English grammar

- Một số động từ không dùng ở các thì tiếp diễn: want, need, belong, suppose, consist, contain, know, like, mean, realise, remember, prefer, mind, depend, hate, seem, believe, think = be

ENGLISH TENSES1/ Present continuous:

* Form: S + be + V-ing

* Use:

- Nói một sự việc đang xảy ra ngay tại thời điểm nói

Eg: Don't go out It is raining

- Nói ai đang ở giữa quá trình làm một việc gì nhng không nhất thiết phải đang làm ngay lúc nói.Eg: I'm reading an interesting story book

- Nói lên sự thay đổi của những tình huống ở hiện tại

Eg: The population of the world is rising quickly

- Dùng với trạng từ always để nói một sự việc xảy ra quá thờng xuyên, thờng xuyên hơn ngời nói nghĩ

là hợp lý

You are always losing things Can't you be more careful?

- Nói về sự sắp xếp cho tơng lai ( những sự việc ta sẽ làm trong tơng lai nhng tại thời điểm nói thì đã quyết định và đã sắp xếp làm)

They are getting married at the end of this year

Chú ý: Thì này dùng cho những tình huống tạm thời, do vậy thờng có các trạng từ thời gian sau đi kèm: Now, at the moment, at present/ for the time being, tonight, today, this week, this month

- Một số động từ không dùng ở các thì tiếp diễn: want, need, belong, suppose, consist, contain,

know, like, mean, realise, remember, prefer, mind, depend, hate, seem, believe, think( = believe), have (means "possess" )

-Nói lên những thói quen trong sinh hoạt hàng ngày, những sự việc lặp đi lặp lại từ xa đến nay

My mother usually stays up late and gets up early

- Nói lên khả năng, năng lực của ai đó ở hiện tại He speaks English fluently

- Nói lên quy luật tất yếu của tự nhiên, những sự việc có tính chân lí

The earth goes round the sun

- Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại

If you work hard, you will pass the exam

- Dùng trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ thời gian ( when/ by the time, as soon as, until/till, after, before, while ) trong câu nói về tơng lai

When I get home, I will phone you

- Nói về những chơng trình thể thao, phim ảnh hoặc đôi khi là những kế hoạch cá nhân sẽ đợc thực hiên trong tơng lai nhng đã đợc sắp theo thời khoá biểu

The train to Ha Noi leaves Thai Nguyen station at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning

Chú ý: Thì này dùng cho những tình huống bền vững

3/ Simple past:

*Form: S + V-ed/ Irregular verbs

Regular verbs: V-ed

-Những động từ tận cùng bằng e chỉ thêm "d" Live -> lived

-Những động từ tận cùng bằng y,trớc y là một phụ âm thì ta đổi y thành i rồi thêm "ed": study -> studied

-Những động từ tận cùng bằng y,trớc y là một nguyên âm thì ta không đổi y , mà chỉ thêm "ed": play -> played

- Nhngc động từ đơn âm tiết tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm + một phụ âm, ta nhân đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm " ed": stopped

* Use:

- Nói một hành động đã xảy ra và hoàn tất trong quá khứ, kết quả không còn lu đến hiện tại

In my childhood, I lived in a small village

- Nói một chuôĩ những hành động diễn ra liên tiếp trong quá khứ

This morning, I got up at 5 o'clock I did morning exercise for 15 minutes I cleaned my teeth and washed my face I had breakfast and then went to school

- Nói lên những sự kiện mang tính lịch sử

President Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence at Badinh Square on Sep 2nd 1945

- Nói một hành động xen giữa một hành động khác trong quá khứ

They were playing football when it rained

Chú ý: Nó thờng có các trạng từ thời gian đã hoàn tất trong quá khứ đi kèm: yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last time

4/ Past continuous:

* Form: S+ was/ were + V-ing

* Use:

- Nói một hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm tạm thời trong quá khứ

We were sleeping at 12 o'clock last night

- Nói hai hành động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ

I was reading a book while he was listening to the radio

- Kết hợp với thì QKĐ nói một hành động đang diễn ra thì một hành động khác xen vào

We were watching TV when the light went out

5/ Present perfect:

* Form: S + have/ has + Past Participle

* Use:

- Nói một hành động đã xảy ra và hoàn tất trong quá khứ nhng không đề cập dến thời gian cụ thể

I have done my home work I have seen that film

- Nói một hành động bắt đầu xảy ra trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hiện tại, vừa mới hoàn tất hoặc vẫn còn tiếp diễn ( cách dùng này thờng dùng cho những động từ không chia ở các thì tiếp diễn)

I have been a teacher for 10 years This car has belonged to my family for 5 years

- Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại

If you haven’t eaten anything, I will cook something for you If it has stopped raining, we will go out for a walk

- Dùng trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ thời gian ( When/ by the time, after, till/ until/ as soon as) trong câu nói về tơng lai khi nhấn mạnh một hành động hoàn tất trớc khi một hành động khác xảy ra

When I have taken the exam, I will go on holiday

You won’t have any more cakes until you have eaten your cooked rice

This is the first/ second Third… Time I have travelled by plane.

Chú ý:

I haven’t seen him for 5 years  It is 5 years since I (last) saw him  The last time I saw him was 5 years ago  I last saw him 5 years ago

So sánh BEEN TO & GONE TO

BEEN TO diễn đạt ý ai đó đã đi đến một nơi nào đó và đã trở về:

My father has been to many countries in the world

I have never been to England

GONE TO diễn đạt ý ai đó đã điđến một nơi nào đó nhng cha trở về:

He isn’t here He has gone to the bank

Lan has gone to HoChi Minh city and won’t come back till next month

6/ Present perfect continuous:

* Form: S + have/ has + been + Ving

* Use:

- Nói một hành động bắt đầu xảy ra từ trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hiện tại và vẫn còn tiếp diễn đến tơng lai

It is raining It has been raining since I got up

- Nói một hành động vừa mới kết thúc ở hiện tại ( ngời nói thờng có dấu hiệu để khẳng định điều mình nói)

Her eyes are red She has been crying

- Nói một thói quen, một hành động lặp đi lặp lại suốt một khoảng thời gian từ quá khứ đến hiện tại

He has been playing the piano since she was five

7/Past perfect :

* Form: S + had + Past participle

* Use:

-Nói một hành động hoàn tất trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ

When I arrived at the station, the train had left for five minutes

When he returned from the Front, the girl in his neighbourhood had got married

I didn’t know who he was because I hadn’t met him before

That was the most interesting film I had ever seen

8/ Past perfect continuous:

* Form: S + had been + V-ing

* Use:

- Nói một hành động xảy ra trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hành động

đó và vẫn còn tiếp diễn

When I got up it was raining It had been raining for a few hours

They had been playing football for 20 minutes when it rained

- Nói một hành động vừa mới kết thúc trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ ( ngời nói thờng có dấu hiệu để khẳng định điều mình nói)

Her eyes were red She had been crying

When I got up, the sun was shining but the ground was wet It had been raining

- Nói một thói quen, một hành động lặp đi lặp lại suốt một khoảng thời gian nhng kết thúc trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ

My father retired last year He had been working as a driver for 25 years

Chú ý: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn chính là quá khứ tơng đơng của thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn

9/ Near Future:

Form: S + be going to + V

*Use:

- Nói lên một kế hoạch của ai đó trong tơng lai.( Tại thời điểm nói, ngời nói đã quyết định làm)

We are going to leave for Ho Chi Minh city in a few days

Where are you going to spend your hoplidays this summer?

