Software-defined networking aims to change the inflexible state networking, by breaking vertical integration, separating the network’s control logic from the underlying routers and switches, promoting (logical) centralization of network control, and introducing the ability to program the network. Consequently, SDN is an important key for resolving aforementioned difficulties.
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAININGHANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Trang 2Code No: 62520208
DOCTORAL THESIS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Supervisor: Assoc.Prof. Nguyen Huu Thanh
HANOI 2018
Trang 3I hereby assure that the results presented in this dissertation are my work under the guidance of my supervisor The data and results presented in the dissertation are completely honest and have not been disclosed in any previous works. The references have been fully cited and in accordance with the regulations.
Tôi xin cam đoan các k t qu trình bày trong lu n án là công trình nghiên c u c a tôiế ả ậ ứ ủ
dướ ự ưới s h ng d n c a giáo viên hẫ ủ ướng d n. Các s li u, k t qu trình bày trong lu nẫ ố ệ ế ả ậ
án là hoàn toàn trung th c và ch a đự ư ược công b trong b t k công trình nào trố ấ ỳ ước đây. Các k t qu s d ng tham kh o đ u đã đế ả ử ụ ả ề ược trích d n đ y đ theo đúng quy đ nh.ẫ ầ ủ ị
Hà N i, Ngày 19 tháng 01 năm 2018ộ
Tác giả
Tr n M nh Namầ ạ
Trang 4First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Associate Prof. Dr. Nguyen Huu Thanh, for providing an excellent researching atmosphere, for his valuable comments, constant support and motivation. His guidance helped me in all the time and also in writing this dissertation. I could not have thought of having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD.
Moreover, I would like to thank Associate Prof. Dr. Pham Ngoc Nam, Dr. Truong Thu Huong for their advices and feedbacks, also for many educational and inspiring discussions.
My sincere gratitude goes to the members (present and former) of the Future Internet Lab, School of `Electronics and Telecommunications, Hanoi University of Science and Technology. Without their support and friendship it would have been difficult for me to complete my PhD studies
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family. They are always supporting me and encouraging me with their best wishes, standing by me throughout my life
Hanoi, 19th Jan 2018
Trang 5CONTENTS
Trang 8LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
Trang 91 Overview of Network Energy Efficiency in Cloud Computing EnvironmentsThe advances in Cloud Computing services as well as Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the last decades have massively influenced economy and societies around the world. The Internet infrastructure and services are growing day by day and play
a considerable role in all aspects including business, education as well as entertainment. In the last four years, the percentage of people using Internet witnesses an annual growth of 3.5%, from 39% world population’s percentage in Dec2013 to 51.7% in June2017 [1].
To support the demand of cloud network infrastructure and Internet services in the rapid growth of users, it is necessary for the Internet providers to have a large number of devices, complex design and architecture that have the capacity to perform increasingly number of operations for a scalability. Consequently, many huge cloud infrastructures have been employed by Telcos, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and enterprises for the exploded demand of various applications and data cloudservices such as YouTube, Dropbox, elearning, cloud office etc. To meet the requirements of these booming services all around the world, cloud network infrastructures have been built up in a very large scale, even geographically distributed data centers with a huge number of network devices and servers.
In addition, the maintenance of the systems with high availability and reliability level requires a notable redundancy of devices such as routers, switches, links etc. As a result, having such a large infrastructure consumes a huge volume of energy, which leads to consequent environmental and economic issues:
Environmentally, the amount of energy consumption and carbon footprint of the
ITCsector is remarkable. The manufacture of ICT equipment is estimated its use and disposal account for 2% of global CO2 emissions, which is equivalent to the contributions from the aviation industry [2] The networking devices and components estimate around 37% of the total ICT carbon emission [3];
Economically, the huge consumed power leads to the costs sustained by the
providers/operators to keep the network up and running at the desired service level and their need to counterbalance everincreasing cost of energy
Although network energy efficiency has recently attracted much attention from communities [4], there are still many issues in realization of the energyefficient network including inflexibility and the lack of an energyaware network. The main difficulties of the network energy efficiency as well as its research motivations are shortly described as follows:
Trang 10nowadays is the inflexibility issue. For changing the processing algorithm and the control plane of a network, its administrators should carefully redesign, reconfigure and migrate the network for a long time. In many cases, there is a technical challenge for an administrator to apply new approaches and evaluate their efficiency. Consequently, the flexible and programmable network is strictly necessary Secondly, there are difficulties in evaluating the energysaving levels of new energyefficient approaches in a network due to the lack of the centralized powercontrol system. This system allows administrators and developers to monitor, control and managing the working states as well as power consumption of all network devices in realtime
Energyaware networking for virtualization technologies in cloud environments: cloud
computing has emerged in the last few years as a promising paradigm that facilitates such new service models as InfrastructureasaService (IaaS), StorageasaService (SaaS), PlatformasaService (PaaS), NetworkasaService (NaaS) For such kinds of cloud
services, virtualization techniques including network virtualization [5] [6] [7] and data center virtualization [8] [9] [10] have quickly developed and attracted much attention of
research and industrial communities Currently, research in virtualization technologies mainly focuses on the resource optimization and resource provisioning approaches [8] [9]. There are very few works focusing on the energy efficiency of a network. With the benefits
of flexible controlling and resource management of virtualization technologies as well as new network technologies such as Softwaredefined Networking (SDN) [11] [12] [13], researching in network energy efficiency in virtualization is an important and promising approach
