Learn and Practise English Grammar is a fourlevel series of grammar reference and practice books. The series has been designed to be used either on its own or with any A, B, C, and D class course. Learn and Practise English Grammar is a fourlevel series of grammar reference and practice books. The series has been designed to be used either on its own or with any A, B, C, and D class course.
Trang 2by Edward R Rosset
Editorial Stanley
Trang 3Written by / Escrito por:
Revised by / Revisado por:
Beryl Aguado Lait
Principal of Apsley School of English.Portsmouth - England
Published by / Editado por:
Editorial Stanley
Layout / Diseno y Maquetacion:
Angela Gomez Martin
Front page design / Diseno portada:
Dep Leg.: BI-1311-01
Second edition / Segunda edicion 1999 Reprint / Reimpresion 2001
Printers / Imprime:
Imprenta RGM
Trang 42 Had better 6 - 7
3 Will/'ll in offers and agreements; shall in offers 8 - 11
4 Past simple Past continuous/progressive 12 - 13
5 The infinitive with or without TO 14 - 17
6 Comparison of adjectives 18 - 19
7 Comparative structures as as; more and more 20 - 21
8 When, while, as clauses 2 2 - 2 3
9 Ellipsis in speech 24 - 25
10 Can, could and be able to 26 - 27
11 May, must, will, used to 28 - 29
12 Present perfect and simple past 30 - 31
13 Present perfect - Past simple (cont.) 32 - 33
14 The present perfect simple and continuous 34 - 35
15 Present perfect with ever, just, since, for 36 - 37
16 Future reference (going to, and present progressive) 38 - 39
17 Will 4 0 - 4 1
18 Will or "going to" 4 2 - 4 3
19 Reported statements 44 - 45
20 Reported questions (Questions in indirect speech) 46 - 47
21 Infinitive after adjectives 4 8 - 4 9
22 If-clauses (open and hypothetical) 50 - 51
23 When-clauses, if and when 52 - 53
2 4 Punctuation 5 4 - 5 5
25 Verbs with adverb particles (phrasal verbs) 56 - 57
26 Time prepositions 58 - 59
27 End position of prepositions 60 - 61
28 Verb + object + infinitive 6 2 - 6 3
29 Can, could Permission and possibility 64 - 65
30 Could (do) could have (done) 66 - 67
31 May and might (puede y podria) 68 - 69
32 Must (have) can't (have) 7 0 - 7 1
33 Present simple and progressive passive 72 - 73
34 Past simple passive 74 - 75
35 Present and past participles 76 - 77
36 Reflexive/Emphatic pronouns 78 - 79
37 Relative pronouns and clauses 80 - 81
38 Defining relative clauses: Things 82 - 83
39 Non-defining relative clauses 84 - 85
49 Still, yet, already 104 -105
50 Linking words and expressions 106 -107Appendix 109-114
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Trang 7U N I T 1
Do
Las formas principales son: do • did • done
Present tense: Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I do I do not/don't do I?
you do you do not/don't do you?
he/she/it does he does not/doesn't does he/she/it?
we do we do not/don't do we?
you do you do not/don't do you?
they do they do not/don't do they?
El verbo to do forma el "past tense" con did para todas las personas.
• I did, you did, he did, we did, you did, they did
Do como verbo auxiliar, es decir, como particula de interrogacion y negacion.
Do se usa para formar la interrogacion y negacion del presente de los verbos
ordinaries, mientras que did se usa para el pasado.
• Do you work? • You don't work
• Does she play? • She doesn't play
• Did you go? • You didn't go
Emphasis
Es posible usar do/did + infinitivo en forma afirmativa tambien cuando
deseamos anadir un enfasis especial Mayormente se usa cuando nuestrointerlocutor muestra duda acerca de la accion a que nos referimos:
• You didn't go there - I did go
• I know you don't believe me but I did see him
DO se usa para evitar la repeticion de un verbo ordinario usado previamente:
1 En acuerdos y desacuerdos cortos:
• Mary talks too much - Yes, she does / No, she doesn't.
• He didn't go - No, he didn't / Oh, yes, he did.