- Dự đoán một hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai thông qua những tình huống ở hiện tại

Look at those black clouds It is going to rain

I feel dizzy I am going to be ill

Chú ý: Thì này thờng có các trạng từ thời gian trong tơng lai đi kèm: Tomorrow, next week, next year,

Oh, I've left the door open I'll go and shut it

- Nói một hành động tất yếu sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai

Autumn will come soon

-Nói một thói quen sắp đợc làm trong tơng lai

He will leave for work in five minutes ( he often goes to work at 7 and now it is 6.55)

- Dùng trong mệnh đề chính của câu ĐK có thật ở hiện tại

What will happen if gravity is zero?

- Dùng trong một số tình huống nh khi ta đồng ý, từ chối, hứa hoặc đề nghị đợc giúp đỡ ai làm gì.This exercise is difficult I'll help you with it

Thì tơng lai đơn thờng dùng sau các thành ngữ: I think/ I don’ t think/ I’m sure/ I expect/ I wonder/ probably…

- Dùng Shall we + Verb…? để gợi ý ai đó cùng làm gì với mình

Shall we go to the concert tonight?

- Dùng Shall I + Verb…? đ ể hỏi ý kiến ngời khác cho phép mình làm một việc gì

Shall I turn down the radio?

- Dùng Will you + Verb…? Để đề nghị ngời đối diện làm một viêc gì

Will you keep silent for a while?

Will you stop talking?

11/ Future continuous:

Form: S + will be + V- ing

*Use:

- Nói một hành động sẽ đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong tơng lai

This time next year, I will be studying at a university in Ha Noi

We won’t be studying English this time tomorrow

What will you be doing at 8 o’clock tonight?

- ở thể nghi vấn nó có thể đợc dùng để hỏi về kế hoạch của ai đó trong tơng lai

Will you be passing the post office on your way home ?

Will you be using your car tonight?

No, you can have it

12/ Future perfect:

Form: S + will have + Past Participle

*Use:

- Nói một hành động sẽ hoàn tất trớc một thời điểm trong tơng lai Thời điểm này có thể quy định băng một mốc thời gian cụ thể hoặc bằng một hành động khác.

By the time we meet again in 10 years' time, I'm sure you will have changed a lot

Don’t phone me at 4 am tomorrow I won’t have got up by then

How much money will you have saved by the end of this year

13/ Future perfect continuous:

Form: S + will have been + V- ing

*Use:

- Nói một hành động sẽ xảy ra trớc một hành động khác trong tơng lai, liên tục kéo dài đến hành

động đó và vẫn còn tiếp diễn

By the end of this year, I will have been living in this city for 10 years

When the clock strikes at 9 o’clock, we will have been studying English for two hours

How long will you have been teaching by the end of this year?

/ Use the correct tense and form of the verbs in brackets.

1/ Now I remember your (ask) me to bring sandwiches to the picnic Your complaints about my (forget) things seem justified I'm sorry Asking - forgetting

2/ (Attend) the dance proved to be an (embarrass) experience for me, especially since I don't know how to dance I felt like a fish out of water I wanted (hide) some place or (get) out of there, but my friend wouldn't let me (leave) Attending – embarrassing- to hide- to get - leave

3/ After I decided (have) a garage (build) next to the house, I hired a carpenter (do) the work

to have - built

4/ A: Alex, you (know) where Ms Rodriguez is? I (look) for her for the past hours Do you know

I have been looking

B: She (see) Mr Frost at the moment about the shipment of parts which we (receive) earlier today Some of the parts are missing i have just seen – will receive

A: Oh, oh That (sound) like trouble Please tell Ms Rodriguez to phone me when she (have) some free time I (work) in my office all afternoon Sounds – has- will be working

5/ Ali and Mustafa (complain) to the landlord many times since they (move) into their present apartment, but to date nothing (do) about the leak in the roof and the broken window in the bedroom Have complaint – moved- doing -

6/ Peter: You (telephone) for ages You nearly (not finish)

Have telephoned – have not nearly finished

Jack: I (not get through) yet I (try) to get to our Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning I have not been got through – have been trying – has been

7/ When I (buy) my new house, I (ask) for a telephone The post office (tell) me to wait, but I (wait) for a year now and my phone still (not come)

8/ He told me (try) (come) early

9/ Before he let us (go), he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen

10/ I suggest (hold) another meeting next week

11/ If you put your money into that business, you risk (lose) every penny

12/ I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble)

13/ It's time we (do) something to stop road accident

14/ We must take an umbrella It (rain)

15/ Where do you think Tuan is today!- I have no idea, he (sleep) late

16/ He suggested that a petition (be) drawn up

17/ Fred was pleased (admit) to the college

18/ Mr Smith never (walk) up in time in the morning and always (get) into trouble for being late, so one day he (go) to town and (buy) and alarm clock

19/ I'd rather you (pay) me cash weekly

20/ It's almost impossible to prevent boys (play) soldier

21/ Come in now! I'm sorry to keep you (wait)

22/ (turn) round several times, I never (see) anybody

23/ I think that people (become) tired of the poor quality of television.Programmes,though they (improve)lately

24/ I (consider) buying a house but I now (change) my mind

25/ They admitted to (be) members of the gang

26/ We regret (inform) you that your application (turn) down

27/ It is essential that he (arrive) before six

28/ I'd rather (live) in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome

29/ It's bound ( rain) tomorrow

=> to rain

II/ Choose the word or phrase (A,B,C or D) which best completes each sentence

1/ Her parents were very because she was out so late that night

A responsible B sorry C worried D overcome

2/ After alot of difficulty, he to open the door

A managed B succeeded C obtained D realised

3/ I have been looking for this book for months, and I have found it

A at last B in time C at the end D at present

4/ My employer's of my work does not matter to me at all

A meaning B belief C opinion D expression

5/ The purpose of the examination was to the student's knowledge of the subject

A try B inspect C prove D test

6/ I'll have to to you, otherwise he will hear

A shout B say C whistle D whisper

7/ As soon as the firebell rang everyone walked quickly downstairs and out of the building, gathered in the car park

A while B then C before D to

8/ There's to be frightened of the dog; he's quite harmless

A a fear B no fear C no need D any reason

9/After closing the envelope, the secretary the stamps on firmly

A licked B sucked C stuck D stuck

10/ The teacher them the answer to the question

A explained B told C said D discussed

11/ The station clock is not as as it should be; it is usually between one and two minutes fast

A strict B certain C true D accurate

12/ We flew to the island, than a car for three days and visited most places of interest

A lent B bought C hired D charged

13/ One of their new house is that it has no garden

A pity B dislike C complaint D disadvantage

14/ When he spoke over the telephone, his voice was so that I could hardly hear him

A faint B dim C dull D unnoticeable

15/ They tell me he is a lot of money in his new job

A having B earning C gaining D profiting

16/ She heated the chocolate until it , then poured it over the cake

A formed B melt C changed D flooded

17/ He drives so quickly that I am afraid that one day he will someone crossing the street

A crash down B knock down C turn over D run across

18/ Hello Is that 820489 ? Please put me to the manager

A across B up C over D through

19/ Although he was completely as a furniture-maker, he produced the most beautiful chairs

A untrained B unable C incapable D uneducated

20/ I have never any experience of living in the country

A had B wished C done D made

21/ Because it rained very heavily all day they had to the garden party until the following Saturday

A pre-arrange B postpone C re-arrange D preserve

22/ The child was told to for being rude to his uncle

A excuse B apologise C forgive D confess

23/ She walked to the of the swimming pool and jumped in

A start B size C extent D border

24/ When we visited the zoo on Sunday afternoon it was very crowded but on a weekday it's practically

