Economic, social, and cultural rights in international law contemporary issues and challenges

List of Abbreviationsacp african, caribbean, and pacific achr american convention on human rights afchpr african commission on human and peoples’ rights anSa armed non-state actors aps a

rightS in intErnational law

Economic, Social, and cultural rights in international law

Contemporary Issues and Challenges

Edited by EibE riEdEl, gillES giacca,

and chriStophE golay

great clarendon Street, oxford, oX2 6dp,

united Kingdom oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford.

it furthers the university’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide oxford is a registered trade mark of oxford university press in the uK and in certain other countries

© The several contributors 2014 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2014 impression: 1 all rights reserved no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

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This book was developed based upon an experts meeting organized at the Villa moynier in geneva on 10 and 11 February 2011 The initiative was part of the Swiss human rights chair’s projects supported by the Swiss department of Foreign affairs (FdFa) and implemented by the geneva academy of international humanitarian law and human rights (the geneva academy) For this purpose,

a blend of academic and practitioners’ perspectives was sought to cover a variety

of contemporary issues and challenges in the realization of economic, social, and cultural rights

The book is the product of tenacity and patience in part, this is due to the ber of contributors to this volume, but also to the fact that it is never a simple or straightforward undertaking to have legal scholars and practitioners—all extremely busy people—commit themselves to providing their work for publication The journey has thus been rather a long one, with many twists and turns, and not without its challenges at various points along the way Even though a great variety

num-of topics has been touched upon, it is clear that in the area num-of economic, social, and cultural rights more challenges lie in wait, for which future research is desir-able, but we are convinced that the book has singled out particularly pressing ones accordingly, we are deeply grateful and indebted to all those who contributed their work for publication in this edited volume

This book would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many talented and dedicated individuals For superb assistance in the editorial process, we are greatly indebted to binesh hass, whose capacity to work under tight deadlines and provide excellent editing has been admirable we should also like to thank dr Stuart casey-maslen, head of research of the geneva academy, for his support in editing a number of chapters

we are most grateful to the directors of the geneva academy, professor paola gaeta and professor andrew clapham, for having supported the project through-out, as well as to the Executive manager, Kamelia Kemileva, for her support and assistance naturally, such a research initiative would not have been possible without the generous financial support of key donors we thus should like to thank the Swiss FdFa, in particular ambassador ralf heckner and ambassador Thomas greminger,  human Security division, as well as mirko guilietti and nathalie Erard, Section for human rights policy, human Security division we are also most grateful to the law Faculty of oxford university and the oxford martin School for funding our project a special thank you to Sandra Fredman, dapo akande, and professor Simon caney, the co-directors of the oxford human rights for Future generations programme for their undivided support,

as well as to our colleagues dr Jaakko Kuosmanen, dr dominic roser, and Zoe davis-heaney

Furthermore, we are grateful to dr takhmina Karimova for her advice and gestions throughout the project, as well as to our colleagues of the geneva academy

sug-dr annyssa bellal, sug-dr Sharon weill, daniela renggli, sug-dr ioana cismas, ivona tuscan, antonella ghio, nathalie Staffler, antoine Kaboré, tatiana avanthay, Jean-baptiste maillart, and antonio coco

we also acknowledge the important contribution of claire mahon who started the project with us and whose expertise helped shape the book we dedicate this book to claire

Special thanks are due to the team at oxford university press for their support and work on this book, in particular merel alstein, anthony hinton, and John louth, as well as to anto aroshini and his team from the newgen publishing & data Services for their great work on the final manuscript we are also most grate-ful to the talented yashka Steiner who designed the cover of the book

our hope is that our work will make some useful contributions to the tant subject matter to which this volume is dedicated: the implementation and realization of economic, social, and cultural rights

impor-professor Eibe riedel, dr gilles giacca, and dr christophe golay

geneva/oxford, march 2014

Table of Treaties, Legislation, and Other Relevant Instruments xxiii

i introduction

1 The development of Economic, Social, and cultural

Eibe Riedel, Gilles Giacca, and Christophe Golay

ii challEngES in thE protEction oF ESc rightS in timES oF criSiS

2 The Sovereign bond markets and Socio-Economic rights:

Mary Dowell-Jones

3 Economic and Social rights in the ‘great recession’:

towards a human rights-centred Economic policy in times of crisis 86

Sally-Anne Way, Nicholas Lusiani, and Ignacio Saiz

Sandra Ratjen and Manav Satija

8 trade and investment agreements: what role for Economic,

Hans Morten Haugen

9 Economic, Social, and cultural rights in the world trade

Holger P Hestermeyer

10 From the other Shore:

Economic, Social, and cultural rights from an international

Stéphanie Chuffart and Jorge E Viñuales

11 The relationship between Economic, Social, and cultural

Gilles Giacca

12 Economic, Social, and cultural rights:

Larissa van den Herik

V concEptS and toolS to mEaSurE thE progrESSiVE rEaliZation oF ESc rightS

Aoife Nolan

14 human rights impact assessments:

Simon Walker

Vi trEndS in thE JuSticiability and monitoring oF ESc rightS at thE national and intErnational lEVEl

15 Judicial review in national courts:

Malcolm Langford

16 The intersection of Economic, Social, and cultural rights

Ioana Cismas

17 building bridges:

national human rights institutions and

Allison Corkery and Duncan Wilson

18 transitional Justice without Economic, Social, and cultural rights? 498

Frank Haldemann and Rachelle Kouassi

Detailed Contents

Table of Treaties, Legislation, and Other Relevant Instruments xxiii

3 The practice of the committee on Economic, Social

ii challEngES in thE protEction

oF ESc rightS in timES oF criSiS

2 The Sovereign bond markets and Socio-Economic rights:

Mary Dowell-Jones

2 The noticeable absence of human rights in the age of austerity 52

3 The challenges Facing public Finances in the advanced Economies 56

3 Economic and Social rights in the ‘great recession’:

towards a human rights-centred Economic policy in times of crisis 86

Sally-Anne Way, Nicholas Lusiani, and Ignacio Saiz

2 The global Economic crisis as an Economic and

3 human rights law as a normative Framework to guide

4 operationalizing human rights law in Economic policy in

5 challenges to implementing human rights in Economic policy  102

6 conclusion: The Elusive promise of a human rights-centred

Sandra Ratjen and Manav Satija

2 The Virtual circle: non-discrimination, Equality, and the

3 Exercising rights: harmonizing the individual and collective

Christine Chinkin

iii intErnational dimEnSion

oF ESc rightS obligationS

6 The nature and meaning of ‘international assistance and

cooperation’ under the international covenant on Economic,

Takhmina Karimova

2 controversies concerning the legal Status and meaning of

3 international assistance and cooperation: towards a minimalist

7 corporations and Economic, Social, and cultural rights 193

Olivier De Schutter

2 does international human rights law apply to

3 may positive duties be imposed upon corporations with

4 how to define the Scope of positive duties imposed on

8 trade and investment agreements:

what role for Economic, Social, and cultural rights in

Hans Morten Haugen

3 wto, Ftas, and bits: are human rights Explicitly

4 how can human rights be included in the reasoning of

9 Economic, Social, and cultural rights in the world trade

Holger P Hestermeyer

4 The icEScr in the discourse of political organs of the wto 275

10 From the other Shore:

Economic, Social, and cultural rights

Stéphanie Chuffart and Jorge E Viñuales

2 international Environmental law broadens the

3 international Environmental law broadens the way

4 international Environmental law broadens the palette

11 The relationship between Economic, Social, and

Gilles Giacca

3 The general articulation of the relationship between

5 The role of ihl in interpreting ESc rights’

12 Economic, Social, and cultural rights:

Larissa van den Herik

2 The Kinship between international criminal law

3 revisiting the disconnect between international criminal

4 criminalizing the Socio-Economic and cultural

2 ESr-based budget analysis: a term with multiple definitions 372

14 human rights impact assessments:

Simon Walker

3 Some contemporary issues in human rights impact

Vi trEndS in thE JuSticiability and monitoring oF ESc rightS at thE national and intErnational lEVEl

15 Judicial review in national courts:

16 The intersection of Economic, Social, and cultural

national human rights institutions and Economic,

Allison Corkery and Duncan Wilson

3 The promotion and protection Functions of national institutions 479

18 transitional Justice without Economic, Social, and cultural rights? 498

Frank Haldemann and Rachelle Kouassi

Table of Cases

A fr ic A n commission on Hu m A n A nd PeoPl e s’ r igHts

center for minority rights development (Kenya) and minority rights group international

on behalf of the Endorois welfare council v Kenya (2009) communication

no. 276/2003  .468

malawi african association and others v mauritania (2000), communication nos 54/91, 61/91, 98/93, 164/97 à 196/97, 210/98  463

Social and Economic rights action center & the center for Economic and Social rights v nigeria (2001), communication no 155/96 153, 197, 448, 463, 464 Sudan human rights organisation & centre on housing rights and Evictions (cohrE) v Sudan (2010), communication no 279/03 & 296/05  .448

eu roPe A n commission on Hu m A n r igHts confédération Française démocratique du travail v the European communities (app. no. 8030/77) (10 July 1978)  .267

Van der heijden v the netherlands (appl no 11002/84, dec of 8 march 1985, d.r., 41  219

eu roPe A n commit te e of soci A l r igHts panhellenic Federation of pensioners of the public Electricity corporation v greece (2012), complaint no 79/2012  131

eu roPe A n cou rt of Hu m A n r igHts appleby and others v the united Kingdom (appl no 44306/98) 205, 206 associated Society of locomotive Engineers & Firemen (aSlEF) v the united Kingdom (appl no 11002/05)  .219

behrami and behrami v France and ruzhdi Saramati v France, germany and norway (app. nos 71412/01 and 78166/01) (2 may 2007)  264

bosphorus hava yollari turizm ve ticaret anonim Şirketi v ireland (app no 45036/98) (30 June 2005)  264, 265, 267 c.n. v The united Kingdom, Ecthr, appln no 4239/08 (13 november 2012)  147

campbell and cosans v united Kingdom (1982) 4 Ehrr 293  471

cyprus v turkey (Judgment) (10 may 2001), application no. 25781/94  465

demir and baykara v turkey (Judgment) (12 november 2008), application no 34503/97, 83  .306

guerra and others v italy (19 February 1998) application no 14967/89  288

hatton et al v The united Kingdom (8 July 2003)  .288

horváth and Kiss v hungary, Ecthr, appln no 11146/11 (29 January 2013)  143

ivan atanasov v bulgaria (Judgment) (12 december 2010), application no 12853/03 288, 307 James and others v The united Kingdom (21 February 1986) application no 8793/79  .468

Konstantin markin v russia, appln no 30078/06 (22 march 2012)  136

lautsi and others v italy (Judgment) (18 march 2011) (3 november 2009)  .471

lopez-ostra v Spain (Judgment) application no 16798/90 (9 december 1994)  288

loizidou v turkey, Judgment (merits), app no 15318/89 (18 december 1996)  340

madsen v denmark, appl no. 58341/00  223

matthews v the united Kingdom (app no 24833/94) (18 February 1999)  .204

mellacher and others v austria (Judgment) (19 december 1989) application nos 10522/83; 11011/84; 11070/84  468

moldovan and others v romania (Judgment) (12 July 2005) 41138/98; 64320/01  467

mSS v belgium and greece (app no 30696/09) (21 January 2011)  265

okyay and others v turkey (Judgment) (12 July 2005), application no 36220/97  .306

powell and rayner v the united Kingdom (Judgment) (21 February 1990)  288

rambus v germany (app.no 40382/04) (16 June 2009)  264

Siliadin v France, appln no 73316/01, 26 July 2005  .147

taskin and others v turkey (Judgment) (10 november 2004), application no 46117/99  .306

tătar c. romania (Judgment) (27 January 2009), application no 67021/01  307

Verein gegen tierfabriken v Switzerland (28 June 2001, final on 28 September 2001)  204, 205 waite and Kennedy v germany (app no 26083/94) (18 February 1999)  .264

wilson, national union of Journalists and others v the united Kingdom (appl. nos. 30668/96; 30671/96; and 30678/96  223

eu roPe A n cou rt of Just ice centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v Firma Feryn nV, [2008] Ecr i-5187  .220

international Fruit company v produktschap voor groenten en Fruit, Ecr 1972, 1227  266

i nter-A mer ic A n cou rt on Hu m A n r igHts cantoral-benavides v peru, 2001 inter-am ct h.r (ser c), no 88, 80 (3 december 2001)  506

gonzález et al (‘cotton Field’) v mexico (16 november 2009)  152, 153 Jorge odir miranda cortez et al v El Salvador, case 12.249, report no 29/01 (2000), oEa/Ser l/ii.111 doc 20  .506