Additionally, the SDN technology, the emergence of new trends in networking technology, provides new way to realize and optimize network energy efficiency. Softwaredefined networking [11] aims to change the inflexible state networking, by breaking vertical integration, separating the network’s control logic from the underlying routers and switches, promoting (logical) centralization of network control, and introducing the ability to program the network. Consequently, SDN is an important key for resolving aforementioned difficulties
2 Research Scope and Methodology
a) Research Scope
The scope of this research focuses on the network energy efficiency in cloud computing environments, including: (1) energy efficiency in centralized data center network; (2) energy efficiency in network virtualization; and (3) energy efficiency in data center
Trang 11b) Research Methodology: the research methodology is used following the
The SDN technology is used as core technology in this dissertation for proposing energyefficient network approaches. The first contribution of this dissertation is resolving
the lack of energyaware network in a DC by (1) proposing a SDNbased powercontrol system (PCS) of a network. The proposed system allows the administrator of a network to
flexibly control and monitor the state of network devices and the energy consumption of the whole network infrastructure. Thanks to the flexibility and availability of this PCS system, several energyefficient algorithms are proposed and evaluated on it successfully.The network virtualization (NV) technology in cloud environments becomes more popular and plays an important role for such cloud services including Networkasaservice (NaaS), Infrastructureasaservice (IaaS). The energyaware NV platform is necessary for
network energy efficiency Appropriately, (2) the SDNbased energyaware network
Trang 12power consumption of the network virtualization environment. Two novel energyefficient
virtual network embedding algorithms are also proposed and implemented in this platform
that focus on increasing the energysaving level and maintaining the reasonable resource optimization of a network
Virtual data center technology is a concept of network virtualization in cloud environments that allows creating multiple separated virtual data centers (VDC) on top of
the physical data center [8] [9] [10]. In consequence, (3) an energyaware virtual data center platform is deployed On this system, novel energyaware algorithms are also
proposed which focus on the following objectives: (1) resource efficiency that deals with efficient mapping of virtual resources on substrate resources in terms of CPU, memory and network bandwidth; and (2) energy efficiency that deals with minimizing energy consumption of the virtual data center while meeting virtual data center mapping demands.The above contributions of this dissertation are organized as the collection of several SDNbased network energyefficient approaches which are presented in five chapters as follows:
The first chapter presents an overview of energyefficient network in cloud
environments and their classification. The difficulties of the network’s energy efficiency area as well as the background of the Softwaredefined Networking technology are also described in details
In the second chapter, a SDNbased powercontrol system (PCS) of a data center
network is proposed. Based on this platform, developers can propose, implement and evaluate several network energysaving algorithms Two energyefficient approaches, which are applied onto the PCS system, are also proposed with their results and algorithms published in:
Tran Manh Nam, Nguyen Huu Thanh, Doan Anh Tuan “Green Data Center Using Centralized PowerManagement Of Network And Servers”, The 15th
international Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (IEEE ICEIC), Jan 2016, Da Nang, Vietnam
Trang 13Large Data Center Networks”, IEEE ICCE The International Conference on
algorithms. Two energyefficient embedding algorithms, namely heuristic energyefficient node mapping and reducing middle node energy efficiency, are proposed in this section.
Thanh Nguyen Huu, AnhVu Vu, DucLam Nguyen, VanHuynh Nguyen, ManhNam
Tran, QuynhThu Ngo, ThuHuong Truong, TaiHung Nguyen, Thomas Magedanz. “A Generalized Resource Allocation Framework in Support of Multilayer Virtual Network Embedding based on SDN”, Elsevier Computer Networks, 2015.
Nam T.M., Huynh N.V., Thanh N.H (2016) “Reducing Middle Nodes Mapping Algorithm for Energy Efficiency in Network Virtualization”. In: Advances in Information and Communication Technology, ICTA 2016 Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 538. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783319490731_54
Tran Manh Nam, Nguyen Tien Manh, Truong Thu Huong, Nguyen Huu Thanh (2018).
“Online Using Time Window Embedding Strategy in Green Network Virtualization”,
International Conference on Information and Communication Technology and Digital Convergence Business (ICIDB2018), Hanoi, Vietnam. (presented)
SDNbased Energyaware Virtual Data Center (VDC) approach is presented in the
fourth chapter. The VDC technology and its main problems, namely VDC embedding problems, are described in details Three Joint VDC Embedding and VM migration
strategies are successfully proposed and evaluated on top of this SDNbased VDC concept. The experimental results and detailed algorithms of this chapter are published in:
Tran Manh Nam, Nguyen Van Huynh, Le Quang Dai, Nguyen Huu Thanh, “An EnergyAware Embedding Algorithm for Virtual Data Centers”, ITC28 International
Teletraffic Congress, Sep 2016, Wurzburg, Germany
Trang 14Van Huynh, Tuan Hoang. (2017) “Joint Network Embedding and Server Consolidation for EnergyEfficient Dynamic Data Center Virtualization”, Elsevier Computer Networks,
2017 doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2017.06.007
In the last chapter, the conclusion of the dissertation and its future work are presented.
Trang 15CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT APPROACHES IN CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS
This chapter provides an overview of the Internet status nowadays and the energyefficient approaches in cloud computing environments, on which the networking community is focusing currently The chapter also addresses the difficulties and motivations on network energy efficiency and the future Internet technologies in cloud computing environments including the SoftwareDefined Networking technology, network virtualization technology and data center virtualization technology In a nutshell, the research approaches and contributions of this dissertation are summarized in this chapter
1.1 Today's Internet
1.1.1 Cloud Computing Services and Infrastructures
The advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the last decades have massively influenced economy and societies around the world. The Internet services as well as cloud computing services are growing day by day and play a considerable role in all aspects including education, business and entertainment. As we can see in the Table 1.¸ in the last four years, the percentage of people using Internet witnesses
an annual growth of 3.5%, from 39% world population’s percentage in Dec2013 to 51.7%
in June2017 [1].