A full B clear C empty D uncrowded

25/ You may not have to stay the night but take a toothbrush just in

A case B time C order D preparation

III/

1/ The translation and interpretation of works and speechs from one language to (1) takes great skill

It (2) takes great dedication and many years of (3) for a person to be comfortable with translating and interpreting Knowing two languages to perfection (4) important I plan to attend a special school records last week, but through special permission I received an extension (7) five days The first course I (8) to take is a brief introduction to the art of translation The teacher will give us a clear explaination of (9) translation and interpretation are Their definitions are basically the same except that interpretation is (10) while translation is written At the end of the year, we will receive an invitation to the United Nations It will be most intersting to watch the interpreter's participation in this session

2/ Two days ago I took my final exam, and (1 it ) was pretty difficult The (2paper) are being marked now My teacher (3 told ) me that I would probably (4 pass ) I hope so If I (5 pass) I'll get a certificate (6 it ) will be very useful I (7 will) be able to get (8) job

3/ Everyday thousands of people jog why has jogging- running slowly for long distances- become popular? Donald Robbins, who is forty-two years old (1 and ) works in an office, began jogging (2 a ) few years ago because he felt (3 he ) was too fast At first he (4 could ) only run about 100 yards, and (5 it ) took him almost three months to (6 be ) able to run a full mile (7but ) two years later, he ran in (8 a ) Eastern marathon race-over twenty-six miles (9should ) you jog, too? If you decide (10) be sure

to ask your doctor (11 for ) advice

Does jogging cost much? No, (12 it ) costs almost nothing But most agree (13 that ) good running shoes are very important (14 they ) protect your feet and legs from (15 the ) shock of running on halhard surfaces (16 if ) you start jogging it could make your heart (17 stronger) and also help you to feel better about yourself

4/ Man probably could not live without the help of animals The (1 role ) of animals in the balance of nature ranks as their most important service to (2 man )

Animals also serve man by (3 supplying ) him with many foods and other useful products Without animals, man (4would ) have no meat, milk, eggs, or honey; or wool, fur, or silk

For thousands of years, man has caused changes in the (5 animal ) kingdom He has tamed many kinds of animals and used (6 them ) for food and clothing He has killed or driven away animals once attacked him or interfered with his use of land Today, he tries to (8 protect ) many kinds of animals that are in danger of dying

Like man, most plants depend (10 on ) animals for many of their basic needs Without animals , many (11 plant) could not easily reproduce For example, many plants with flowers depend on bees and (12 other ) insects to carry their pollen from plant to plant Many oak trees gorw from acorns that the squirrels bury and then forget, or (13 from ) acorns that deer step on and push deep into the soil Birds often fly from one place to another with seeds slinging to (14 their ) feet The (15 seeds ) may sprout a great distance from the parents plants

5/ Our demand for water is constantly increasing Every (1year) there are more and more people in the world Factories turn out more and more (2 people) and need more and more water We live in a

world af water But (3 almost) all of it about 97 percent-is in the oceans This water is too (4 salty) to

be used for drinking, farming, and manufacturing Only about 3 percent of the world's (5 water) is fresh Most of this water is not easily (6 availble ) to man because it is locked in glaciers and iceaps There is as much water on earth today (7 as) there ever was or will ever be Most of the water we (8use ) finds its way to the ocean There, it is (9 evaporated ) by the sun It then falls back to the earth (10 as ) rain Water is used and (11 reused ) over and over again It is never used up

(12although ) the world as a hold has plenty of fresh water, some regions have a water shortage Rain does not fall (13 evenly ) over the earth Some regions are always too dry, and (14 others) too wet A region that usually gets enough rain may suddenly have a serious dry spell and (15 another ) region may be flooded with too much rain

6/ A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany In his (1 dream ) he was walking in (2 the ) forest when two men ran out (3 and ) tried to throw him (4 to ) the ground He ran off as fast

as he (5 could ) but they followed He reached a place (6 where) he saw two separate roads in front (7

of ) him, one to the right and one to the left (8 which ) road ought he to take?

He heard (9 of ) two men behind him, getting nearer, and (10 at ) the same time he heard a voice in his ear It told him to go the right

He described the cause of his (8 illness) and explained all the things that must have been done to make him better.He knew the name of all the medicines he must take Everyone was surprised, of course How did a farmer's son know all this?

8/ In addition to reducing pollution, public transport (1 saves ) valuable city space Buses and trains carry more people in each (2 vehicle ) and, if they operate on their own rights of way, they can safely run (3 at ) much higher speeds In other (4 words ) , they not only take (5 less ) space but also occupy

it for a (6 shorter ) time

Public transport also plays an important role in (7 urban ) areas of the Third World In many cities

in Asia and Africa, buses make 50 to 80 percent (8 of ) all motorised trips Buses are sometimes hopelessly overcrowded It is not uncommon to see several riders clinging the outside Yet most Third World cities have (9 lower ) public transport use per person than (10 that ) in Western Europe

9/ My home is in the air I do an enormous amount of travelling It is a fast life and (1full ) of work, but I like it and that is the only way (2 for )me.Everything is tiring-music,travelling-but what can I do?I am not (3 taken) to complaining.It is hard to imagine now(4 that ) I will ever very long in one place.My home town is on the Caspian Sea.There is sea, wind, sun and (5much ) many tourists and hotels I have my own flat with four or five rooms, but I am seldom there.It I am there for a day or two.I prefer to (6 stay) with my mother or grandmother They live in a small house, (7 but) it is very comfortable and my mother cooks for me I like good simple food I have no wife, no brothers or sister and my father (8 died) when I was seven He was an engineer and I don't (9 remember ) him very well He like music very much and wanted me to (10 become ) a

musician

10/ Books are witten to provide knowledge and good books enrich the mind By putting (1 ourself) under the influence of superior mind, we (2) of superior mind, we (2 improve ) our metal powers Through good (3 books ) we learn that people are everywhere the (4 same ), in all ages, and in all (5

country ) This knowlegde improves our love (6 to ) others and helps us to live in peace with them

We also (7 recognize) that the world was made not only for man (8 alone ) but for every creature that can feel hunger and thirst, warmth and cold

Though may be possible for us to travel (9 around ) the world and see the things that happened in the past But good books (10 alow ) us to see not only into the most remost regions of the world today, but also into thr world in which our ancestors lived

SOME IMPORTANT STRUCTURES WHICH MUST BE LEARNT BY HEART BY ENGLISH LEARNERS

FORCUS ON I THE FIRST AND THE LAST

1/ I +haven't done sth +before

= Have never done sth +before

= This/it is the first time +S +have done sth

= Never have S done sth before

= S is/are/am V-ing for the first time

2/ S +have not +done sth +for + time

=It is+time +since +S+(last) did sth

FOCUS ON II IT +BE +TIME +SINCE

3/S +have done for time = It is time since S +V-ed

4/S+ had done for time =It is time since S +V-ed

5/S +V-ed+ago =It is time since S +V-ed

FOCUS ON III PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS &SIMPLE PAST

6/ S + have been +V-ing for time = S + began to V time ago

started V-ing time ago7/ How long+ have not +S+ done sth? = When did S+ V?

How longis it since S + V-ed?