Juvenile reeducation institute v paraguay (2004)  466

plan de Sanchez massacre v guatemala case (ser c) no 116 (19 november 2004)  .365

The mayagna (Sumo) awas tingni community v nicaragua (Judgment) (31 august 2001)  289, 468 Velásquez rodríguez v honduras (merits) (1988), 4, ser c (29 July 1988)  .500

Xákmok Kásek indigenous community v paraguay (2010)  464

yakye axa indigenous community v paraguay (Judgment) (17 June 2005)  468, 506 i nter nAt ionA l centr e for set t l e ment of i n v e stment disPu te s border timbers ltd v Zimbabwe, arb/10/25, procedural order no 2, 26 (June 2012)  228, 258 cmS gas v argentina, icSid case no arb/01/8, decision on Jurisdiction (17 July 2003)  249–51, 259 compañia del desarrollo de Santa Elena v costa rica, icSid case no arb (aF)/96/1, award (17 February 2000)  238

Eastern Sugar v czech republic, Scc case no 088/2004, partial award (27 march 2007)  .252

EdF v romania, icSid case no arb/05/13, award (8 october 2009)  256

Enron corp v argentina, icSid case no arb/01/3, annulment decision, 30 July 2010, 377 (25(1) (a)), 384 (25(1)(b)); 393 (25(2)(b)); 395 (25(2)(a))  .250

medioambientales tecmed, Sa v united mexican States, icSid case no arb (aF)/00/2, award (29 may 2003)  .236

metalclad v mexico, icSid case no arb (aF)/97/1, award (30 august 2000)  238, 253, 256 mtd Equity Sdn bhd & mtd chile Sa v chile, icSid case no arb/01/7, decision

on annulment (21 march 2007)  256

noble Ventures v romania, icSid case no arb/01/11 award (12 october 2005)  254

occidental Exploration and production company [opEc] v Ecuador, lcia case no un3467, award (1 July 2004)  256

pac rim cayman llc. v El Salvador, icSid case no arb/09/12  258

pezold v Zimbabwe, arb/10/15  228

phoenix action v czech republic, icSid case no arb/06/5, award (15 april 2009)  251

Saluka investments bV (The netherlands) v The czech republic, uncitral partial award (17 march 2006)  255

Sempra Energy inc v argentina, icSid case no arb/02/16, annulment decision (29 July 2010)  250

Siemens v argentina, icSid case no arb/02/8, award (6 February 2007)  254

Suez, Sociedad general de aguas de barcelona Sa, and interaguas Servicios integrales del agua Sa v argentina, icSid case no arb/03/17 decision on liability (30 July 2010)  250

Suez, Sociedad general de aguas de barcelona Sa, and Vivendi universal Sa v argentina, icSid case no arb/03/19 decision on liability (30 July 2010)  250

i nter nAt ionA l cr imi nA l cou rt prosecutor v abu garda, case no icc-02/05-02/09, decision on confirmation of charges, 8 February 2010 (icc) 106 icc Statute, 8(2)b(v)  360

prosecutor v al bashir, case no icc-02/05-01/09, Second decision on the prosecution’s application for a warrant of arrest 12 July 2010 (icc) 355–8 prosecutor v bemba gombo, case no icc-01/05-01/08, public redacted Version of document containing the charges, 1 october 2008 (icc)  359

prosecutor v lubanga, case no icc-01/04-01/06, decision on confirmation of charges, 29 January 2007 (icc)  363

prosecutor v ntaganda, icc-01/04-02/06, decision on prosecutions’, application under art 58, 18 July 2012 (icc)  363

i nter nAt ionA l cr imi nA l tr ibu nA l for t He for mer Y ugosl Av i A prosecutor v bikindi, case no ictr-01-72-t, 2 december 2008 (icty)  346

prosecutor v blaškić, case no it-95-14, 3 march 2000 (icty)  .364

prosecutor v brdjanin, case no it-99-36-t, 1 September 2004 (icty)  352

prosecutor v delalić et al., case no it-96-21-a, 20 February 2001 (icty)  .347

prosecutor v Erdemovic, case no it-96-22-a, 7 october 1997 (icty)  .347

prosecutor v Furundžija, case no it-95-17/1-a, 21 July 2000 (icty)  347

prosecutor v Furundžija, case no it-95-17/1-t, 10 december 1968 (icty)  .347

prosecutor v Jankovic, case no it-96-23/2-pt, decision on referral of case under rule 11 bis, 22 July 2005 (icty)  347

prosecutor v Katanga and chui, icc-01/04-01/07, decision on confirmation of charges, 30 September 2008 (icc)  363

prosecutor v Kayishema, case no ictr-01-67-r11bis  347

prosecutor v Kordić and Čerkez, case no it-95-14/2-t, 26 February 2001 (icty) .340, 352, 362, 364 prosecutor v Kunarac, case no it-96-23-t & 92-23-1-t, 22 February 2001 (icty) 345, 346 prosecutor v Kuprešić and others, case no it-95-16-t, 14 January 2000 (icty)  .352

prosecutor v mucić and others, case no it-96-21-t, 16 november 1998 (icty)  346 prosecutor v naletilić and martinović, case no it-98-34, 31 march 2003 (icty) 340, 364 prosecutor v naletilić, case no it-98-34, 31 march 2003 (icty)  364 prosecutor v prlić et al., case no it-04-74-ar73.6, 29 may 2013 (icty)  347 prosecutor v Simić and others, case no it-95-9-t, 17 october 2003 (icty) 252, 253 prosecutor v Statić, case no it-91-24-t, 31 July 2003 (icty)  .353 prosecutor v Strugar, case no it-01-42, 31 January 2005 (icty)  364 prosecutor v tadic, case no it-94-1-t, decision on the prosecutor’s motion requesting

protective measures for Victims and witnesses, 10 august 1995 (icty) 346, 347 prosecutor v Zoran Kupreskic and others, Judgment, The hague, 14 January 2000,

case no it-95-16-t, 519 (icty)  185

i nter nAt ionA l cr imi nA l tr ibu nA l for rwA ndA

barayagwiza v The prosecutor, case no ictr-97-19-ar72, decision of 3 november 1999 (ictr)  347

i nter nAt ionA l cou rt of Just ice

gabčikovo-nagymaros project (hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, icJ reports

