhaya, Mohd Zakir Hussain and Rahul Kumar Raushan 2019 Effect of Nutrient Management on Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Tillage Practices
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 8(01): 783-789 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.085