Table 1.: The Internet’s users in the world [1]
Date Number of users World population’s percentage
1.1.2 Energy consumption problems
Although the benefits of having that infrastructure are considerable, such a large system consumes the high volume of energy and leads to consequent issues:
Trang 16Figure 1.: Estimate of the global carbon footprint of ICT (including PCs,
telcos’ networks and devices, printers and datacenters) [15].
Environmentally, the amount of energy consumption and carbon footprint of the
ITCsector is remarkable (Figure 1.) Gartner Company, the ICT research and advisory company, estimates that the manufacture of ICT equipment, its use and disposal account for 2% of global CO2 emissions, which is equivalent to the contributions from the aviation industry [2] The networking devices and components eliminate around 37% of the total ICT carbon emission [3];
Economically, the huge consumed power leads to the costs sustained by the
providers/operators to keep the network up and running at the desired service level and leads to their need of counterbalancing everincreasing cost of energy (Figure
1. and Figure 1.)
Figure 1.: Energy consumption estimation for the European telcos’ network infrastructures
in the”Business-As-Usual” (BAU) and in the Eco-sustainable (ECO) scenarios, and
cumulative energy savings between the two scenarios [16]
Because of these issues, the requirement of designing a high performance and energyefficient network has become a crucial matter for Telcos and ISPs towards greener cloud environments
Trang 17Figure 1.: Operating Expenses (OPEX) estimation related to energy costs for the
European telcos’ network infrastructures in the ”Business-As-Usual” (BAU) and in the Eco-sustainable (ECO) scenarios, and cumulative savings between the two scenarios [17]
1.2 An Overview of Energy-Efficient Approaches
In this section, first, the most significant part of energy consumption of network device
is characterized with its existing researches Secondly, the taxonomy energyefficient approaches, which are currently undertaken, is also presented
1.2.1 Energy consumption characteristics
Table 1.: Estimated power consumption sources in a generic platform of IP router
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency concept, is far from being new in a computing system. To the best of our knowledge, the first support of power
management system was published in 1999, namely “Advanced Configuration & Power Interface” (ACPI) standard [18] Thenceforth, more energysaving mechanisms were
developed and introduced, especially in hardware enhancement with the new CPUs, which could be more efficient and consumed less energy. Tucker [19] and Neilson [20] estimated
on IP routers that the control plane weighs 11%, data plane for 54% and power and heat management for 35%. Tucker and Neilson also broke out the energy consumption of data plane in more detail as described in Table 1 From 54% energy consumption of data plane, the buffer management weighs 5%, the packet processing weighs about 32%; the network interfaces weigh about 7%; and the switching fabric for about 10%. This estimation work provides a clear indication for developers in order to increase the energysaving level of networks in the further researches
Trang 181.2.2 Energy-Efficient Approaches' Classification
From the general point of view, existing approaches are founded on few basic concepts.
As shown in surveys of Raffaele Bolla et al. [4] and Aruna Banzino et al. [21], the largest part of undertaken energyefficient concepts is founded on few energysaving mechanisms and power management criteria that are already partially available in computing systems.
These approaches, which are depicted in the Table 1., are classified as (1) reengineering; (2) dynamic adaptation; and (3) smart sleeping [4].
Table 1.: Classification of energy-efficient approaches of the future Internet [4]
1.2.2.1 Re-Engineering
The reengineering approaches focus on introducing and designing more energy
efficient elements inside network equipment architectures Novel technologies mainly consist of new silicon (ex: for Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) [22], Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) [23], etc.) and memory technologies (ex: Ternary ContentAddressable Memory (TCAM), etc.) for packet processing engines, and novel network media technologies (energyefficient lasers for fiber channel, etc.) The
approaches can be divided into two subapproaches as follows: (1) energyefficient silicon which focuses on developing new silicon technologies [24]; and (2) complexity reduction
which focuses on reducing equipment complexity in terms of header processing, buffer size, switching fabric speedup and memory access bandwidth speedup [25] [26]
1.2.2.2 Dynamic Adaptation
The dynamic adaptation approaches of network resources are aimed at modulating capacities of devices (working speeds, computational capabilities of packet processing…) according to the current traffic demand [4]. These approaches are founded on two main
kinds of power management capabilities provided by the hardware level, namely power scaling and idle logic.
Power scaling capabilities allow dynamically reducing the working rate of processing
engines or of link interfaces [27] [28]. This is usually accomplished by tuning the clock frequency and/or the voltage of processors, or by throttling the CPU clock (i.e., the clock signal is gated or disabled for some number of cycles at regular intervals). On the other
hand, idle logic allows reducing power consumption by rapidly turning off sub
components when no activities are performed, and by rewaking them up when the system
Trang 19receives new activities. In detail, wakeup instants may be triggered by external events in a preemptive mode (e.g., “wakeonpacket”), and/or by a system internal scheduling process (e.g., the system wakes itself up every certain periods, and controls if there are new activities to process).
