Although/ even though/ though + clause menh de In spite of /Despite + a phrase In spite of the fact that + Clause Despite the fact that + Clause 1.. Despite his bad health, he keeps
Trang 1SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
I Reported Speech
1 “We bought a new car yesterday”, said my neighbor
My neighbor said that………
Had + Pii
My neighbor said that they had bought a new car the day before
2 “Peter will become our member”, said Mary
Mary said that………
Will- would
Mary said that Peter would become their member
3 “Did you telephone your mother?”, he asked
He asked me………
S + ASKED/ REQUESTED +O + IF + S + V………
He asked me if I had telephoned my mother
4 “Would you turn the car machine off, please?” he asked
He asked me………
Ask sb to do st/ ask sb not to do st
He asked me to turn the car machine off
5 “Can you come to her party tomorrow?” asked Pete
Pete asked………
S + ASKED/ REQUESTED +O + IF + S + V…
Pete asked me if I could come to her party the following day/ the day after
6 He asked, “What are you going to do tomorrow?”
He asked
- S + ASKED + O + WHAT + S + V……
He asked me what I was going to do the following day/ the day after
7 “ Do you like rock music?” Jim asked his friend
Jim asked
S + ASKED/ REQUESTED +O + IF + S + V…
Jim asked his friend if he/she liked rock music
8 “Don’t go out until I come back.” the mother said to her son
The mother told
Tell sb to do st/ tell sb not to do st
Trang 2The mother told her son not to go out until she came back.
9 She said, “How do you go to the circus?”
She asked………
S + ASKED + O + HOW + S + V……
She asked me how I went to the circus
10 “How many classes are there in your school?” my mother asked
My mother asked………
S + ASKED + O + HOW MANY + N + S + V……
My mother asked me how many classes there were in my school
11 She said “My father is in hospital”
She said
She said that her father was in hospital
12 Mr Smith said to me, “Where are you going on your vacation”
Mr Smith asked………
Mr Smith asked me where I was going on my vacation
13 “Who put those books here, John?” His mother asked
John’s mother………
S + ASKED + O + WHO + V…………
John’s mother asked him who had put those books there
II Although/ even though/ though + clause ( menh de)
In spite of /Despite + a phrase
In spite of the fact that + Clause
Despite the fact that + Clause
1 Although his health is bad, he keeps smoking
Despite his bad health, he keeps smoking
Despite the fact that his health is bad, he keeps smoking
………
Trang 32 Although the weather was bad, we went out.
In spite of ………
In spite of the bad weather, we went out
In spite of the fact that the weather was bad, we went out
3 In spite of the heavy rain, my father went to work
Although ………
Although the rain was heavy, my father went to work
Although it rained heavily, my father went to work
4 Despite knowing the area very well, I got lost
Although………
Although I knew the area very well, I got lost
5 Although we played with ten men, we won easily
In spite of………
In spite of playing with ten men, we won easily
In spite of the fact that we played with ten men, we won easily
6 In spite of taking a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert
Although………
Although Bill took a taxi, he still arrived late for the concert
7 Andrew went on working despite feeling unwell
Although Andrew………
Although Andrew felt unwell, he went on working
8 Although I admire his comedies, I can’t agree that they are better than his plays
In spite of………
In spite of admiring his comedies, I can’t agree that they are better than his plays
In spite of the fact that I admire his comedies, I can’t agree that they are better than his plays
9 Although he overslept, Mike wasn’t late for work
Despite………
Despite oversleeping, Mike wasn’t late for work
Despite the fact that Mike overslept, he wasn’t late for work
10 Although she sees him every day, she’s never spoken to him
Despite………
Despite seeing him every day, she’s never spoken to him
Despite the fact that she sees him every day, she’s never spoken to him
Trang 411 Although she is only a small child, she can paint very beautiful pictures.
In spite of ……… ……
In spite of being only a small child, she can paint very beautiful pictures
In spite of the fact that she is only a small child, she can paint very beautiful pictures
III Active / Passive
1 Nobody told the children what to do in their free time
The children………
S + were/was + not + Pii
The children were not told what to do in their free time
2 You must keep the dogs outside shops
The dogs.………
S + must + be + Pii
The dogs must be kept outside shops
3 Water covers most of the Earth’s surface
Most………
S + am/is/are +Pii
Most of the Earth’s surface is covered with water
4 The new doctor gave her a health check last year
She………
S+ was/were + Pii + (by + O)
She was given a health check by the new doctor last year
5 You can buy newspapers in these shops
Newspapers………
S + can +be + Pii
Newspapers can be bought in these shops
6 Did you meet your cousin at the station?
Was………
Was/Were + S + Pii + … ?