2 En adiciones:
• He likes running and so do I
• You like it but I don't.
2
Trang 81 En este ejercicio vas a rellenar el hueco con la particula o el verbo que falta.
Example: Do you go every day? No, I don't go every day.
1 Does Peter go to school on Saturdays? No, he go on Saturdays
2 Did your grandfather speak French? No, he French
3 Do you a lot of work in your office?
4 Does your mother the shopping on Mondays?
5 your friend do his homework every day?
6 He smoke before, but now he does
7 I like the film, do you?
8 He buy the books, did he?
9 Does your mother cook well? Yes, she
10 We see him very often He's always very busy
>
11 Does your mother the shopping in the morning?
12 My wife the shopping on Saturdays in the hypermarket
13 Why you what you are told?
14.They do what they were told
15 Don't anything yet
16 What you want me to ?
17 What are you ? Whatever it is, don't it
18 Did the children their homework?
2 En este ejercicio vamos a usar el do enfatico
Example: I know it's difficult to believe but I did see a UFO.
1 He never knows his lessons but he study at home
2 I know that you didn't expect me to go, but I go
3 "You didn't see Mary." "I see her."
4 "You don't speak French well." "I speak it well."
5 I know it's incredible but she speak 10 languages
6 I know I don't make any progress but I try
7 I know he's dead but I speak to him a few days ago!
8 His homework? Yes, he do it every day
9 She sing beautifully, doesn't she?
10 You believe me, don't you?
11 They come here occasionally, don't they?
Trang 9U N I T 1 (CONT.)
Do
3 En las coletillas:
• She lives in London, doesn't she?
• He didn't go, did he?
DO se usa en respuestas cortas para evitar repeticion del verbo principal:
• Do you smoke? - Yes, I do / No, I don't.
• Did you see him? - Yes, I did / No, I didn't.
Tambien se usa el do en comparaciones:
• He runs faster than I do
Do + imperative
Hace que una invitacion sea mas persuasiva:
• Do come with me
Se puede usar como una respuesta afirmativa o para indicar permiso o animo parahacer algo:
• Shall I take her to the cinema? - Yes, do
How do you do?
Se usa para presentaciones Las dos personas dicen la misma frase al darse lamano
Otros usos del do
• I haven't got coffee, will tea do?
• I haven't got a torch, will a candle do?
• This business has nothing to do with you.
• What do you do for a living? I'm a painter.
• How's the new girl doing?
4
Trang 101 En este ejercicio vamos a usar el do en adiciones.
Example: She likes going to the cinema and so do we.
1 You speak good French and so I
2 She lives here but we
3 Peter doesn't drive but I
4 He didn't go on holiday but we
5 He went on holiday and so she
6 They did live here and so we
7 They don't go there very often, but we
8 She didn't go on holiday, but I
9 I know they work very hard, but so I
10 She doesn't have a good time, but he
11 They don't buy many books but we
12.They take a holiday every year and so we
13 The Evans went to Florence and so we
14 She didn't speak to the teacher, but I
2 En este ejercicio vamos a usar respuestas cortas para evitar la repeticion delverbo
Example: Do you smoke? No, I don't.
1 Did you see her? No, I
2 Did you speak to Jimmy? Yes, I
3 Do you live here? Yes, I
4 Does your mother do the washing every day? Yes, she
5 Does your brother go to work by bus? No, he
6 Do the Browns have many children? No, they
7 Does Mary speak German? Yes, she
8 Did the two boys speak to the vicar? No, they
9 Did the girls go to the party? Yes, they
10 Do the police arrest many thieves? Yes, they
11 Do these families live happily? No, they
12 Did you buy the dictionary? Yes, I
13 Does you teacher explain the lessons well? No, he
14 Did Mrs Green go to the supermarket? Yes, she
Trang 11U N I T 2
Had better
Had better es una expresion que equivale a mas vale que.
Had better do something - Mas vale hacer algo.
• I have to be at the station at 5 I had better/I'd better go now.
• 'Shall I take some money?' 'Yes, you had/you'd better take a few pounds.'
• The car is not going well We had / We'd better stop at a garage.