1.2.2.3 Sleeping/Standby
Sleeping and standby approaches are founded on power management primitives, which allow devices or part of them to turn themselves almost completely off, and enter very low energy states, while all their functionalities are frozen [4]. Thus, sleeping/standby states can be thought as deeper idle states, characterized by higher energy savings and much larger wakeup times. In more detail, the applications and services of a device (or its part) stop working and lose their network connectivity [29] [30] when it goes sleeping. As a result, the sleeping device loses its network ”presence” since it cannot maintain network connectivity, and answer to application/servicespecific messages. Moreover, when the device wakes up, it has to reinitialize its applications and services by sending a nonnegligible amount of signaling traffic
1.3 Software-defined Networking (SDN) technology
Recently, the future Internet technologies in cloud computing environments such as Softwaredefined Networking [11]; Network Virtualization (NV) [6] [7]; Network Function Virtualization (NFV) [31]; Virtual Data Center (VDC) [32] are booming and are strongly implemented in cloud environments [8] [9] [10]. On the way to realize these technologies and transfer to the industrial market, the flexible network is mandatory. SDN technology with its characteristics including programmable, capable of centralized management will play very important role in the innovation of all other techniques. In this Section, the overview of the SDN technology is depicted
1.3.1 SDN Architecture
Softwaredefined Networking (SDN) [11] is an emerging networking paradigm that gives hope to change the limitations of current network infrastructures. First, it breaks the vertical integration by separating the network’s control logic (the control plane) from the underlying routers and switches that forward the traffic (the data plane) [33]. Second, with the separation of the control and data planes, network switches become simple forwarding devices and the control logic is implemented in a logically centralized controller (or network operating system1), simplifying policy enforcement and network reconfiguration and evolution
A simplified view of this architecture is shown in Figure 1 It is important to emphasize that a logically centralized programmatic model does not postulate a physically centralized system. In fact, the need to guarantee adequate levels of performance, scalability, and
Trang 20Figure 1.: SDN Architecture
1.3.2 SDN Southbound API - OpenFlow Protocol
OpenFlow [34] [35] is the first and also the most widely known SDN protocol for southbound API, it provides the communication protocol between the control plane on SDN controller and the forwarding planes on OpenFlow switches. OpenFlow specifies how these planes communicate and interact with each other since the connection is setup until the end. The OpenFlow protocol is layered above the Transmission Control Protocol, leveraging the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) The default port number for controllers to listen on is 6653 for switches that want to connect
An OpenFlow switch has one or more tables of packet (Figure 1.) handling rules (flow table). Each rule matches a subset of the traffic and performs certain actions (dropping, forwarding, modifying, etc.) on the traffic. Depending on the rules installed by a controller application, an OpenFlow switch can be instructed by the controller behave like a router, switch, firewall, or perform other roles (e.g., load balancer, traffic shaper, and in general those of a middlebox). A flowtable contains several flow entries, each flow entry consists
PacketIn message to the controller which will take appropriate actions afterwards. After
Trang 21create a new entry matching this packet together with some action. That way, if later similar packets get into the switch, the switch does not need to ask the controller for further action
1.3.3 SDN Controllers
In Softwaredefined Networking, SDN Controller does exactly what its name suggests, controlling the network as the “brain” of network. It has the global view of a network, with all information about the network topology, flow tables of the OpenFlow switches, etc. Using this information, the SDN Controller manages OpenFlow switches via southbound APIs (e.g. OpenFlow) and leads to the deployment of applications and business logic
’above’ via northbound APIs.
The first developed SDN Controller is NOX which was introduced by Natasha Gude et
al. in [36]. Subsequently, other open source controllers were also developed, e.g. POX [37], Beacon [38], and Floodlight (forked from Beacon) [39]. Later, multiple vendors such
as Cisco, IBM, HPE, VMware and Juniper joined the SDN Controller market and each of them possessed their own products. From Beacon, HPE, Cisco, and IBM Controllers have moved towards OpenDaylight (ODL) [40]. Despite being one of the early controllers, and being less popular than its counterparts, the POX controller, written in Python, is still fully functional, easy to be grasped, installed and configured, that makes it ideal for academic researchers in their experiment. That also explains why this POX controller is selected in this dissertation for the SDN architecture.
1.4 Difficulties on Network Energy Efficiency and Motivations
Although the concept of network energy efficiency is not new, there are still issues in realization of the energyefficient network due to the inflexibility of a network and the lack
of an energyaware network. These difficulties are depicted as follows:
Inflexible network: First, cloud services uptodate frequently and lead to the change of
network infrastructure. On the contrary, one important point of networks nowadays is the inflexibility issue. Administrators should plan and prepare well for any changes in the network, which might require redesigning, reconfiguring and migrating. In many cases, there is a big challenge for any developers to apply any new approaches and evaluate them. Consequently, the network flexibility is vitally necessary. Secondly, there are difficulties in evaluating the energysaving levels of new energyefficient approaches in a network due to the lack of the powercontrol system of a network. Developers struggle when they propose and evaluate a new energysaving approach.
Cloud computing has been blooming in the last few years as a promising paradigm that facilitates new service models such as InfrastructureasaService (IaaS), Platformasa
Trang 22Service (PaaS), NetworkasaService (NaaS) On the cloud computing environments,
virtualization techniques such as network virtualization [5] [6] [7] and data center virtualization [8] [9] [10] have rapidly been developed and attracted much attention from industrial communities Currently, virtualization works mainly focus on the resource optimization and resource provisioning approaches [7] [41], while there are only few works focusing on the energy efficiency. One of the main difficulties of network energy
efficiency in virtualization technologies is the lack of energy measurement method of the network infrastructure in cloud environments Consequently, the implementation of energyaware platforms, which work well for network virtualization and data center virtualization, is an important and promising approach in the energy efficiency area of the networking
Above difficulties as well as the potentials of SDN technology are great motivation for the construction of SDNbased energyefficient networking in cloud computing environments In this dissertation, several energyefficient networking approaches are proposed with specific algorithms and, equally important, experimental results The detailed contributions are described in the next section.