(1997)  289 Kasikili/Sedudu island (botswana/namibia), Judgment 13 december 1999, icJ reports

(1999)  178 The barcelona traction, light and power co (belgium v Spain), [1970] (icJ rep. 3) 208, 209

u nited nAt ions commit te e Ag A i nst tort u r e

hajrizi dzemajl et al v yugoslavia, case no 161/2000, un doc cat/c/29/d/161/2000  467

u nited nAt ions commission on

i nter nAt ionA l tr A de l Aw

glamis gold v uSa, uncitral, award (8 June 2009)  230

u nited nAt ions Hu m A n r igHts commit te e

Vos v The netherlands, ccpr communication no 218/1986  137 Zwaan de Vries v The netherlands, communication no 182/1984, un doc

canada post corp v public Service alliance of canada [2010] Fca 56, [2011]

2 rcF 221 126, 127 public Service alliance of canada v canada post corporation and canadian human rights commission (2011) Scc 57 126, 127

india

bombay Environmental action group v a.r bharati (1986)  462

consumer Education and research centre v union of india (1995) 3 Scc 42  441

m.c mehta v union of india (2004(12) Scc118)  200

m.c mehta v State of tamil nadu (1996) 6 Scc 772 (Supreme court of india)  441

m.c mehta v union of india (taj trapezium case) wp 13381/1984 (1996.12.30) (Supreme court of india)  .441

mohini Jain v State of Karnataka (1992) and unni Krishnan J.p. v State of a.p. and others (1993)  462

municipal corporation of delhi v gurnam Kaur (1989) 1 Scc 101  441

narmada bachao andolan v union of india (2000) 10 Scc 664, (Supreme court of india)  441

paschim banga Khet majoor Samity v State of west bengal (1996) 4 Scc 37 (Supreme court of india) 440, 462 people’s union for civil liberties v union of india (2001) 5 ScalE 303 (Supreme court of india) 441, 462 remlata w/o ram Sagar & ors v government of nct delhi (2010)  462

Society for unaided private Schools of rajasthan v india, Supreme court of india  .258

Sodan Singh v ndmc (1989) 4 Scc 155  .441

t.n godavarman tirumulkpad v union of india (1997) 2 Scc 267  441

unni Krishnan, Jp v State of andhra pradesh (1993) 1 Scc 645 (Supreme court of india) 440, 462 ireland carna Foods ltd v Eagle Star insurance co ltd (ireland) ltd [1995] 1 ir 526 (hc); [1997] 2 ilrm 499 (Sc)  .221

Sinnott v minister for Education [2001] 2 ir 545 (Supreme court of ireland) 435, 436 Kenya Kariuki & ors v The town clerk, nairobi city council & ors, high court of Kenya, petition no 65 (2010)  442

Satrose ayuma & ors v The registered trustees of the Kenya railways Staff retirement benefits Scheme & ors, high court of Kenya, petition no 65 (2010)  .442

nepal prakash mani Sharma & ors v gon, office of prime minister and council of ministers & ors (June 2008), writ no 064-wo-0230 (Supreme court of nepal)  438

Philippines Simon v commission on human rights, g.r no 100150 (S.c January 5, 1994)  490

south Arica abahlali base mjondolo v premier of KwaZulu-natal province and others 2010 (2) bclr 99 (cc)  .440

city of Johannesburg metropolitan municipality v blue moonlight properties 39 pty ltd and occupiers of Saratoga avenue, case cct 37/11, [2011] Zacc 33 130, 440 du plessis v de Klerk 1993 ([1996](3) Sa 850 (cc))  199

government of the republic of South africa and others v grootboom and others (2000)

11 bclr 169 (cc) .129, 432, 433, 438, 440, 512, 515

harksen v lane no and others [1997] 11 bclr 1489 (cc)  .127

mahlangu v minister for Social development & ors, case no 25754/05 (South african high court, transvaal provincial division)  386

nokotyana and others v Ekurhuleni municipality 2010 (4) bclr 312 (cc)  439

occupiers of 51 olivia road berea township and 197 main Street Johannesburg v the city of Johannesburg and others 2008 (3) Sa 208 (cc)  .440

port Elizabeth municipality v Various occupiers 2005 (1) Sa 217 (cc) (port Elizabeth municipality)  440

president of the republic of South africa v modderklip boedery (pty) ltd 2005 (5) Sa 3 (cc)  440

residents of the Joe Slovo community, western cape v Thubelisha homes and others 2010 (3) Sa 454 (cc)  440

tswelopele non-profit organisation and others v city of tshwane metropolitan municipality, 2007 Sca 70 (rSa)  440

Van rooyen v Scholtz 2005 (2) Sa 140 (cc)  440

uganda baleke and others v attorney general of uganda and others, civil Suit 179 (2002)  200

united Kingdom burnip, trengove and gorry v Secretary of State for work and pensions [2012] Ewca civ 629  .396

child poverty action group v Secretary of State for work and pensions [2011] Ewhc 2616 (admin)  386

connelly v rtZ corporation plc and others [1997] uKhl 30; [1998] ac 854; [1997] 4 all Er 335; [1997] 3 wlr 373 (24 July 1997)  .213

grahame v the director of prosecutions, 26 July 1947, 14 ac 227  318

hurley and moore v Secretary of State for business, innovation and Skills, Ewhc 201 (2012)  .104

ma and others (on the application of) v Secretary of State for work and pensions & ors [2013] Ewhc 2213 (Qb) (30 July 2013)  387

r v Secretary of State for Education and Employment and others (respondents) ex parte williamson (appellant) and others [2005] uKhl 15 (2005)  .471