La forma negativa es had better not ('d better not):
• Little Jane doesn't look very well She'd better not go to school today.
• 'Coming with us to the cinema?' 'I'd better not I haven't finished my
homework yet.'
La forma que usamos es 'had better', aunque en el ingles hablado siempre se dice 'd better Aunque decimos had el significado es presente o future, no
pasado:
• I had/I'd better take the train this afternoon.
• You had/you'd better go tomorrow morning.
Recordemos que had better va seguido del infinitivo sin to:
• I think he's coming this afternoon We'd better buy some more food.
(no better to buy)It's time
Se puede decir it's time (for someone ) to do something.
• It's time to finish work • It's time for you to finish work
Tambien hay otra estructura: It's time someone did something.
• It's late It's time we went to bed.
Ffjate que usamos el pasado (went) despues de It's time someone , sin
embar-go el significado es presente o future, no pasado:
• What! Are you still working? It's time you went home.(no time you go)
Usamos mucho esta frase sobre todo cuando nos quejamos o criticamos quealguien deberfa haber hecho algo ya
• It's time you were in bed.
• That's an old shirt you're wearing It's time you bought another one.
• I think it's time the government did something about unemployment.
Tambien se puede decir It's about time/It's high time.
Esto hace que la cri'tica sea mas fuerte:
• Who do you think you are It's about time you realised you're not the only
person in the world
• It's about time James did some work in this house.
6
Trang 121 Lee la situacion y escribe una frase con had better.
Example: It's Sunday and it's raining You think you should go to the
cinema What do you tell your friend? I think we'd better go to
the cinema.
1 Your friend wants to go for a swim But it's cold and you think he'd catch acold What do you say to him?
2 You're running out of petrol You think you should stop to get some What
do you say to yourself?
3 Your friend has fallen and he has a pain in his leg You think he should go
to the doctor What do you say?
4 You're going to a restaurant on a Saturday You think you should reserve atable What do you say to your friend?
5 Your friend is feeling sick You think she should sit down What do you say
to her?
6 Your son wants to play the guitar late at night You think he will wake upyour neighbours What do you say?
2 Ahora tienes que escribir unas frases con It's time
Example: You think your wife should go to the dentist She hasn't been
to see him for a year It's time she went to the dentist.
1 You think you should start getting lunch ready It's nearly 12 o'clock.It's time
2 You think the children should be in bed It's already 10 o'clock
3 You're sitting on the train waiting for it to leave It's already 10 minutes late
4 You're waiting for your girlfriend She's late She should be here by now
5 The house should be repainted It looks terrible
6 You should have a holiday You haven't had one for a long time
Trang 13• Do you think it will rain tomorrow?
•They'll arrive soon.
Ofrecimiento e intencion
• Can somebody give me a hand? - I will.
• The phone is ringing - I'll answer it.
Promesas o amenazas
• I'll punch your nose if you don't stop!
• I will stop smoking.
Peticiones u ordenes
• Will you follow me, please?
Negativas
• She is in but she won't open the door.
• Will you go? - I won't.
Habitos o rarezas
• She's funny She'll stare at that picture for hours.
Shall • Ofertas y sugerencias
Se usa a menudo para ofrecerse a hacer algo por alguien.
• Shall I open the window for you, madam?
• Shall I carry the case for you?
Tambien se usa como sugerencia.
• Shall we go to the disco, boys?
• Shall we go for a picnic tomorrow?
Would
Se usa para formar el condicional.
• I would help you if I could.
• If I knew I would tell you.
8
Trang 141 En este ejercicio hay que completar las frases con I'll + un verbo apropiado.
Example: I think that's enough for today I think /'// go home now.
1 'What would you like beer or wine?' ' beer, please.'
2 'Did you post the letter?' 'Oh, I forgot it tomorrow.'
3 'We haven't got any coffee.' 'Oh, haven't we? and get some.'
4 'It's cold today.' 'Is it? the heater then.'
5 It's too late to phone your mother now her in the morning
6 I'm too tired to do it now in the morning
7 She's too small to carry that case her a hand
8 'We haven't got anything to drink.' 'Okay, something!'