Was your cousin met at the station?
Trang 57 The thief suddenly realized that the police were watching him
The thief suddenly realized that………
S + was/were + being + Pii
The thief suddenly realized that he was being watched by the police
8 Someone had broken the chair before I came in
The chair………
S + had + been + Pii
The chair had been broken before I came in
9 They’ve changed the deadline of the assignment
The deadline………
S + have/has + been + Pii
The deadline of the assignment has been changed
10 They will build a bridge over the river in my hometown next year
A bridge………
S + will/shall + be + Pii
A bridge will be built over the river in my hometown next year
IV 1 st / 2 nd/ 3rd Conditionals
1 If she doesn’t hurry, she’ll be late
Unless………
Unless she hurries, she’ll be late
Type 1: real conditional sentence in the present: possible conditions in the present Structure: - If clause: Present simple
- Main Clause: S + will/shall + Vinf
If I have free time, I will come to visit you
If…not = Unless
2 He can’t go out if he doesn’t promise to be back early
Unless………
Unless he promises to be back early, he can’t go out
3 If you don’t let me alone, I will call the police
Unless………
Unless you let me alone, I will call the police
Trang 64 He won’t help you if you don’t ask him.
Unless………
Unless you ask him, he won’t help you
Type II: Unreal conditional sentence in the present
- If clause: Past simple, To be: were
- Main Clause: S + would + Vinf
5 Sally is very shy, so she doesn’t enjoy parties
If… ………
If Sally were not shy, she would enjoy parties
6 I don’t have any spare time I won’t learn Russian
If I………
If I had some spare time, I would learn Russian
7 Unless you apply for the job, you can’t get it
If……… ………
If you don’t apply for the job, you can’t get it
8 Unless he keeps in touch immediately, he won’t get any information
If he………
If he doesn't keep in touch immediately, he won’t get any information
9 Joan will stay on at school unless she finds a good job
If……… .……
If Joan doesn't find a good job, she will stay on at school
10 Mr Mills lost his job because he was late every day
If Mr Mills………
Type III: unreal conditional sentence in the past
- If clause: past perfect: Had + Pii
- Main clause: Would + have + Pii
If Mr Mills hadn’t been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job
11 We go t lost because we didn’t have a map
If………
If we had had a map, we wouldn’t have got lost
12 I don’t have enough money I can’t go on a long holiday this year
Trang 7If I had enough money, I could go on a long holiday this year
13 Peter didn’t write to me I didn’t write to him
If………
If Peter had written to me, I would have written to him
V So … that…/such … that …/too … to-V
1a S + to be + so adj + that + clause
1b S + V + so adv + that + clause
2 S + to be + such a/an + adj + N(sing.) + that + clause
3 S + to be + such + adj + N(pl.) + that + clause
4a S + to be + too adj (for sb) to V…
4b S + V + too adv (for sb) to V…
1 The film was so interesting that everyone wanted to see it It………
S + to be + so adj + that + clause
S + to be + such a/an + adj + N(sing.) + that + clause
(S + to be + such + adj + N(pl.) + that + clause)
It was such an interesting film that everyone wanted to see it
2 It was such bad weather that we couldn’t go out
The weather………
S + to be + so adj + that + clause
The weather was so bad that we couldn't go out
The weather was too bad for us to go out
3 It was such an interesting book that I couldn’t put it down The book……… ……… The book was so interesting that I couldn’t put it down
4.The day was so nice that I went out for a walk
It………
Trang 8It was such a nice day that I went out for a walk
5 It was such amusing news that Rose burst into tears
The news………
The news was so amusing that Rose burst into tears
6.The furniture was so expensive that I couldn’t buy it
The furniture was too … ………
S + to be + too adj (for sb) to V…
The furniture was too expensive for me to buy
7 He was so poor that he couldn’t go to expensive restaurants
He was too……… ………
S + to be + too adj (for sb) to V…
He was too poor to go to expensive restaurants.
8 The song was so long that we couldn’t listen to the end
It was……… ………
S + to be + such a/an + adj + N(sing.) + that + clause
It was such a long song that we couldn’t listen to the end
9 The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it
The furniture was The furniture was too expensive for me to buy
S + to be + too adj (for sb) to V…
10 The film was so boring that we left before the end
We were so………
We were so bored with the film that we left before the end
VI Comparison
1 My father can’t cook as well as my mother can
My mother………
My mother cooks/ can cook better than my father
2 Peter is shorter than his brother
Peter’s brother……… Peter’s brother is not as short as Peter
Trang 93 John doesn’t swim as well as his friend.