united states abbott v burke, no m-1293-09 (abbott XXi), new Jersey 103, 434 abdullahi v pfizer, inc., 562 F.3d 163 (2d cir 2009)  195

amalgamated Food Employees union local 590 v logan Valley plaza, inc., 391 uS 308 (1972)  .206

amoco cadiz oil Spill, 1984 amc 2123, 2 lloyd’s rep 304 (nd ill 1984)  212

anderson v abbott, 321 uS 349, 362–363 (1944) 208, 211 bangor punta operations, inc v bangor & aroostook r. co., 417 uS 703, 713 (1974)  .211

berkey v Third avenue ry co., 244 ny 84, 95, 155 nE 58, 61  .210

bigio v coca-cola co., 239 F.3d 440 (2d cir 2000)  .195

bowoto v chevron texaco, no c 99-2506 Si, 2004 uS dis lEXiS 4603 (nd, cal 2004)  210, 211 boy Scouts of america and monmouth council, et al v dale, 530 uS 640 (2000)  219

brown v board of Education, 347 uS 483 (1954)  429

burnet v clark, 287 uS 410, 415 (1932)  208

burress v wilkerson, 310 F. Supp. 572 (1969)  430

california hospital ass’n v douglas, 848 F. Supp. 2d 1117 (cd cal 2011)  .103

california public Employees’ retirement Systems v moody’s corp., 09-490241, (Superior

court of california, county of San Francisco)  106 chicago, m. & St p. ry co v minneapolis civic and commerce assn., 247 uS 490, 501  210 doe v unocal corp., 963 F. Supp. 880 (c.d cal 1997), aff ’d in part and rev’d in part, 395 F.3d 932 (9th cir 2002)  195 Esther Kiobel, et al v royal dutch petroleum co., et al., 621 F.3d 111 (2d cir 2010), reh’g

en banc denied, no 06-4800-cv, 2011 wl 338048 (2d cir., 4 Feb 2011)  .195 Filartiga v pena-irala, 630 F.2d 876, 890 (2d cir 1980)  195 First national city bank v banco para El comercio Exterior de cuba, 462 uS 611, 630 (1983)  211 Flory v Smith, 134 SE 360 (1926) (Supreme court of Virginia, united States)  429 goldberg v Kelly, 397 uS 254, 264 (1970)  429 hudgens v nlrb, 424 uS 507 (1976)  206 Khulumani v barclay nat’l bank ltd., 504 F.3d 254 (2d cir 2007)  195 Kiobel, et al v royal dutch petroleum co et al., 569 uS (2013) 195–7 labor board v deena artware, 361 uS 398, 402 (1960)  .211 landis v ashworth (School district no 44), 57 nJl 509, 31 a. 1017 (1895) (Supreme

court of new Jersey, united States)  .429 lloyd corp v tanner, 47 uS 551, 92 S.ct 2219, 33 l.Ed 2d 131 (1972)  206 louis K. liggett co v lee, 288 uS 517, 564–565 (1933)  224 lowenthal v baltimore & ohio r.r co., 287 nyS 62, 76 (n.y app div), aff ’d, 6 n.E.2d

56 (1936)  .210 margaret peggy lee mead et al v Eric h. holder Jr et al., civil action no 10-950 (gK)

(2011)  470 marsh v alabama, 326 uS 501 (1946)  .206 mcinnes v Shapiro, 293 F.Supp. 327 (1968) (district court n. d illinois, united States)  430 mumme v marrs, 120 tex 383 (1931) (Supreme court of texas, united States)  429 olga tellis v bombay municipal corporation (1985) 3 Scc 545 441, 462, 363 olsen v State, 554 p.2d 139 (Supreme court of oregon)  .433 pauley v Kelly, 225 s.E.2d 859 (1979) (Supreme court of appeals of west Virginia, united States) 428, 429 people ex rel russell v graham, 301 ill 446, 134 n.E 57 (1922) (Supreme court of

illinois, united States)  429 presbyterian church of Sudan v talisman Energy, inc., 582 F.3d 244 (2d cir 2009)  195 pruneyard Shopping center v robbins, 447 uS 74 (1980) 206, 207 roberts v united States Jaycees, 468 uS 609, 622 (1984)  219 robinson v cahill, 62 n.J 473 (1973), (Supreme court of new Jersey, united States) .429–33 rose v council for better Education 790 Sw2d 186 (1989) (Supreme court of Kentucky, united States)  .433 San antonio independent School district v rodriguez, 411 uS 1 (1973) (Supreme court, united States)  .431 Seattle School district no 1 v washington, 90 wn.2d 476 (1978) (Supreme court of

washington, united States)  .431 Serrano v priest, 5 cal.3d 584 (1971) (Supreme court of california, united States) 430–2 Sosa v alvarez-machain, 542 uS 692, 732 (2004)  195 taylor v Standard gas co., 306 uS 307, 322 (1939)  .210 tucker v toia, 43 n.y 2d 1, 7 (1977)  428 united States v betterfoods, 524 uS 51 (1998)  210 Viet assoc for Victims of agent orange v dow chem co., 517 F.3d 104 (2d cir 2008)  195 wiwa v royal dutch petroleum co., 226 F.3d 88 (2d cir 2000)  195

Table of Treaties, Legislation, and Other Relevant Instruments

african charter on human and peoples’

rights 154, 197, 288, 323,

346, 357, 451, 469 art 24 233, 288

agreement on trade-related aspects

of intellectual property rights (tripS) 245, 247, 280, 281, 284 art 27  243

(achr) 164, 171, 233, 308,

346, 357, 425 art 21  288

art 26  425

art. 4  464

amman declaration and programme of

action 2012  492 arab charter on human rights  456

bangalore declaration and plan of

action 1995  172 charter of the united nations 165, 176, 180

art 56  173

art 103  260

convention against torture  460

convention on biological diversity 274, 291

convention on the rights of persons with

disabilities 118, 119, 156, 171, 493 art 4.  164, 166, 168 (2)

art 32 164, 180

convention on the Elimination of all

Forms of discrimination against women (cEdaw) 29, 33, 135,

136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143,

144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150–5, 159, 356, 295, 459 art 4 17, 156

programme of action 1995  175 declaration on the right to

development  165 art 3.3  92 declaration on Fundamental principles and rights at work  55 declaration of the world Food Summit