8/ S haven't been to +a place = It+ be +one's first visit to a place

FOCUS ON IV IT +BE + THE MOST

9/ S+have never V(p.p)+such +adj +noun =This is +superlative adj =noun + S +have never V(p.p)

10/ S + have never V(p.p) comparative adj +noun =S +be +supelative adj +noun +S =have ever V(p.p)

FOCUS ON V S+ BE+ SUPERLATIVE + & NO OTHER +NOUN

11/ S +be superlative adj +noun = No other +noun +be +as adj as +S

FOCUS ON VI COMPARISIONS

12/ Comparision of superiority = Comparision of inequality

13/ Superiority =No noun be compacative

14/ S1 +be +less +adj +than S2 =S2 +be +not +as +adj +as S1

15/ S + adv +V = S +V +adverbin comparative form

16/ S +V =measurement = S +V +as as +measurement

ex: The flagpole is four meters in high = The flagplole is as high as four meters

17/ S +V +number =S +V +as as number

ex: I weigh 70 kilogrammes = I weigh as much as 70 kilogrammes

18/ S +be +noun/adj = S +be +as adj as +S

ex: It's bell clean = It's as clean as a bell

19/ S1 +S2 +be +adj = S1 +be +as adj as +S2

S1 +S2 +V +adv = S1 +V +as adv as +S2

20/ S + be +but +S +be = S +be +comparative adj than +S +to be

S +V + but +S +V =S +comparative adv than +S +V

FOCUS ON VII DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

21/ S2 +V2 +comparative adv/adj +S1 +V1

= T he +comparative adj/adv +S2 +V2,The comparative adj/adv +S2 +V222/ Sth =increases with sth = The more the more

23/ Sth +be +hopded to +soon =Short adj +er short adj+er

FOCUS ON VIII NOT UNTIL (TILL)

24/ S +V +time or time clause =S+V(negative) +until +time or time clause

=Not until +S +V +inversion of +V+V

= It is not (was not) until (till) time or time clause that +S +V +O

FOCUS ON IX TOO +ADJ +TO INF&SO THAT; ENOUGH

25/ So +adj/adv +that +clause

26/ Too +adj/adv +(for sb )+ to do sth

27/ Not adj/adv (opposite meaning ) +enogh(for sb)+ to do sth

28/ So +adj + a +noun that clause

29/ Such +a(n) +adj noun +that +clause

FOCUS ON X ALTHOUGH /DESPITE

30/ Although

31/ Even though

33/ Much as

34/ In spite of the fact that

35/ Despite the fact that

36/ In spite of + V-ing +clause 2

Noun The fact that

37/ Despite + V-ing +clause2

Noun

The fact that

38/ However + adj +S +may be

adv +S +may be

Adv S +may V

40/ Clause1 +but(yet) +clause2

42/ No matter how +adj +S +may be

+adv +S+ may V

FOCUS ON XI NO MATTER HOW/WHAT /WHERE

42/ No matter how +adj/adv +S +V

43/ No matter what +S +V

44/ No matter where +S +V

FOCUS ON XII PROUD&PRIDE

45/ S +be proud of= S+ pride +oneself +on +V-ing

S+ take pride in

FOCUS ON XIII WRONG 7 CONTRARY TO

S+ think +but +S +be +wrong

=Contrary to +noun(phrase) +S +V

FOCUS ON XIV NOTHING BUT

46/ S + insist on +sth

 Nothing but sth +would satisfy sb

- S + don't like anything

FOCUS ON XV SOON& NOT LONG BEFORE

47/ S +V +soon = It + be +not + long before

FOCUS ON XVI STRUCTURE WITH CONJUNCTION ''ONCE''

48/ S+will +V +and then +S +will V = Once +S +have P2 S +will V

FOCUS ON XVII STRUVTURE WITH ''HARDY''AS ADVERB

49/ S +no +noun = S +hardly +V +any +noun

FOCUS ON XVIII SURPRISE &FANCY

50/ What a surprise to do sth + Fancy +doing sth

FOCUS ON XIX NO SOONER THAN &HARDLY WHEN

- Immediately after

- Just after = Hardly +had +S+P2 + when V-ed

- The moment = Scarcely +had +S +P2 +when V-ed

- As soon as (when) = No sooner +had +S +P2+ than V-ed

FOCUS ON XX STRUCTURE WITH "PREVEN'T"

51/ S + be +so +adj + that +S +V(negative)

52/ S + V + because of + noun or because + S +V + O

53/ S +V so that + S + V

54/ S +prevent s.o / sth +fromdoing sth

- S + stop s.o / sth + fromdoing sth

- S + ban s.o / sth + fromdoing sth

- S + bar s.o/ sth + fromdoing sth

- S + hinder s.o/ sth + fromdoing sth

- S + restrain s.o/sth + fromdoing sth

- S + make it impossible for s.o to do sth

- S + get in the wayof sth

FOCUS ON XX AS/ BECAUSE/ SINCE+ CLAUSE &BECAUSEOF/ DUETO+PHRASE

55/ S + V +as/ because/ since+ clause

56/ S + V + dueto + noun phrase

- On accounl of + noun phrase +S + V

- Thanks to + noun phrase + S + V

- Oning to + noun phrase + S + V

- As a consequence of + noun phrase +S + V

- in view of + noun phrase + S + V

- As a resufl of + noun phrase + S + V

- Ving + O , S + V + O

Note ON NO ACCOUNT – UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE(S) = IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCE(S) = NOT : NEVER

* TO TAKE STH IN TO ACCOUNT = TO TAKE STH INTO CONSIDERATION

* TO ACCOUNT FOR = TO EXPLAIN

FOCUS ON XXII LEAD TO & RESULT IN

57/ Lead to/result in To be brought about

To be caused by

To be due to

To be the resuft of

FOCUS ON XXIII WOULD RATHER & WOULD PREFER

58/ Would rather verb than verb (present)

- Would rather be V- ing than V- ing (present continous)

- Would rather have PII than have PII (simple past)

- Would rahter S did sth (present)

- Would rather S had PII (Simple past)

NOTE

* WOULD SOONER = WOULD RATHER

* RATHER THAN = SO AS NOT TO VERB

* SO AS TO = IN ORDER TO = TO VERB = WITH A VIEW TO VING(NOUN)

* WOULD RATHER NOT VERB = HAVE NO DESIRE TO VERB STH0

59/ S + prefer sth to sth

- S + prefer + Ving

- S + prefer + Ving + to + Ving (conditionV1# V2)

- S + prefer + ving + to + being P2(condition : V1= V2)

- S + prefer + to V rathe than + V

- S + prefer + to have P2( Simple past)

- S + prefersb + (not) to V

- S + think + S + be + preferrable to + Ving

60/ For preferrence, S + would +V

61/ Ono's preference wouldbe for (is for) + noun

62/ In preference to

NOTE

*S + like better than

*S + like + Ving better than + Ving

* S really want to V sth

* ( Please) do/ don't do smtS + wwould rather + someone + did / didn't do smt

S + would pre for + someone + to do/ not to do smt

* Feel like + Ving = to be in the mood ffor Ving(to V)= to be in the habit of Ving

FOCUS ON XXIV TO BE SORRY & APOLGIZE

63/ To be sorry that = to be atrai that = to reghet that

64/ To be sorry that S + Ved + O = To be sorry for Ving = To be sorry to have + P2

65/To be sorry to V  ( dien ta mot hanh dong o hien tai

* To be sory vlc To make an excuse = to excuse oneself = to make one's apology = to apologize (tto sb)

* To be sory ct S + said sadiy

FOCUS ON XXV CONNECTED STATEMENTS

AND CORRELATIVE CONJUNTIONS

69/ S1 + V1 + and +S2 + V2 s1 + v1 + and + S + be , too

do

does

did

and + so +be /do/dose/did + S2

70/ S1 + V1(neg) + and + S2 + V2(neg) S1 + V1(neg) S1 + V1(neg) + and +S2 + be + not, either do does did and + neither + be/ do/ does/ did/ + S2

71/ S1 + and + S2 + V (neg)Neither + S1 + nor + S2 + V

72/ S1 + S2 + and + S2 + V2 S + V + either or

73/ S + spend + time + doing smt

74/ S + spend + money + on + noun/ - Ving

75/ Doing smt + takes sinb + time

76/ It + takes + smb + time + to do smt

FOCUS ON XXVII PITY , SORRY & WISH

77/ It is a pity + someone + do / dont do smt (did/ didn'tdosmt)

78/ S is sorry

79/ Someone + wish + (that) S + didn't /did smt (had done smt)

FOCUS ON XXVIII REGRET& WISH, IF ONLY

80/ S + wish (if only) - S + Ved/were

- S + had + P2 S + regret(*) + Ving

- S + wouldV

81/ Have not regrets on / over/ about Ving

FOCUS ON XXI V OWN & BELONG TO

82/ Whose + be + noun?