John’s friend………
John’s friend swims better than John
4 Jane isn’t as good at English as Mary
Mary………
Mary is better at English than Jane
5 I don’t play the guitar as well as he does
He………
He plays the guitar better than I do/me
6 My father drives more carefully than I do
I………
I don’t drive as carefully as my father
7 John is shorter than all the other members in his family
John ………
John is the shortest member in his family
8 She drives more carefully than I do
I ………
I don't drive as carefully as she does
I drive less carefully than she does
9 Barbara is the best tennis-player in the club
No one ……… ……… ………
No one in the club plays tennis as well as Barbara does
No one in the club is as good at playing tennis as Barbara
VII INVERSION (Dao ngu)
1 I did not become aware of what was going on until I saw her weeping Not until Not until I saw her weeping did I become aware of what was going on
2 She agreed to go out with him only when he bought her some flowers Only when Only when he bought her some flowers did she agree to go out with him
Trang 103 I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
Hardly……… Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back
4 As soon as I got into the bath, someone knocked at the door
No sooner………
No sooner had + S + Pii………than ( past simple)
No sooner had I gotten into the bath than someone knocked at the door
5 She'd only just stubbed out one cigarette when she lit another
Hardly ……… Hardly had she stubbed out one cigarette when she lit another
6 Hardly had the minister started his speech when he was interrupted The minister had ……… The minister had only just started his speech when he was interrupted
7 We have seldom fished so much here
Seldom Seldom have we fished so much here
8 She not once offered us her help
Not once Not once did she offer us her help
VIII Relative pronouns (Who / Which /That/ Where/when)
1 Do you like the girl? She sits next to you in class
Do you like………
Do you like the girl who sits next to you in class
2 The stories are usually very funny Tom tells them
The stories….……… The stories (which)Tom tells are usually very funny
3 Do you know a restaurant? There is a good service there
Do you know………
Do you know a restaurant where there is a good service?
4 I would like to live in a country There is plenty of sunshine there
I would like………
I would like to live in the country where there is plenty of sunshine
5 We stayed at the hotel Ann recommended it to us
We stayed………
We stayed at the hotel which Ann recommended to us
6 That’s the dictionary Bill gave it to me on my birthday
That’s
That’s the dictionary (which) Bill gave to me on my birthday
Trang 117 I recently went back to the town I was born there.
I recently………
I recently went back to the town where I was born
8 The machine cost over a million pounds I have to use it in my job The machine ……… The machine (which) I have to use in my job cost over a million pounds
IX Past simple / Present Perfect
1 They haven’t spoken to each other for three weeks
The last time………
The last time + past simple
The last time they spoke to each other was three weeks ago
2.I haven’t gone swimming since 2002
The last time………
The last time I went swimming was in 2002
3.The last time they went to the circus was 20 years ago
They haven’t……… They haven’t gone to the circus for 20 years
4.The last time she wrote home was on January 20th
She hasn’t………
She hasn’t written home since January 20th
5.We haven’t done this kind of test for five months
The last time………
The last time we did this kind of test was five months ago
6 I last had a party a couple of weeks ago
I haven’t………
I haven’t had a party for a couple of weeks
7 Henry moved to California three years ago
Henry has been………
Henry has been in California for three years
8 Jimmy began playing tennis when he was ten years old
Jimmy has been………
S + has/have + been + V-ing
Jimmy has been playing tennis since he was ten years old
9 It’s ages since we went to the cinema
Trang 12We haven’t……… ………
We haven’t gone to the cinema for ages
10 I have studied French since 2001
I began………
I began studying French in 2001
11 They started to work at this school over ten years ago
They have……… ………
They have worked at this school for over ten years
12 It is the first time he has won the school prize
He has
He has never won the school prize before
12 I have never met such an intelligent student before
He is
He is the most intelligent student I have ever met
13 They have been living here for six years now
They moved………
They moved here six years ago
14 She is preparing breakfast She started doing it when she got up
She has………
She has been preparing breakfast since she got up
S + have / has + been + V_ing
X Because + clause ( S+ V +O)/
Because of a phrase
1 I couldn't go to work yesterday because it rained heavily
I couldn't
I couldn't go to work yesterday because of the heavy rain
2 He couldn't marry her because he was poor
He couldn't
He couldn't marry her because of his poverty/being poor
3 Because of his bad health he didn't get that job
He didn't
He didn't get that job because his health was bad
4 Because the traffic was heavy, I came to the meeting fifteen minutes late Because of………
Because of the heavy traffic, I came to the meeting fifteen minutes late