1996 173, 176 Edinburgh declaration 2010 479, 480, 492 European convention on human

rights 10, 30, 47, 105, 147,

264, 265, 267, 465, 489 art. 8  288 art 10  205 art 11  223 art 14  386 European Social charter 10, 12, 29, 436 art 30 (1)  308 havana charter of the international

trade organization  277 international convention on the

Elimination of all Forms of racial discrimination

art 14  118 international covenant on civil and

political rights (iccpr) 7, 8, 11,

12, 13, 111, 18, 28,

29, 32, 137, 180, 243,

301, 308, 321, 436,

450, 459, 473, 489 art 2 (1) (3) 18, 97 art 6 (1)  244 art 14 97, 346 art 17  361 art 19  197 art 21 (2), 8 (3)  247 art. 25  97 art 26 16, 118 art 27  230

international covenant on Economic,

Social and cultural rights

(icEScr) 4–48, 53, 62–3,

68, 81, 82, 87–296, 311–37, 348–511 art. 2  93

Fundamental principles and

rights at work (ilo) 55, 247,

277, 281, 282, 283 rio declaration on Environment and

development .287, 288

paris declaration on aid Effectiveness  181

Stockholm declaration 1972 290, 332

united nations declaration on the

rights of indigenous peoples  232

united nations convention on the law

of the Sea (uncloS)  274

universal declaration of human rights

constitution of the Swiss confederation

List of Abbreviations

acp african, caribbean, and pacific

achr american convention on human rights

afchpr african commission on human and peoples’ rights

anSa armed non-state actors

aps additional protocols

atS alien tort Statute

bits bilateral investment treaties

caFta central american Free trade agreement

cEdaw convention on the Elimination of all Forms of discrimination against

womencEScr committee on Economic, Social and cultural rights

chraJ commission on human rights and the administration of Justice

chrp commission on human rights of the philippines

chrt canadian human rights tribunal

cp civil and political

crpd convention on the rights of persons with disabilities

crc convention on the rights of the child

dimE dense inert metal Explosive

dSu dispute Settlement understanding

Eaa Ecumenical advocacy alliance

Echr European convention on human rights

Ecthr European court of human rights

EcoSoc Economic and Social council

Eia Environmental impact assessment

Epa Economic partnership agreement

Errc European roma rights centre

ESc Economic, social, and cultural

Eto Extra-territorial obligations

Eu European union

Fao Food and agriculture organization

Fdi Foreign direct investment

FEt Fair and equitable treatment

Fio Federation of ibero-american ombudspersons

Fta Free trade agreements

ga united nations general assembly

gatS general agreement on trade in Services

gatt general agreement on tariffs and trade

gciV Fourth geneva convention of 12 august 1949 relative to the protection of

civilian persons in time of wargdp gross domestic product

gFc global Financial crisis

herwai health rights of women assessment instrument

hra human rights act

hrc human rights council

hria human rights impact assessment

iacthr inter-american court on human rights

ibSa indicator-benchmarking-Scoping-assessment

icc international criminal court

icctee international coordinating committee

iccpr international covenant on civil and political rights

icEScr international covenant on Economic, Social and cultural rightsichrp international council on human rights policy

icJ international court of Justice

icrc international committee of the red cross

icSid international centre on the Settlement of investment disputesictr international criminal court for rwanda

icty international criminal court for the Former yugoslavia

ida international disability allowance

iEl international economic law

iFad international Fund for agricultural development

ihl international humanitarian law

ilc international law commission

ilo international labour organization

imF international monetary Fund

ipr intellectual property rights

ngo non-governmental organizations

nhris national human rights institutions

nihE northern ireland housing Executive

niEo new international Economic order

nZhrc new Zealand human rights commission

oEcd organisation for Economic cooperation and developmentoda official development assistance

ohchr office of the un high commissioner for human rights

op optional protocol

opt occupied palestinian territories

ppaca patient protection and affordable care act

ppp public-private partnership

pSac public Service alliance of canada

Qalys Quality-adjusted life-years

Qub Queen’s university belfast

rai responsible agricultural investment

rbS royal bank of Scotland

Sahrc South african human rights commission

Sdgs Sustainable development goals

SEm Submissions on Enforcement matters

Stis Sexually transmitted infections

Swaps Sector-wide approaches to development

tbt technical barriers to trade

trimS trade-related investment measures

tripS trade-related aspects of intellectual property

udhr universal declaration of human rights

un united nations

uncloS united nations convention on the law of the Sea

unEcE united nations Economic commission for Europe

unicEF united nations children’s Fund (formerly united nations international

children’s Emergency Fund)

unmiK united nations interim administration mission in Kosovo

Vclt Vienna convention on the law of treaties

Vgt Verein gegen tierfabriken

who world health organization

wto world trade organization

List of Contributors

editor s

eibe riedel is Emeritus professor of german and comparative public law, European

and international law at the university of mannheim/germany, and a former member

of the un committee on Economic, Social and cultural rights, geneva he is a judge at the hague permanent court of arbitration, chairs the board of trustees of the german institute of human rights, berlin, and is a director of the institute of medical law, bioethics and public health of the universities of mannheim and heidelberg, as well as

a director and founder of the mannheim institute of transport law, inland navigation law prof riedel was Swiss chair of human rights and is presently a visiting professor at the geneva academy of international humanitarian law and human rights he also is honorary adjunct professor at the university of adelaide he has written widely on human

rights, most recently on the optional protocol to the icEScr in Essays in Honour of Judge

Bruno Simma (oup 2011); on ‘global human rights at the crossroads: ‘Strengthening’

or ‘reforming’ the System’, in Festschrift Eckart Klein, (berlin 2013); and on ‘ESc-rights

in armed conflict’ in andrew clapham (ed.), Oxford Handbook on International Law,

oup 2014)

dr gilles giacca is a research Fellow at the law Faculty of oxford university, co-ordinator

of the oxford martin School of human rights for Future generations programme and research associate, oxford institute for Ethics, law and armed conflict gilles has advised states, international organizations, and ngos on matters of international law, including the Swiss FdFa on humanitarian access his main research interests lie in the field of public international law, collective security, international humanitarian law, human rights law, and refugee law as well as weapons law he has contributed to a number

of legal commentaries, including the UN Charter Commentary (oup 2012) as well as the forthcoming Geneva Conventions Commentary (oup 2014)  and the Commentary

on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (oup 2014) he is currently

co-authoring A Commentary on the UN Arms Trade Treaty that will be published by oup

in 2015 and publishing a book entitled Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Armed