9 'Did you phone Mary?' 'No, I forgot, her in the morning.'10.'What will you take, fish or meat?' ' fish, please.'
11.That's enough for one day I think a rest now
12.'You've missed that train.' 'It's OK the next one.'
2 En este ejercicio vamos a usar shall.
Example: You are with your friends and you want to go to the beach.
What do you say? Shall we go to the beach, boys?
1 You see a woman with her hands full of parcels She can't open the door.What do you say to her?
2 You are with your girlfriend You want to go to the cinema What do yousay?
3 Your mother can't open the window What do you say to her?
4 You want to help your father in the garden What do you say?
5 You would like to go for a picnic with your friends what do you say to them?
6 An old woman can't cross the street alone What do you say to her?
7 You would like to do the shopping, and your mother is very busy What doyou say to her?
8 Your little son can't solve a difficult problem You want to do it for him.What do you say to him?
Trang 15U N I T 3 (CONT.)
Should • Would
Would tambien se suele usar con un sentido de soli'a, parecido al used to.
• When she was a child she would get up early and go to the country
• He would never tell anybody where he was going
Sin embargo, hay una pequena diferencia entre used to y would Used to sepuede usar para situaciones o estados asi como acciones Would solo se puedeusar para acciones repetidas
• We used to have a house in the country
(I would seria imposible en casos como este.)
Would like Usamos would like para ofertas e invitaciones.
• Would you like a cup of tea?
I'd like Usamos I'd like cuando queremos pedir o preguntar algo con mucha
cortesia
• I'd like to have some information, please
Should Se usa para formar las primeras personas del condicional:
• I should be quite happy if you came with us
No obstante, en este tipo de frases la mayorfa de las veces se prefiere usar would
• I would (I'd) be quite happy if you came with us
Se puede usar should para ofertas y sugerencias, peticion de instrucciones yconsejos
• Should I help you with that? • What do you think we should do?Should como verbo defective nos da la idea de deber, obligacion, etc Se puedesustituir por ought to
• You should drive more carefully, you know!
• I think they should work more and better
Should se usa despues de if y in case para sugerir una posibilidad lejana
• If you should see Carol, give her my regards
Tambien se puede invertir el orden
• Should you see Susan ask her about this note
With Suggest
• What does he suggest we should do? or What does he suggest we do?
• He suggested (that) we should wait at the station or He suggested (that)
we waited at the station
Podemos usar should detras de estos adjetivos:
• surprising • strange • typical • interesting • odd • essential • important
• funny • natural • surprised
• It's surprising that he should be late He's always early
• It was strange that she should say that
Trang 161 En estas frases vamos a usar would con estos verbos:
take, lock, walk, get up, sit, pick up, go, do, watch.
Example: In the old days, he would walk for miles every morning.
1 Whenever he was angry, he himself in his room
2 Every day last summer we early and go for a swim
3 Every time he went out he the umbrella with him
4 When she was angry she just out of the room
5 After lunch he in his armchair and have a nap
6 When she was lonely she the phone and ring one of herfriends
7 When he was thirsty he to the nearest pub for a drink
8 Every Sunday morning he jogging with his friends
9 They used to spend hours in front of the telly They
anything that was shown
2 En estas frases vamos a usar should
Example: You think your girlfriend smokes too much It would be a
good idea for her to stop smoking What would you say? /
think you should stop smoking.
1 Your boyfriend always drives too fast What would you say to him?
2 Your friend eats too much What do you say to him?
3 Your brother is very tired after running You think he runs too much Whatwould you say?
4 You enjoyed a film and you would like Jim to go and see it What do yousay to him?
5 Your little boy says things which are very rude What do you say to him?
6 You think swimming is good for everybody What do you say to your fatfriend?
7 You enjoyed your holidays in Benidorm You want your friends to go What
do you say to them?
8 You think your father works too much What do you say to him?
Trang 17U N I T 4
Past simple
Past continuous • Progressive
El past simple tense es el que mas a menudo usamos cuando nos
referimos al pasado.
• She walked into the room and looked out of the window.