83/ Who + do/ does + the + noun + belong to?

84/ Who + owns + the + noun?

85/ Who + is + the owner + of + the + noun?

86/ S + be + the owner + of + nounnoun belong to + smb

FOCUS XXV ON BE SURE & IT + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE

87/ I'm sure + that + S + did / didn'nt do smt S + can./can't + have + done smt

88/ It is impossible that S + Ved S + may / may not have + P2 sth

89/ The chances are thatS + Ved S + may / may not have + P2sth

90/ It was stupid of you to V S + should not have + P2 sth

careless

91/ There is on need for you to have P2 S + need n't have + P2

FOCUS XXVI ON ARRIVAL & WHEN ; DURING& WHILE

92/ On arrival + somewhere + clause when S arrive + somewhere + clause

93/ S + V + during + noun phrase S + V +while + past continuous

FOCUS ON XXVII THERE & HAVE

94/ S + have /had + smt +in/at , There are / is + smt+ in/ at

FOCUS ON XXIII IT IS EASY (DIFFCULT), FIND STH ADJ & HAVE DIFFICULTY , BE USED TO +VING

95/ S + find + smt / doing smt easy/difficult S +be/ not be used tyo+ smt/doing smt

96/ S + find + smt /doing smt + easy/ difficuld S + have difficuldly in V ing

S + doesn't find sth easy

Ving sth + to be + adj

FOCUS ON XXIX IN ORDER TO & SO THAT

97/ S + do/ did smt + so that + S + can/could + do smt

S + do /did smt + imotder to + dosmt

so as to

to

witha view to Ving sth

FOCUS ON XXX HAD BETTER & IT IS TIME

98/ You'd better + do /not do smt

99/ You shouldn't + do smt

100/ You ought to do sth

101/ I + advise + you +to do / not to do smt

102/ It is advisable + that + you + do/don't do smt

103/ It is time for sb to do sth

104/ It is time + S + Vedsth

105/ It is about time + S + Ved sth 106/ It is high time + S + Ved sth

107/ It is time + S + was/ were Ving sth (continuous)

108/ It is time + S(0) +was / were +P2 sth (passive)

Note

* Every time = When

* At no time = Never + Under no circumstances = In any circumstances

* This is the first time = S + have never + P2 + before

* Have a good time = enjoy oneself

Other uses of " time"

* By the time S + V(s, os) , S + will V

* Times with out number

* Once in a life time

* In no time at all

* For the time being

* Time after time

* Behind the time

FOCUS ON XXXI LET & SUGGEST

109/ Let's + do +smt , shall we? that S + V

110/ Why + don't we + do smt? that S should V

111/ What about + doing smt?  I + suggest + doing smt

112/ How about+ doing smt that S + Ved

113/ Shall we + do smt to sb that + S + V + O114/ Let sb VTo be + let V or To be allow ed to V (passive)

115/ Allow sb to V but Allow + Ving

116/ V + O + adv or of place Let + O +be + P2 adv of place 117/ Let sb go (leave ) = Reletso sb from swh

118/ Let sb down = get sb down = depress sb

*It is (was) not until that

* Not until + Inversion

* No sooner than

*Hardly had + S + P2 when + S + Ved + O

* Scarcely when

First then

Just after + N/ ving

Immediately after + N/ Ving

As soon as (when) + clause

FOCUS ON XXIII THAT (SHOULD) + V

IT + Be + necessary + that + S + (should) + V ( inf)

insist stipulate decree suggest prefer propose arrange agree order

A Vowel length

Rule 1: In every English word with more than one syllable, one syllable is stressed the most.

Examples: pizza comedy

Lemon committee

Rented

Rule 2: Stress vowels are extra long

Rule 3: Most unstressed vowels are reduced ( extra short) A reduced vowel is called schwa

Examples: Oklahoma Arizona Manitoba

Stressed syllables: rhythm.

In the following words, the stressed syllables are in bold letters Practice saying these words:

Sofa around solution beautiful

Oven event arrangement horrible

picture arrange it's awful open it

II Two _ syllable names and phrases

Rule: If you leave out verbs, 90 percent of two- syllable words are stressed on the first syllable

Two-syllable personal names are also likely to be stressed on the first syllable

Charlie Chaplin instant coffee

Elvis Presley frozen yogurt

III Stress pattern rules:

Rule 1: In evry word with two syllables, one vowel will be stresses ( long and clear) The other vowel

is usually schwa

Example: frozen yogurt

Rule 2: In words with three or more syllables:

- One vowel will get the main stress ( long and clear)

- Some vowels may get a little stress ( clear, but not as long as the vowel with the most stress)

- Some vowels may be reduced ( schwa)

Example: economic argument calculator admistration

Practice the rhythm of the following words

3 syllables 4 syllables 5 syllables 6

intention registration administration

permission politician contamination

NOTES:

Verbs (two- syllable verbs) : o O ( 80 -> 90 %)

Example: remove, regret, preserve, discard, rewrite, outlive

Exceptions: cancel, copy

verbs ending in " er", "en" : O o

Example: answer , happen, enter, offer, open, listen NOUNS: ( two-syllable nouns) O o

Example: party, market

Nouns/ verbs: record object desert produceExceptions: mistake, machine

PUT THE VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS INTO THEIR APPROPRIATE TENSE OR

FORM

1 The accident ( report ) ( cause ) by a reckless motorist

2 When I get my degree , I ( study ) at this school for four years

3 I don't know why you always ( talk ) in class , boys => are

4 I didn't do the test well I ( prepare ) it very carefully at home

5 Who was that girl you ( talk ) to when I (pass ) you in the street ?

6 Today is the first anniversary of Grandpa Max's death , and I (think)about him all day How fortunate I (be) (.have) a Gradpa like him !

7 – I found that everything I said on the phone had been reported to the police

- Your phone (tap)

8 This time next year I propably (live) on the other side of the world

9 By the time the war was over , thousands of innocent people (kill )

10 My uncle would rather that I ( not, leave ) yesterday

11 When I see my sister again , she ( finish ) all her exam

12 The weather (be) bad , they couldn't but ( cancel) the camping trip

13 It's great pity you (not , come ) to Brighton with us last Sunday As you (never see ) the see before, it (be ) a new experience

14 The cup , which is old , certainly (lose) its origional color

15.When my grandmother died , I cried I would like ( be) able to to tell her I ( love) her just one more time before she died (Lose) a grandma like her (be) very sad But