1.5 Dissertation’s Contributions
The contributions of this dissertation are: (1) proposing an energyaware and flexible data center network that is based on the SDN technology. A powercontrol system (PCS),
which can be easily extended and adaptable with several situations, is proposed and developed based on SDN technology. Two energyefficient algorithms are also proposed
on this PCS system and their performance is evaluated and compare with other algorithms;
(2) proposing energyefficient approaches in a network virtualization for cloud environments; and (3) proposing an energyaware data center virtualization for cloud environments. The more detailed information of these contributions is described in the next
Sections.
1.5.1 Proposing an energy-aware and flexible data center network that is
based on the SDN technology
In the ideal case for energyefficiency, devices should consume energy proportional to their traffic demand (load). That is, energy consumption in a low utilization scenario should be much lower than in a case of high traffic utilization. The energy consumption of the whole network depends on the number of active network devices and their current working states Consequently, understanding power profile of network devices is an important issue in order to contribute to the energy efficient approach and build a powercontrol system of a network. To achieve the target, the following works are implemented: (1) profiling an energy consumption of a single network device as well as of the whole network; (2) constructing a powercontrol system for a network that allow administrator to
Trang 23monitor and control the energy states of each network device as well as the whole network; (3) proposing the energyaware routing algorithm that is based on the power profile of network devices; and (4) integrating the powercontrol system of network devices with the power control system of a physical machine, and then proposing a VM migration techniques for the optimization of the energy consumption. The detailed information of above contributions is described in the chapter 2.
1.5.2 Proposing energy-efficient approaches in a network virtualization for
cloud environments.
Recently, cloud computing has emerged in recent years as a promising paradigm that facilitates such new service models as InfrastructureasaService (IaaS), PlatformasaService (PaaS), NetworkasaService (NaaS) For such kinds of cloud services, virtualization techniques including network virtualization [5] [6] [7] and data center virtualization [8] [9] [10] have been rapidly developed and attracted much attention from the research communities as well as the industrial market. As for network virtualization, an important question is how to realize and evaluate an energysaving level of network virtualization mechanisms in cloud environments. The current lack of an energyaware network virtualization constitutes significant difficulties in deploying and evaluating the energyefficient network With these above motivations, an energyaware network virtualization concept is proposed with power monitoring and control abilities The detailed contributions are described as follows:
Proposing an SDNbased EnergyAware Network Virtualization (EANV) platform. Based on incoming virtual network requests (VNRs), the system performs separate Virtual Network Embedding algorithms (VNE) and evaluates their performance as well as the powersaving level
Proposing a novel heuristic energyefficient (HEE) virtual network embedding algorithm and reducing middle node energy efficiency (RMNEE) virtual network
embedding algorithm. The experimental results of these two VNE algorithms show that the energysaving level of the system increases while the acceptance ratio of the system, understood as resource optimization, is maintaining.
Trang 24Proposing an energyaware data center virtualization platform and addressing
challenges in providing energyefficient VDCE. These platform works under the condition
of dynamic VDC requests, in which virtual data center requests arrive and leave the physical data center dynamically. The evaluation results show that the performance of conventional static VDCE algorithms is unstable and degraded under dynamic conditions.Proposing a novel VDC embedding algorithm, namely HEAE algorithm, with the following objectives: (1) resource efficiency that deals with efficient mapping of virtual resources on substrate resources in terms of CPU, memory and network bandwidth; and (2) energy efficiency that deals with minimizing the energy consumption of the virtual data center while satisfying the mapping demands. The proposed VDC embedding algorithm is also integrated with new remapping and server consolidation strategies, which are developed to overcome the dynamic VDC mapping problem and to mitigate the complexity of the joint embedding migration approach. Evaluation results show that our approach performs better than some existing ones in terms of acceptance ratio, resource utilization and energy consumption
The detailed information of above contributions is described in the chapter 4
Trang 25CHAPTER 2 SDN-BASED ENERGY-AWARE
DATA CENTER NETWORK
For network energy efficiency, most efforts have focused on reengineering approaches
that are applying on single network device [24] [25] [26]. Although these approaches have gained good powersaving results, they only focused on saving energy of single device. In fact, a cloud data center network (DCN) recently consists of thousand of devices and is designed with different topologies. The traffic demands of a DCN continuously change minute by minute and the DCN is typically provisioned for peak workload while running well below capacity most of the time [42]. Consequently, the performance of a DCN strongly depends on the topology optimizing and traffic routing. This property also helps improving energy efficiency in low traffic demand scenario by optimization a DC network topology, turning on the only necessary part and rerouting the traffic on this The
remaining part of network components then is put into the sleeping mode in order to
reduce power consumption.
From this point of view, a centralized powercontrol system that has monitoring, topology optimizations and traffic routing abilities for a DCN is necessary. Based on this system, several energyefficient algorithms can be proposed and deployed with worthwhile power savings and optimal performance effects. Consequently, the powercontrol system (PCS) of a DCN is proposed with following contributions:
Propose a powercontrol system that has following capabilities: (1) monitor the energy consumption status as well as its efficiency; (2) control the working states of the devices due to the energy consumption of the system; and (3) implementing several energyefficient topology optimization and traffic routing approaches
Propose a novel energyaware routing algorithm that efficiently works with different types of network devices in term of power saving. The algorithm routes a traffic demand
based on the power profile of a network device and also based on the powerscaling
approach.
Integrate with server management for constructing the centralized powercontrol system for both servers and data center network.
2.1 Background Technologies
This Section describes the related work to this chapter including a DCN technique and architecture; the energy model of a network device; and current existing energyaware network architectures.
Trang 262.1.1 DCN technique and architecture
DCN in a Data center creates the links among elements inside this network and provides connectivity among them. DCN architecture, which lays out network components and installs network techniques within a data center, is usually implemented from two subtechnical points. First, selecting networking techniques inside a DCN, which satisfy the bandwidth demands and service requirements. Secondly, designing a network topology that satisfies the requirement and builds a costeffective DCN to scale up the data center.