• I lived in London until I was ten • Last year we went to New York.
Recordemos que los verbos regulares forman el pasado anadiendo ed:
• live-lived • add-added • visit-visited • want-wanted
Mientras que los irregulares tienen terminaciones atfpicas, y hasta que se
memoricen hay que referirse a la lista de verbos irregulares Go-went,
come-came, buy-bought
• I went to London on Monday.
• She came to work ten minutes late.
• My mother bought all the books.
Recordemos tambien que el pasado de to be es was/were.
• I was very angry because you were very late.
Para la forma interrogativa y negativa de la mayoria de los verbos usamos did/
didn't + infinitivo.
• You worked • Did you work? • You didn't work.
• Did you phone your friend?
• Well, I phoned him, but I didn't speak to him He was out.
• What did you do yesterday?
• You didn't invite me, so I didn't go.
Tambien solemos usar did/didn't con have:
• Did you have time to finish it?
• I didn't have enough money to buy the books.
Recuerda, sin embargo, que nunca usamos did con to be.
• Why were you so happy? • I wasn't so sure, you know!
El pasado progresivo se forma con was/were + gerundio.
• The man was walking • The girls were singing
El uso mas corriente del past progressive es hablar acerca de lo que ya sucedi'a
en algun momento en particular en el pasado
• What were you doing last Sunday at six p.m.?
• When I got up this morning my father was shaving.
El pasado progresivo a menudo se usa en una frase junto con el pasado simple
• He was laughing when I saw him.
• It was raining when we went for a walk.
12
Trang 181 Ron el verbo en la forma correcta, past progressive o past simple.
Example: The phone rang when I was having a bath.
1.1 (see) your sister at the station She (run) to catchthe train
2 While I (work) in the garden, I (hurt) my foot
3 What (you/do) at this time on Sunday?
4 When I (run) downstairs I (slip) and (fall)
5 She (take) a photo of us when we (not/look)
6 It (happen) while I (live) in Bristol
7 She (break) a cup while she (do) the washing up
8 He (drive) very fast when the accident (happen).9.1 (buy) you a present while you (work)
10 My mother (wait) for me when I (arrive)
11 What (you/do) when I (telephone)
12 I (read) in bed when I (hear) the crash
13 Robert (fall) off the ladder while he (paint)
14 I (look) out of the window when you
(cross) the road
2 Haz frases con las palabras entre parentesis Ron los verbos en la forma
correcta, past simple, o past progressive.
Example: (We/have dinner/when/the Robinsons/arrive) We were having
dinner when the Robinsons arrived.
1 (He/still/run/when/l/take/photo)
2 (The bell/still/ring/when/l/open/the door)
3 (When the guests/arrive/she/still/cook/dinner)
4 (My friends/call/me/when/l/have/shower)
5 (I/get/ready/go out/when/the phone/ring)
6 (She/hang up/the washing in the garden/when/it begin/rain)
7 (We/wait/for the bus/when/the car/run over/the dog)
Trang 19U N I T 5
The infinitive: with or without TO
Los verbos mas corrientes que pueden ir seguidos del infinitive
con to son:
agree care (neg.) determine learn pretend seem
aim choose fail long proceed swear
appear claim forget manage promise tend
arrange consent guarantee neglect prove threatenask decide happen offer refuse trouble (neg.attempt decline hesitate plan remember try
bother demand hope prepare resolve volunteer
• He promised to come early tonight • We agreed to do it together this time
El verbo defective ought lleva to detras.
• He ought to do things more slowly.
Las siguientes frases o expresiones pueden ir seguidas de un infinitive con to
be about do what you can bother
can afford make an effort set out
do one's best make up one's mind take the trouble
• We can't afford to buy a new car every year.
• He didn't bother to answer my letter.
• We took the trouble to find out.
Algunos verbos admiten bien el infinitive o bien el gerundio
advise continue intend need regret stop
agree forget like permit remember try
allow go on love prefer require used tobegin hate mean propose start want
Con los verbos begin, start, continue, cease se pueden usar ambas estructuras
sin que cambie el significado
• He began working = He began to work.