Conflict (oup 2014),

dr christophe golay is research Fellow and coordinator of the project on Economic,

Social and cultural rights at the geneva academy of international humanitarian law and human rights he is lecturer at the geneva centre for Education and research in humanitarian action in 2013, he was Visiting Fellow at the mcgill university centre for human rights and legal pluralism From 2001 to 2008, he was the legal advisor

to the first un Special rapporteur on the right to Food his most recent publications

include The Fight for the Right to Food Lessons Learned, with Jean Ziegler, claire mahon, and Sally‐anne way (palgrave macmillan 2011), and Droit à l’alimentation et accès à la

justice (bruylant 2011).

contr ibu tor s

christine chinkin is professor of international law at the london School of Economics,

a barrister, and a member of matrix chambers. 

stéphanie chuffart is Visiting Fellow at the columbia university School of law (centre

for climate change law) and phd candidate at graduate institute of international and development Studies, geneva. 

dr ioana cismas is law clinic coordinator, geneva academy of international humanitarian

law and human rights and consultant, office of the high commissioner for human rights, working on the mandate of the un Special rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation, and guarantees of non-recurrence. 

larissa van den Herik is professor of public international law and programme director

of the grotius centre for international legal Studies at leiden university

Allison corkery is researcher at center for Economic and Social rights, new york. 

olivier de schutter is professor at the university of louvain (belgium) and at the college

of Europe Since 2008 he has been the united nations Special rapporteur on the right

to food. 

dr mary dowell-Jones is a research Fellow in international financial law at the university

of new South wales, and a fellow of the human rights law centre at the university of nottingham

Hans morten Haugen is associate professor, diakonhjemmet university college, oslo.

Priv doz dr Holger P Hestermeyer is a référendaire at the court of Justice of the

European union. 

frank Haldemann is a Swiss national Science Foundation professor at the law Faculty

of the university of geneva and teaches transitional Justice at the geneva academy for international humanitarian law and human rights

dr takhmina Karimova is research Fellow and coordinator of the project on Economic,

Social and cultural rights at the geneva academy of international humanitarian law and human rights. 

rachelle Kouassi is a phd candidate at the law Faculty of the university of geneva

She currently works as a research and teaching assistant at the geneva academy of international humanitarian law and human rights. 

dr malcolm langford is a research Fellow at the norwegian centre for human rights

(nchr), Faculty of law, university of oslo

nicholas lusiani is Senior researcher at the center for Economic and Social rights, new york

Aoife nolan is professor of international human rights law, School of law, nottingham

university

ignacio saiz is Executive director of the center for Economic and Social rights, new york

sandra ratjen is Senior legal adviser and head of programme, Economic, Social and

cultural rights at the international commission of Jurists. 

manav satija is currently employed as a solicitor and barrister for an indigenous legal

aid organisation in central australia

Jorge e viñuales is the harold Samuel professor of law and Environmental policy at the

university of cambridge

dr simon walker works in the human rights treaty division at the un office of

the high commissioner for human rights (ohchr) as section chief dealing with the committee on Economic, Social and cultural rights, the human rights committee, and three other committees.  

sally-Anne way is human rights officer at the un office of the high commissioner

for human rights (ohchr)

duncan wilson is head of Strategy and legal, Scottish human rights commission,

Edinburgh

I IntroductIon

1 These include P.  Alston and K.  tomasevski (eds.), The Right to Food (The Hague:  Martinus nijhoff Publishers, 1984); A. Eide, Food as a Human Right (tokyo: The united nations university, 1984); K.  tomasevski (ed.), The Right to Food:  Guide through Applicable International Law

(dordrecht: Martinus nijhoff, 1987); A. Eide, W. Barth Eide, S. Goonatilake, and J. Gussow, omale

(eds.), Food as a Human Right, 2nd printing (Singapore:  united nations university, 1988)  (1st printing 1984); r. Beddard, and d.M Hill (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Progress and

Achievement (new  York:  St.Martin’s Press, 1992); M.c.r craven, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on its Development (oxford: clarendon Press, 1995);

P. Hunt, Reclaiming Social Rights: International and Comparative Perspectives (dartmouth: Ashgate, 1996); K. Arambulo, Strengthening the Supervision of the International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights: Theoretical and Procedural Aspects (Antwerp: Intersentia, 1999); I. Merali, and

V. oosterveld (eds.), Giving Meaning to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Philadelphia: university

of Pennsylvania Press, 2001); A. Eide, c. Krause, and A. rosas (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights: A Textbook, 2nd rev edn (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001); A. chapman and

S.  russell (eds.), Core Obligations:  Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2002); B.K Goldewijk, A.c Baspineiro, and P.c carbonari (eds.), Dignity

and Human Rights:  The Implementation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Antwerp, oxford,

new  York:  Intersentia, 2002); M.  Sepúlveda carmona, The Nature of the Obligations under the

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, School of Human rights research

Series, Vol 18 (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2003); Y. Ghai and J. cottrell (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights in Practice (London: Interights, 2004); J. Squires, M. Langford, and B. Thiele, The Road To

A Remedy: Current Issues in the Litigation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Sydney: Australia Human

rights centre, 2005); P. Alston, Labour Rights as Human Rights (oxford: oxford university Press, 2005); r.E Howard-Hassmann and c.E Jr Welch (eds.), Economic Rights in Canada and the United States

At the united nations (un) and in regional and national human rights systems, new mechanisms have been established to monitor implementation of these rights

As judges and lawyers are being asked to address more legal claims related to these rights, and as non-governmental organizations (nGos) and un agencies expand their programmes in these areas, universities and professional trainers are respond-ing to the demand by introducing courses to train lawyers, development workers, policymakers, and diplomats in these areas