So that in this Section, the existing DCN architectures models are described. The suitable DCN networking technique and topology, that are satisfied the requirement of building an energyaware network platform in this dissertation, are also presented
2.1.1.1 DCN Technique
For building powercontrol system of a data center, DCN should have the flexibility to manage and upgrade its resources. For example, DCN should quickly detect the novel necessary topology that satisfies the traffic requirement and reroute the traffic onto this topology, or DCN could quickly detect starved VMs and schedule residual resources, e.g., migrating these VMs to an idle server with low overhead. Both above examples require a centralized and flexible control plane to coordinate the DCN devices.
The traditional model for networking, despite being effective to the certain extent where
it has to use antiquated methods of passing data, could not meet the flexibility level required to deliver today's massive amounts of data. Moreover, when the hardware and software are coupled, the network becomes expensive to maintain, scale, and harder for users to innovate and administrators to tune applications.
To address these issues, we are turning to Softwaredefined Networking technology (SDN). SDN services, typically controlled and monitored from centrally located sources, have the global view of the entire network. With SDN, traffic flow is managed with software applications, which are significantly more dynamic, being a solution for optimization and tuning which are not available in local management of switches and routers. On the other hand, scalability is easier to be achieved in SDN, since the software scales to as many switches or routers as there are in the network. Adding hardware simply creates new pathways for the software to manage, monitor, and uses to create the most efficient traffic flow. With a central SDN solution, the network routing also could be customized easier, shaping it to the specific interests and needs of that data center. By using algorithms to create a solution, SDN relies on OpenFlow, Puppet, and other protocols to remain agile, flexible, and costefficient.
Trang 27consists of core, aggregation, and edge layers (Figure 2.) This architecture aims to
maximize the endtoend bisection bandwidth. In a DCN with Fattree topology, switches
at the aggregation and edge layers are arranged in blocks, namely Performance Optimized Data Centers (PODs), which are responsible for routing endtoend communications. Core
switches in Fattree topology simply maintain the connectivity among these PODs, so that Fattree topology reduces the traffic load over the core layer.
Figure 2.: Fat-tree DCN Topology
Trang 28The hierarchical model is mostly used in DCN network and shows many realistic evaluation results. Nowadays, since most of the commodity network devices support these architectures that are used to connect the massive number of servers with each other. Facebook [51] and Google [52] are typical examples of using the hierarchical model in their DCN where both of these technology groups use the Fattree topology.
2.1.1.2.2 Recursive Model
A recursive DCN consists of individual cells, each of which contains a single switch and number of servers, and each server bridges different cells. In a recursive model, DCell [53] and BCube [54] are typical examples of this model and implemented in many DCN.
Figure 2.: Dcell DCN Architecture [53]
Dcell [53] is a servercentric hybrid DCN architecture where one server is directly connected to other servers (Figure 2.). The Dcell follows a recursively build hierarchy of cells and each server in this network consists many network interface cards (NICs). In DCell, a server is connected to a number of other servers and switches via communication links, which area assumed to be bidirectional
Trang 29of devices: (1) server with multiple ports; and (2) switches that connect a constant number
of server BCube is a recursively defined structure A BCube0 is simply n servers connecting to an nport switch. A BCube1 is constructed from n BCube0 s and n nport switches. More generically, a BCubek (k ≥ 1)) is constructed from n BCubek−1 s and n k n
port switches. Each server in a BCubek has k + 1 ports, which are numbered from level0 to levelk. It is easy to see that a BCubek has N = n k +1 servers and k+1 level of switches, with each level having n k nport switches
Figure 2.: BCube DCN Architecture [54]
Figure 2. shows a BCube1 with n = 4 with 2 levels. Sourcebased routing is performed
using intermediate nodes as packet forwarder which is ensuring, decreasing the hamming distance between each consecutive intermediate host to the destination. Periodic searching for the optimal path is performed in order to cope with any failures in the network. Oneto
all, alltoone and alltoall traffic can also be routed by using redundant (k+1) ports on
each host
Although most recursive DCNs architectures have the high scalability to allow DC expansion and there are also costeffective because of using cheap switches, they are not commonly seen in a DC In particular, most of the recursive DCNs employ a computational server as a network device and lack adequate field testing of their designs.2.1.1.2.3 Racktorack Model
Due to the current occurrences of the bottleneck in the backbone links of two previous models, recent research on DCN architectures focuses on making a direct connection between different racks, as opposed to setting trunk layers. In [55], a DCN topology, namely Jellyfish, uses a random graph to build endtoend communication. Instead of a fixed topology, Jellyfish network simply guarantees that each switch has ports connecting
to another switch while remaining ports are used to connect to servers. In [56], L.Gyarmati and T.A.Trinh proposed a racktorack architecture, namely Scafida, which addresses large node degree within a DCN topology. Scafida architecture is scalefree topology where the longest path has fixed upper bound. Scafida provides methodologies to construct such a
Trang 302.1.1.2.4 Using Fattree topology as reference architecture
Figure 2.: Fat-tree architecture with k = 4
Among the above DCN models of architecture, Fattree [49] topology is the most promising topology for deploying Cloud data centers. By providing parallel traffic which leads to alltoall, onetoall, or onetomany communications, many large data centers such as Facebook [51], Google [52] use the Fattree topology for their DCN. On the other hand, Fattree topology has good oversubscription ratio (1:1) that is usually provided to ensure the sizeindependent quality of service.
For the Fattree topology, there are four traffic scenarios are defined as follows: near traffic scenario; middle traffic scenario; far traffic scenario; and mix traffic scenario.