I think that (never have) my grandma (be) even sadder

16 I had to walk home yesterday I had no money for my fare You (tell) me ! I (lend) you the

money

17 I ( hope) it (stop) raining by five o'clock this afternoon

18 The robber who (watch) him (run) to the tree (sit ) down under its branches and(begin) to attack him

19 It's your own fault , Tom You (aks ) for an estimate before an estimste before letting the start

20 It has been suggested that the government (assist) the poor in improving their living condition

21 The programmes for hunger elimination and poverty alleviation (improve ) living

condition in remote regions

22 After ( climb ) for six hours , we managed ( reach) the summit

23 I don't mind you ( use ) my bike provided that you (take ) care of it

24 Were the painting genuine ? It (be ) worth thousands of pounds

25 My uncle would rather that I ( not stay ) up late last night , I ( not feel ) sleppy now

26 For three months Sarah Halminton (walk) (1) around with a bullet in her head , thinking

it (be) (2) a sore

Sarah , aged ten , of Ward End , Burmingham , (walk ) (3) with a friend to a fish and chip shop in july when she (feel ) (4) a sharp painon the crown of her head She( think) (5) she (hit) (6) by a stone and, two days later she (see) (7) a doctor who (give) (8) her ointment for the sore

But yesterday , as her brother , Paul , (wash ) (9) her hair he ( see) (10) a piece of metal that ( stick) (11) out of her head She (take) (12) to a

Burmingham hospi5tal where doctors (remove) (13) the bullet Police (try)

(14) to find who (fire) (15) the 22 bullet

27 You shouldn't get Jack (type) this letter He 's a careless man

28 The teller (make) (lie) down on the floor

29.I (say) that last night ? I (be) absent –minded

30 When my father (retire) next month , he (teach) for 40 years

31 I resented (unjustly , accuse ) and aksed him (apologise)

32 I didn't feel like (work) so I suggested ( spend ) the day in the garden

33 Mary assured him that she ( finish) , it by 11

34.I could tell from the (frighten) look on her face that something terrible ( happen )

35 While I( walk ) to the bus –stop , I realised I ( leave ) the cooker on

36 Danny's train ( arrive) tomorrow everning at 6.00 so we (meet) him at the station 37.Everyone's futuredepends on the whole (concen) about the ozone layer

38 The photorgrapher wuold rather we ( stand) close toghether than we

( stand)

39 I don't mind her( appoint) above me

40 She feels as though she (sit) on a fire

41 Tom demanded that he ( give) the right (call) the layer

42 If you (take ) my advice, you (work) in this company at the moment 43.- How about your job in the new city ?

- It's all right But I'd rather (apply) for the job in your company

44 Hellen (work) at the company for three years when the redundancies were announced

45 David (sleep) on a rug in the gaden when a fighter plane suddenly screamed past at low altitude and woke him up

46 The pollice (get) to Daisy's house as fast as they could , but the burgars

( disappear)

47 This time next year I ( propably live ) on the other side of the world

48 by the end of this week we (raise) over 800 pounds for the children's charity

49 The occupants of the house ( say ) that they (never notice ) any strange noises in the attic until the nght terrible storm ( break)

50 I don't believe it ! It's three in the morning and that party still (not finish )

51 I visit the new country every year By the time I ( be ) sixty , I (visit ) all the most interesting countries in the world

52 When I (buy), my new house , I ( aks) for a telephone The post office (tell) me (wait) but I ( wait) for a year now and my phone still ( not come )

53 I advise you ( start ) (look) for a flat at once

54 Hurry up ! We ( wait) for you What (take) you so long ? I( wait) for an important phone call

55 He resented ( aks) ( wait) he ( expect) the minister ( see ) him at once

56 Would you please ( hand ) me that book ?

57 I ( just, go ) to bed when I ( hear ) a knock at the door

58 I met Mary last night , she ( become ) a very nice girl

59 I wish they ( stop) making so much noise so that I cuold concentrate

60 had he not interfered in his siter' marial problems , there (be) peace between them

61 By the end of next morning , we ( come ) and (go)

62 She would rather that you ( come) last week

63 I saw that my wallet (steal) when I opened my handbag

64 If you ( take) your doctor's advice , your health ( not be) so bad now

NINE tenses in the passive voice

I Khái niệm câu chủ động và bị động:

A Câu chủ động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là chủ thể tạo ra hành động Câu chủ động đợc dùng khi chúng

ta biết rõ chủ thể của hành động

Eg: My grandfather bought this house 20 years ago

Newton invented the theory of gravitation.

Mr John teaches us English

B Câu bị động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là ngời hay vật chịu tác động của hành động Câu chủ động đợc dùng khi ta không biết rõ chủ thể của hành động hoặc có biết nhng ngời nói muốn nhấn mạnh tới đối tợng hơn tới chủ thể của hành động

This house was bought by my grandfather 20 years ago

The theory of gravitation was invented by Newton.

We are taught English by Mr John.

Quy tắc chuyển câu chủ động sang câu bị động:

*Quy tắc chung: To be + Past participle

1 Xác định thì ngữ pháp của câu chủ động để tìm thể bị động tơng ứng của nó

2 Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động để rút về làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động Nếu câu có hai tân ngữ thì có thể chuyển thành hai câu bị động nhng thông thờng ta chọn tân ngữ chỉ ngời

1 Simple present:

S + V (s/es) + Oject

S + am/is/are + P 2 + +by+ Agent

Eg:+ They sweep the streets every night => The streets are swept (by them) every night

- We don't water the flowers in the morning => The flowers are not watered in the morning ? What do they call the new hotel? => what is the hotel called?

1 This well- known library attracts many people

- many people are attracted by this well- known library

=>

2 We don't often help her with the housework

=> she is not often helped with the house work by us

3 Do they grow rice and wheat in the North of England?

=> is rice and wheat grown in the north of England

2 Present continuous:

S + am/is/are + V_ing + Object

S + am/is/are + being + P 2 + by + Agent

+ They are building a bridge over the river = > A bridge is being built over the river by them.

- He isn't decorating the room today => The room isn't being decorated

? Are they upgrading the road leading to the city centre => Is the road leading to the city centre being upgraded by them?

1 He is preparing everything for the presidential election => everything is being prepared for the presidential election by him

2.Is she translating an article from English into Vietnamese? => an article is being translated form English into vietnamese

3.The Prime Minister isn't making a speech at the moment => a speech isn’t beign made by the prime minister at the moment

4 They are doing a physical experiment in the laboratory.=> a physical experiment is being done in the laboratory by them

5 Are they digging a pond in the garden? => Is a pond being dug in the garden by

them

3 Present perfect:

S + have/has + P 2 + Object

S + have/has + been + P 2 + by + Agent

+ The terrorist has kept three hostages for a week => Three hostages have been kept by the

terrorist for a week.

- We haven't found out a remedy to cure AIDS => A remedy hasn't been found out to cure AIDS

1.A group of students have met their friend at the railway station => a group of student ‘s friend have been met at the railway station by them

2 No one has ever known him to be dishonest => He hasn’t been ever known to be dishonest

3.Mr.Smith has taught us French for 2 years=>

we has been taught by Mr.Smith for 2 years

4 They have moved nothing in your room since they sent you to hospital

=> nothing has been moved in your room since you were sent to the

hospital 5.Have you typed all the letters ?=> have all the letters been typed by

you ?

4 Simple past:

S + Past of verb + Object

S + was/ were + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg The thieves broke into the house.

The house was broken into by the thieves.

1.They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home => tom was not allowed to take these books

home

2.No one could find my key => my key was not

found

3 When did they found this organization? => when was this organization

S + was/ were + being + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg They were doing a physical experiment when I was there.

A physical experiment was being done by them when I was there.

1.Tom was writing 2 poems => 2 poems was being written by

5.The statue broke while they were moving it to another room in the museum

=> the statue broke while it was being moved to another room in the

museum

6 Past perfect:

S + had + P2 + Object

S + had + been + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: Nobody told me that they had discharged John from hospital.

I was not told that John had been discharged from hospital.