These activities have culminated in the adoption of the optional Protocol to the International covenant on Economic, Social and cultural rights (IcEScr or covenant) in december 2008 and its entry into force in May 2013 For the first time, individuals and groups can bring complaints about violations of ESc rights before the treaty monitoring body of the covenant, namely the un committee

on Economic, Social and cultural rights (cEScr) This significant development also forges an optimistic view about the future clarification and development of aspects of the ESc rights that hitherto were controversial

From the review of progress achieved, it follows that, on the one hand, the broad normative framework of ESc rights has attained a high degree of specificity in terms of content as well as efficacy of implementation mechanisms, most impor-tantly at the national level on the other hand, the project of ESc rights is saddled with serious, sometimes persistent and emerging challenges that first relate to its structural approach to human rights realization, hinged largely but not exclusively upon economic issues Legal theory, as is known, always faces constraints when it

is ‘entangled with the shifting and unruly facts of international politics, economics and social justice’.2

(Philadelphia: university of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); S. Leckie and A. Gallagher (eds.), Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights: A Legal Resource Guide (Philadelphia: university of Pennsylvania Press,

2006); M. Langford and A. nolan, Litigating Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Legal Practitioners

Dossier, 2nd edn (Geneva: coHrE, 2006); E. Palmer, Judicial Review, Socio-Economic Rights and the Human Rights Act (Portland: Hart Publishing, 2007); M.E Salomon, Global Responsibility for Human Rights: World Poverty and Development of International Law (oxford: oxford university Press, 2007);

d.  Bilchitz, Poverty and Fundamental Rights:  The Justification and Enforcement of Socio-Economic

Rights (oxford:  oxford university Press, 2007); d.  Barak-Erez and A.M Gross, Exploring Social Rights: Between Theory and Practice (oxford: Hart, 2007); M. Foster, International Refugee Law and Socio- Economic Rights (cambridge: cambridge university Press, 2007); S. Hertel and L. Minkler, Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues (cambridge: cambridge university Press,

2007); V. Gauri and d.M Brinks, Courting Social Justice: Judicial enforcement of Social and Economic

Rights in the Developing World (cambridge: cambridge university Press, 2008); M. Langford, Social Rights Jurisprudence: Emerging Trends in International and Comparative Law (cambridge: cambridge

university Press, 2008); c. Mbazira, Litigating Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa (Pretoria: Pretoria university Law Press, 2009); S. Liebenberg, Socio-Economic Rights: Adjudication Under a Transformative

Constitution (cape town: Juta Press, 2010); M. Langford, W. Vandenhole, M. Scheinin, and W. van

Genugten (eds.), Global Justice, State Duties: The Extraterritorial Scope of Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights in International Law (cambridge: cambridge university Press, 2013); M. Langford, A. Sumner,

and A. Ely Yamin (eds.), Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights: Past, Present, and Future (new York: cambridge university Press, 2013); A nolan (ed.), Economic and Social Rights after the

Global Financial Crisis (cambridge: cambridge university Press, forthcoming 2014).

2 o Schachter, ‘The Evolving International Law of development’, 15 Columbia Journal of

Transnational Law 1 (1976), 1–16, at 1.

Second, armed conflict, environment, gender issues, social development, and security are among a range of other dimensions that clearly have to be factored into an assessment of the realization of ESc rights, but their relationship with those rights is not yet precisely articulated debates on these topics have occurred

in a fragmented manner within respective disciplinary fields with little attempt being made to bridge them with ESc rights and particularly how these diverse contexts affect implementation of these rights In recognition of these challenges,

it is important to continue to be innovative in our thinking about ESc rights and their operationalization in practice International law provides a rich framework through which human dignity can be upheld based on improvements in education, health, and standards of living

But prior to more in-depth discussion of these topics, this introductory chapter will chart the development of ESc rights in international law This will provide the appropriate backdrop for the issues engaged in this work It begins with the his-torical setting in which the protection of ESc rights developed since the adoption

of the universal declaration of Human rights (udHr) in 1948 The focus is on the work of its main driver, the cEScr The aim is to define ESc rights and the nature of states’ obligations under the IcEScr, before analysing the future role of the optional Protocol to the IcEScr The concluding part of this introductory chapter provides an outline of the present volume, structured around the main issues and challenges confronting ESc rights today

2 Historical Setting

In 1945, shattered by the cruelties, brutality, and inhumanity of two World Wars, and feeling the repercussions of devastating economic and social crises like the Great depression of the 1930s, world leaders united in the newly created united nations and decided to lay the foundation for the universal protection of a set of rights fundamental to the life of every individual.3 It was, however, not possible

at that time to reach agreement on the details of that un purpose.4 Instead, only

3 A clapham, Brierly’s Law of Nations, 7th edn (oxford: oxford university Press, 2012), 235–242;

P. Alston and r. Goodman, International Human Rights (oxford: oxford university Press, 2013),

3 and 58; E. riedel and J. Arend, ‘Art 55(c)’, in B. Simma, d.E Khan, G. nolte, and A. Paulus

(eds.), The Charter of the United Nations, A Commentary, Vol II, 3rd edn (oxford: oxford university Press, 2012), 1565–1602; c.  tomuschat, Human Rights Between Idealism and Realism, 2nd edn (oxford: oxford university Press, 2008), 7; W. Kälin and J. Künzli, The Law of International Human

Rights Protection (oxford: oxford university Press, 2009), 3–26; E. Bates, ‘History’, in d. Moeckli,

S. Shah, and S. Sivakumaran (eds.), International Human Rights Law (oxford: oxford university Press, 2010), 17–37; M.A Baderin and M. Ssenyonjo, International Human Rights Law: Six Decades

after the UDHR and Beyond (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 3–27; H. Hannum, ‘united nations and

Human rights Law’, in c.  Krause and M.  Scheinin (eds.), International Protection of Human

Rights:  A  Textbook, 2nd edn (turku:  Abo Akademi university, 2012), 61–78; o.  de Schutter, International Human Rights Law: Cases, Materials, Commentary (cambridge: cambridge university

Press, 2010), 48–58.

4 See r.B russell and J.E Muther, A History of the United Nations Charter (Washington: The

Brookings Institution, 1958), 303.