Trang 31Figure 2.: Diagram of the ElasticTree system [57]
Although the ElasticTree system works well for dynamically adapting, the diagram still lacks the monitoring module that provides the system with monitoring capability as well as visualization capability Consequently, in this dissertation, the ElasticTree system is
extended by adding more monitoring module and optimizing the Optimizer module. The
next section will describe this extended system in more details.
2.2 Power-Control System of a DC Network
In this section, a powercontrol system (PCS) is proposed, which is extended from ElasticTree system [57] by adding a new module and a new function. This system allows administrator to monitor and control the working state as well as the energy consumption
of a network. In the next sections, the energy modeling of whole DC network is depicted first, and then the detailed diagram and components of this system are described in details.
Trang 322.2.1 Energy modeling of a network
2.2.1.1 Energy modeling and profiling of a single network device
In the ideal case of energy efficiency [58], devices should consume energy proportionally to their utilization (Figure 2.). That means, energy consumption in a low utilization scenario should be much lower than in the case of high traffic utilization. In the Figure 2., U(%) and P(%) are the utilization in percentage of a device and the power consumption in percentage of a device, respectively. U = 100% means that a device is working in full resource state, and P=100% means that a device is consuming a maximum energy.
Figure 2.: Energy – Utilization relation of a network [58]
Recently, research communities [58] focus on answering an important question, how to optimize the consumed energy volume by a device proportionally to its actual load. The
energy consumption of whole network depends on the number of active network devices and their current working states. Consequently, understanding power profile of switch is an important research point, which leads to an energy efficient approach and the establishment of powermanagement system of a network As an initial step to understanding the energy consumption patterns of a variety of networking devices, a detailed power instrumentation study is conducted.
Trang 33power. These static and dynamic subpowers are denoted as P port s and P port d, respectively.
This energy model is defined as follows:
(2.) (2.)Where:
Trang 34in its line cards; denotes the number of ports working at state p while is the power consumption of a port working at state p; denotes a set of working speeds of a port.
Currently, there are many working speeds of a switchport such as 40Gbps, 10Gbps, 1Gbps,
100Mbps, and idle. denotes an extension consumed power. For example is PFPGACore in case
of Gigabit NetFPGAbased switch.
2.2.1.2 Energy modeling of a DC Network
Currently, there are many switches with their ports working at several forwarding
speeds: 40Gbps, 10Gbps, 1Gbps, 100Mbps, and idle. The consumed energy of each port’s
state is different. Consequently, the energy consumption of a network is calculated as the total consumed energy of all switches with their states including ports’ forwarding speeds. From the general model of one switch in the equation (2.), the energy model of whole network is described more detail in below equations:
(2.) (2.)
2.2.2 The Diagram of the Power-Control System
In this dissertation, the powercontrol system (PCS) is proposed, which is extended from ElasticTree system [57]. In ElasticTree, Heller et al. proposed to use monitoring protocol simple network management protocol (SNMP) [62] as an exchanged protocol for switch controlling and monitoring. Although SNMP is a worldwide protocol that is used in term of network monitoring, it is still inflexible protocol and has many limitations in term
of controlling network in real time. To due with these limitations, the SDNbased PCS
Trang 35system are described as: (1) extending the power control module for supporting the
Openflow protocol, the core protocol of SDN technology. Implementing the OpenFlow protocol on both controller and switches makes a seamless protocol for controlling and
monitoring the network; (2) adding the monitoring module for realtime monitoring the
network state and traffic by using OpenFlow protocol
The PCS architecture’s diagram is depicted in Figure 2 The data center network consists of all SDN switches with their connections, network topology and the power profile of switches The SDN controller of this PCS consists of four main modules,
the paths for all flows.
Figure 2.: Power-control System of a Network
The SDN controller, which contains all optimizer, routing, monitoring and power control modules, communicates with a DCN via the secure channel, known as OpenFlow
protocol. The detailed descriptions of DCN and SDN controller are defined in the next Sections
2.2.2.1 Data Center Network Components
As we mentioned above, there are many advantages of Fattree network topology in a
DC network. Accordingly, in this dissertation, the DCN network topology of the PCS is
the Fattree topology. A k Fattree is a DC network architecture with three layers which are edge, aggregation and core using kport switches. There are k PODs and each POD contains k/2 edge switches and k/2 aggregation switches. Each kport switch in the edge layer uses k/2 ports which directly connect to k/2 servers while remaining k/2 ports is connected to upper aggregation layer of the hierarchy There are (k/2) 2 kport core
switches. Each core switch has one port connected to each of k PODs. The i th port of any coreswitches is connected to PODi so that consecutive ports in the aggregation layer of each POD switch are connected to core switches on (k/2) strides.
The number of core switches:
Trang 36(2.) (2.)Consequently, the power consumption of the whole fattree network,, when all switches are turnedon with their ports running at maximum speeds (full state) is defined as:
(2.) (2.)
Where is a static (baseline) power consumption of a switch, denotes an extension consumed power, and is a power consumption of port in a maximum working state (speed)
2.2.2.2 Minimum Spanning Tree - MST
In order to minimize the energy consumption of a network, a minimum spanning tree (MST) topology is used which puts a part of the data center network in sleep mode in underutilized load situation. In a case of no traffic demand, the DC network maintains a MST for minimum connectivity between servers. As depicted in Figure 2., at initial phase when there is no traffic demand among servers, then:
All servers are turnedoff;
only the leftmost core switch Swcore and the leftmost aggregation switch Swagg are turned
on with their network interfaces running at the lowest operating speed;
all access switches Swacc are turned on and run at the lowest operating speed.