1.After he had told a story , we clapped our hands=> after a story had been told , our hands was clapped by us

2.They had taken the victim to hospital before the police came => the victim had been taken to hospital before the police came

3 Had they pulled down the building to make way for a new road before you came back?

=> had the building been pulled down to maked way for a new road before you came

S + am/is/are + going to be + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: We are going to make him the monitor of our class.

He is going to be made the monitor of our class by us.

1.Are they going to export more rice to Africa next year => is more rice going to be exported to Africa next year ?

2.How many exercises is the teacher going to give you ? => how many exercise are going to be given

by the teacher

3 We are going to make him the head of our class => he is going to be made the head of our class

by us

4 We aren't going to improve the public telephone service this year => the public telephone service

is not going to be improved by us this year

5 He isn't going to turn down the job they have offered him => the job is not going to be turned down he has offered

8 Simle future:

S + will/shall + V + Object

S + will/shall + be + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: They will change the date of the meeting again.

The date of the meeting will be changed again by them.

1.The examiner will read the passage three times => the passage will be read three times by the examiner

2 They w ill pick me up at my house at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning => I will be picked up at my house at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning

3.The teacher won't corrert exercise tomorrow=> exercise won’t been corrected by the teacher

S + will/shall have + P2 + Object

S + will/shall have been + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: By the time you come back, they will have finished the project.

By the time you come back, the project will have been finished

1 By the time you come back here in 5 years' time, they will have knocked down those slums

=> by the time you come back here in 5 years' time, those slums will have been knocked

down

2 " We will have liberated the South of Vietnam before the rainy season." The commander said

=>” the south of Viet Nam will have been liberated before the rainy season " The commander

said

3 By the end of this year, we will have upgraded all the roads in the city

=> By the end of this year, all the roads in the city will have beeen upgraded by

us

4 Don't phone us at 10 pm tonight I won't have finished my work by then

=> Don't phone us at 10 pm tonight , my work won’t have been finished by me by

then

5 How many letters will she have typed before the boss comes back?

=> How many letters will have been typed before the boss comes

Help sb (to) do smth ========== Be helped to do smth

He helped me (to) repair the washing machine I was helped to repair the washing

machine by him

Be let do smth ( or be allowed to do

smth ) (1)

Let sb do smth

Let oneself be done ( 2 )

(1) His parents didn't let him buy a motorbike => He wasn't let buy ( wasn't allowed to buy) a motorbike by his parents

(2) He let her cheat him => He let himself be cheated by her

1 The robber made everybody lie on the floor

4 They made us stay indoors while they were testing the new

weapon.=>

5 He let me use his car for a week

=>

6 He has never let her look down on

Eg: Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police.

He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police

They saw him walking with his friend before he got lost.

He was seen walking with his friend before he got lost.

1 They saw him get on the car and drive away.=> he was seen to get on the car and to drive

2.Our teacher used to forbid us to talk in class => we used to be forbidden to talk in class by our teacher

3.My mother used to make clean the house=> the house used to be made by my

mother

4.She can sew 3 shirts a day=> 3 shirts can be sewed by her a

day

5 He couldn't find his key=> his key could not been gound by

17 We can't improve the public telephone service this year => the public telephone service can not

be improved by us this year

18 You ought to do all the work on your own => all the works ought to be done on your

IV Passive: HAVE /GET SOMETHING DONE (BY SB)

Active: HAVE SB DO SOMETHING/ GET SB TO DO SOMETHING

Cấu trúc trên đợc dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:

1 Để nói ta thu xếp để ngời khác làm giúp mình một việc gì ( không tự mình làm)

So sánh: Jill repaired the roof ( = She repaired it herself)

Jill had the roof repaired (= She arranged for smoebody else to repair it)

I have cut my hair ( Tôi tự cắt)

I have had my hair cut ( ngời khác cắt tóc cho tôi)

I hate taking photographs

I hate having my photograph taken

Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?

How often do you have your hair done/ cut?

I’ve lost my key I’ll have to have aonther key made

Why did you take your car to the garage? To have it serviced.

Why did you take your jacket to the cleaner’s? To have it cleaned

Why did you take your watch to the jeweller’s? To have it repaired

Why did you go to the hairdresser ? To have my hair cut

So sánh: Passive: You should have/ get your eyes tested (by an occulist).

Active: You should have an oculist test your eyes / You should get an oculist to test your eyes

If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you have your ears pierced?

I’m have a house built at the moment They are having a pond dug in the garden

I’m going to have a telephone installed in my house next month

Where did you have your car serviced?

2 Để nói một sự việc không hay xảy ra với vật sở hữu của ai/ cái gì:

George’s nose was broken in a fight => George had his nose broken in a fight Jack’s passport was stolen a few weeks ago => Jack had his passport stolen a few weeks ago

Have you ever had your passport stolen?

The hurricane blew off the roof of the house

The roof of the house was blown off by the hurricane

The house had its roof blown off by the hurricane

They have had their house broken into twice this month

Mr Brown had his hat blwon off in the wind

V Bị động đặc biệt:

Một số động từ quy định: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce có thể dùng với một trong hai cấu trúc sau:

Cấu trúc 1:

It is/was + Past participle + that + clause

People say that he is 100 years old => It is said that he is 100 years old

People expect that the strike will end soon => It is expected that the strike will end soon

Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses => It is said that there

V-Dùng (1) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ đợc chia ở thì hiện tại đơn, hoặc tơng lai đơn:

He is said to be 100 years old

The strike is expected to end soon

There is said to be a secret tunnel between those two houses.

People said that he was a dedicated worker => He was said to be a dedicated worker

Dùng (2) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ đợc chia ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, hoặc tơng lai tiếp diễn:

They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain => The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain

People believe that she is studying abroad => She is believed to be studying………

Dùng (3) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ đợc chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành, hoặc quá khứ đơn:

People say that he escaped to a neutral country => He is said to have escaped to a neutral country.People think that she has made progress in her studies => She is thought to have made……

People allge that he stole the money => He is alleged to have stolen

Dùng (4) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ đợc chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn, hoặc tơng lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn:

People say that he has been playing football since he was 5.=> He is said to have been playing

football since he was 5

Chú ý: Be supposed to ( do) có thể đợc dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:

1 Tơng đơng nghĩa với Be said to (do): “ Đợc cho rằng”

This film is said/supposed to be very interesting

Why was he arrested? He’s supposed to have kicked a policeman

2 Để nói bổn phận hoặc nghĩa vụ ai đó phải làm gì tơng đơng với cấu trúc: It’s sb’s duty to do

smth

It’s her duty to make tea at 8 o’clock => She is supposed to make tea at 8 o’clock

It’s his duty to lock the door after the school finishes => He is supposed to lock…

Chú ý: đôi khi was/were supposed to con đợc dùng để nói một kế hoạch, sự sắp xếp nhng thờng

khác so với thức tế xảy ra: The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.

You were supposed to clean the windows Why didn’t you do it?

VI Passive gerund ( Danh động từ bị động)

Form: Being + Past participle

Present: being written /done/ made… Past: having been

written/done/ made…

Danh động từ bị động có các cách dùng nh danh động từ ch động ( trừ trờng hợp cấu tạo danh

từ ghép)

I like people praising me => I like being praised

She hates people staring at her when she is in the street => She hates being stared at

when ……

I remember that my father took me to the cinema to see that film => I remember being taken to the cinema by my father to see that film

He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper

I remember being taken to Paris as a small child

I hate being told what to do

She is afraid of being taken away by the strong wind if she opens her parachute early

He objected to his son being criticised unfairly

He resented being kept waiting

The safe showed no signs of having been touched

Need to do : Cần làm ( nghĩa chủ động) You need to work harder

Need doing = need to be done : Cần đợc làm ( không có sự khác nhau khi dùng với vật)

This car needs to be serviced/ this car needs servicing

I need to clean my shirt because it needs cleaning/ to be cleaned

ở thê bị động, với ngời, chỉ dùng need to be done ( Không dùng need doing)

The old need to be looked after by the young ( Không dùng need looking after)

VII Passive infinitive ( Nguyên mẫu bị động)

Form: To be + Past participle

Eg: To be done/ made/ written….

Nguyên mẫu bị động có cách dùng tơng ứng nh nguyên mẫu chủ động:

I want you to repair the car now.=> I want the cat to be repaired (by you) now

I’d like someone to take me to the Opera House.=> I’d like to be taken to the Opera House.This calculator is small enough to be kept in your pocket

VIII : Một số động từ quy định có thể đợc theo sau bởi THAT SHOULD+ V (INF) :

advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge,prefer,decree Note also: be anxious, be determined ( Should đôi khi có thể đợc lợc bỏ)

He insisted that his son (should) be named after his grandfather

They have decided to sell the house => They have decided that the house (should) be sold

They suggested making the tests easier.=> They suggested that the tests should be made easier

She advised that we should keep the gate locked/ She advised keeping the gate locked

=> She advised that the gate should be kept locked

He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up

- It is/was + adjective + that should

A that should can be used after it is/was advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary

It is essential that rare animals (should) be protected

It is advisable that everyone should have a map

It is essential for him to be prepared for this./ It is essential that he (should) be prepared for this

It is only right that she (should) have a share

Type I: Change these sentences into indirect speech:

1 "I'm going out now, "but I'll be in by nine", he said – He said he was going out then , but he would be in by nine

2 "I'm working in a restaurant, and don't care much for it", she said – shesaid she was working

in a restaurant, and didn’t car much for it

3 "I can't live on my basic salary", said Peter "I'll have to offer to do over time" Peter said He could not live on his basic salary , he would have to offer to do overtime

4 "My younger brother wants to be a tax inspector", said Mary "I can't think why None of my family has ever been a tax inspector" Marry said her younger brother wanted to be a tax inspector , she counld not think why, none of her family had ever been a tax inspector

5."We are waiting for the school bus", said the children."It's late again" The children said they were waiting for the school bus, it was late again

6 "I've made a terrible mistake !' said Peter, "You're always making terrible mistakes." I said, "You should be used to it now" Peter said he had made a terrible mistake , I said he were always making terrible mistakes, and he should be used to it now

7 " We've make $450 a week", said one of the men, "and send mostm of it home to our wives".on of the men said they had made $450 a week and sent most of it home to their wives

8 "It's lonely being away from our families", said another, "but we earn three times as much in this factory as we would in our own country".another said it was lonely beign away from our families , but they earned three times as much I nthis factory as they would in their own country

9 "We've been here for two and a half years", said the man who had spoken first,"and we're going to stay another six months"

10 "I've got a job in an oil-rig", said Paul "That'll be very hard work",I said

"I know it'll be hard," he replied, "but I don't mind hard work, and it'll be a good experience."

11 "The ice will soon be hard enough to skate on," said Tom "I'll look for my skates when I get home," Ann said

12 "I'm living with my parents at present," she said, "but I hope to have a flat on my

17 "Nothing ever happens in the village" she said "It's like a dead village All the

young people have drifted away to the towns."

18 "I've missed my train,"said Bill "Now I'll be late for work and my boss will be

furious.1'

19 "We'll wait for you if you're late," they said

20 "They are supposed to be landing at London airport." I said "But if the fog gets any thicker the plane may be diverted "

21 " If you lend me the chainsaw," said Mary,"I'll bring it back the day after tomorrow."

22 "I hate getting up on dark mornings," grumbled Peter

"It is horrible, " agreed his wife, "but the mornings will be lighter soon and then it won't be quite so bad"

23 "The sales are starting tomorrow,"said the typist."As soon as we finish work we are going to make a dash for the shops"

24 "I wish I had something to eat." said Peter

2 5 " I f you're short of money I can lend you $50,"said my aunt, "and you can take your time about paying it back"

26 "Who has been using my typewriter ?" said my mother

27 "Do you want to see the cathedral ?" said the guide

28 "Do you mean working on the night shifts ?" he asked

29 "Would you like to come with us ?" they said

30 "Who did you give the money to ?" asked Ann

31 "How long does it take to get to Edinburgh by coach ?" asked the tourist

32 "How much do you think it will cost ?" he said

33 "What did you miss most when you were in prison ?" Mary asked the ex-convict

34 "Have you been here long ?" the other students asked him

35 "How long have you been learning English ?" the examiner said

36.She said, " we were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to"

37.He said " I decided not to buy the house because it was on the main road"

Type II: Change these sentences into the indirect speech:

1 "Don't put sticky things in your pockets", said his mother

2 "Please, please don't do anything dangerous", said his wife

3."Gc on - apply for the job," said my friend "It would just suit you."

4 "I should say nothing about it if I were you," said my brother

5."Would you please wait in the lounge till your flight number is called ?" she said

6."Don't lend Harry any money." I said to Ann "He never pays his debts."

7 "Could yqy please ring back in half an hour ?" said the secretary

8."Would you mind moving your case ?" said the other passenger."It's blocking the door."

9 "Remember to book a table" said Ann

10 "Get into the right lane," said the driving instructor

11 "Avoid Marble Arch," said the policeman "There's going to bea big demonstration there."

12 "Hold the ladder," he said "It's rather unsteady." "Why don't you tie it at the top ?" I said

"It's much safer that way."

13."Read the question twice, " said the teacher, "and don't write in the margin."

14 "You'd better not leave your money lying about," said one of the students

15 "Why don't you open a bank account ?" said Tom

16."Would you like to have lunch with me today ?" said Tom "I'm afraid I couldn't ; I can't leave the office," said the girl

17."Don't take more than two of these at once, " said the doctor, handing me a bottle of pills

18 "I can't sell the cassette player at that price "He said

19 "'I'd buy the big tin if I were you," said the grocer

20 "You're being exploited," said the other au pair girls "You ought to leave your job."

21."Fasten your seat belts ; there may be a little turbulance, " said the air hostess

22."Don't drive through fog with only a fog light on, " he said, 'or oncoming drivers may take you for a motorcycle." ,

23." Could I see your driving licence ?" said the policeman

24 "You'd better sweep up that broken glass," I said

24 "The bathroom's empty now," she said "Will you put the light out when you've

finished ?"

26 "Remember to insure your luggage," my father said

27.Please don't drink any more," said his wife "Don't forget that we have to drive home."

28."Why Don't you go to a dentist, Tom, before your toothache gets any worse," I said

29 "Why don't you cut your hair"? he said "You'd find it much easier to get a job if you looked tidy"

30 "Could I have some more puddings, please." said the boy

TypeIII: Change these sentences into the indirect speech:

1.

*Ann : What about having a party on Sunday ?

Mary : Yet, Let's Who shall we invite ?

Ann : Let's not make a list Let's just invite everybody

Mary : We don't want to do so much cooking, so what about making it a wine and cheese party ?

Ann : Suppose we ask everybody to bring a bottle ?

Mary : Shall we hire glasses from our local wine shop ? We haven't many left.2

'Ann : If it's warm, how about having the party in the garden ?

Mary : Why not have a barbecue ?

Ann : Why not ? We could ask Paul to do the cooking

Mary : Last time we had a barbecue the neighbours complained about the noise Ann : Suppose we go round to the neighbours and apologize in advance this time ? Mary : Why not invite the neighbours ? Then the noise won't matter

Ann : What a clever idea ! Shall we start ringing everyone up tonight ?

THE END