Trang 37Figure 2.: Fat-tree topology with Minimum Spanning Tree
In k fattree topology, the remaining of MST working topology are: one core switch; k
aggregation switch (one for each POD); and edge switches which work in the lowest mode. So that:
The number of working switches:
(2.)The number of lowest port (the 10Mbps is used as the lowest operating speed of a port):
(2.) (2.)Number of fastest speed ports (ports of edge switches which connect to servers):
(2.)Then, an energy consumption of the network in MST working topology is described as:
(2.)2.2.2.3 Software-Defined Networking Controller
In the diagram of the powercontrol system, the SDN controller is built as the central component which monitors and controls all DCN devices. The SDN controller performs different functionalities such as: collecting DCN information; network monitoring; routing and defining flow tables for OpenFlow switches; executes optimization algorithm for energy efficiency. As we mentioned above, the SDN controller is extended from the POX, which supports energyaware functionalities. The Figure 2. illustrates the SDN controller
with its components: Optimizer, Monitoring, Power Control, and Routing.
Trang 38mandatory states of these switches and links among them including traffic utilization, working speeds, power states and DCN topology. This information is exchanged between OpenFlow switches and SDN Controller by using OpenFlow messages
Optimizer module: after collecting information from monitoring module, this module is
in charge of optimizing the routes in the data center based on the current topology derived
from the Monitoring. Beside some routing mechanisms supported by the current SDN
controllers such as Dynamic All Pairs Shortest Path, Spanning Tree, and a hierarchical loadbalancing routing algorithm, researchers also can develop several algorithms focusing
Routing module: based on the optimization results from optimizer module as well as the traffic demand of the DCN, routing module routes the traffic demand on the active sub network which contains turnedon switches.
2.3 Energy-Aware Routing based on Power Profile of Devices in Data Center Networks using SDN
The consumed power of DCN is calculated by the total power consumption of its devices The power consumed by each device depends on the following factors: the
number of active ports; the capacity rates at which each port operates. Normally maximum speed port consumes the largest amount of power while the idle port consumes the least
[58]; this consumed power also depends on specific devices which are individually different and based on their power profiles; the amount of traffic that goes through a port does not have any significant effects on its power consumption
In consequence, the power consumption of a DCN depends on the number of active links and switches as well as routing algorithm applied. For instance, [61] shows that the switchport of a commercial OpenFlowenabled Pronto switch consumes 63mW, 260mW and 913mW in their working rates of 10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1Gbps, respectively (Table2.). As we can see, the ratio of energy consumption of 1Gbps port to 100Mbps port is approximately 3.5, it means that three 100Mbps ports are consumed less than one 1Gbps
port. In contradiction to a common consensus that energy consumption of a network can be
Trang 39of accumulating the amount of traffic to go throughput in a high speed link, a routing algorithm can be performed to distribute the traffic to several low speed ports, so that more energy can be saved.
Table 2.: Power Summary For A 48-Port Pronto 3240
Pronto. This consumed energy difference will have an impact on the routing and topology optimization processes such as accumulating and distributing traffic. From this point of view, the routing and topology optimization process must be based on the energy profile of devices
On this powercontrol system, one energyaware routing algorithm is proposed based the power profiles of devices and topology optimization approach. The routing algorithm can flexibly implement routing and topology optimization as well as effectively work with different network devices. The energyaware routing and optimization algorithm, which
will be presented in the next section, is embedded in the optimizer and routing modules.
2.3.1 Energy-Aware Routing and Topology Optimization Algorithm
In this section, the energyaware routing and topology optimization algorithm is described that aims to save consumed energy of the whole network as well as has an ability
to aware and adapts to different devices Although there are some existing multipath routing strategies in a SDNbased DCN [63] [64], the strategies do not focus on the network energy efficiency. In this dissertation, the proposed algorithm focuses on the energy efficiency of a network, other multipath routing problem are our future work and
not analyzed in this paper. The algorithm is extended from power scaling strategy, the
common used strategy [27] [28], and integrates well with powercontrol system. In order to adapt to different network devices, in this dissertation the ratio of consumed energy
Trang 40between working rates of a port of each device. The algorithm and RPCE ratios are described
as in the next Sections
2.3.1.1 Port Consumed-Energy Ratio (RPCE)
As described above, the power consumption of a port with different link rates is remarkable and it also energyefficiently affects the routing and topology optimizing
processes. So that in this dissertation, the port consumedenergy ratios RPCE, among
switchports’ forwarding rates is proposed. This ratio can be between 1Gbps to 100Mbps, namely; or 10Gbps to 1Gbps, namely; or extendable to 40Gbps to 10Gbps also. The ratios are depicted in the below equations:
(2.) (2.)These above ratios will be used in the next algorithms for the network energy efficiency. The examples of are ratio of an OpenFlowenabled NetFPGA switch, (Table2.) is 9.6; and ratio of a commercial Pronto 3240 Switch, is 3.5. It means that if the offered
traffic ups to 900Mbps, distributing this traffic through nice lowerspeed ports (100Mbps)
is more energyefficient than route traffic though only one 1Gbps port (in case of using NetFPGAbased switch) The power consumption of this NetFPGAbased switch at the
1Gbps, 100Mbps, 10Mbps and idle states are described as in the table below.
Table 2.: Energy consumption of NetFPGA-Based OpenFlow Switch
2.3.1.2 Power Scaling Algorithm
The role of the optimizer module is to find a network subset which satisfies current
traffic demand. Its input includes topology, network traffic utilization, the power profiles
of switches, and the desired fault tolerance properties In this dissertation, the
power scaling approach is implemented that supports reducing energy consumption
significantly by adaptively changing the working rate of the processing engines or links such as reducing operating clock of devices or decreasing the link rate of a switchport.