• She continued living/to live in the same place.
Con los verbos advise, permit, recommend, allow.
Si mencionamos la persona en cuestion, es decir, el complemento indirecto,usamos el infinitive:
• He allowed me to get in • She advised us to get married at once.
Pero si no mencionamos la persona, se usa el gerundio:
• He recommends buying the lot • They don't allow smoking here.
14
Trang 201 Completa las frases con un infinitive con o sin to.
Example: You have to make an effort to finish in time.
1 The two men were about (leave) the restaurant
2 You needn't (tell) me what happened
3 You have to try (do) it better than this
4 I can't possibly (answer) that
5 He managed (finish) it by Saturday
6 He remembered (post) the letters
7 How dare you (say) that to the teacher!
8 I'll do my best (do) it in time
9 The teacher made me (do) it again
10 I'll let you (come) with me
11 She made me (wash) my face
12.They intend (do) it first thing in the morning
13 They weren't allowed (smoke) in class
14 He let them (smoke) in his office
15 I prefer (study) here with you
2 Usando los verbos de sensacion pon infinitive o gerundio segun el sentido de
la frase
Example: She saw her husband get up and walk to the door.
1 I watched the boys (run) in the marathon
2 She saw him (break) the window pane
3 She felt him (keep) an eye on her all morning
4 I heard the station master (blow) his whistle
5 I heard the rain (fall) on the roof all night
6 She saw the burglars (break) the kitchen window and enterthe house
7 We watched the workmen (open) the road all morning
8 I saw his eyes (fall) on the packet on the mantelpiece
9 Mrs Brent saw the boys (play) in the garden
10 Mr Coghan heard the man (walk) up and down in thesitting room
11 I saw them (make) silently for the door
12 I heard the baby (cry) all night
13 I saw him (change) the wheel and drive off
14 She watched them (do) their homework all evening
Trang 21U N I T 5(CONT.)
Should • would
Con los verbos regret, forget and remember se usa el gerundio cuando la accion
expresada por el gerundio es una accion anterior:
• She now regrets spending so much • I remember reading about that.
Cuando los propios verbos regret, forget, remember expresan ellos mismo una
accion anterior les sigue un infinitive:
• I regret to say that your son has had an accident.
• I'll remember to post the letters • I never forget to sign the papers.
Con los verbos like, love, prefer se usa el gerundio cuando el sujeto expresa que
disfruta haciendo algo:
• I like playing football • She loves riding early in the morning.
Pero si lo que expresa el sujeto no es que le guste precisamente sino que loconsidera mas apropiado, entonces se pone infinitive:
• I like to wash the car on Saturdays • She prefers to do it in the morning.
Estos verbos, en condicional, siempre van seguidos de infinitive:
• I would/I'd like to see you running in the marathon.
Algunos verbos o expresiones van seguidas del infinitive sin to (bare infinitive) Los verbos defectives can, could, may, might, must, should van seguidos de un infinitive sin to.
• You can do it this afternoon • She must tell us today.
Los verbos "semi defectives" need y dare se pueden conjugar de las dos formas:
• You needn't say anything - You don't need to say anything.
• How dare you say that? - How do you dare to say that?
Los verbos de sensacion feel, see, hear y watch van seguidos de un infinitvo
cuando la accion es corta, repentina:
• She heard him close the door • I felt his knee hit my chin.
Sin embargo cuando la accion tiene lugar durante algun tiempo o esta incompleta
se usa el gerundio:
• I heard the rain falling down all night.
Los verbos let y make van seguidos de un infinitive sin to.
• They let their son see all the films • She made me wash my face.
El verbo help admite las dos formas:
• He helped me to do it = He helped me do it.
Con las expresiones had better y would rather.
• I would rather go alone • You had better tell me.
But y except tambien van seguidos del 'bare infinitive'.
• We can't do anything but wait.
16
Trang 221 Ahora pon infinitivo o gerundio segun el caso.
Example: I like running.
I like to do things as soon as possible.
1 She likes (paint) She'll be an artist one day
2 I like (sing) in the bathroom
3 I would like (go) with you but I can't
4 She loves (get) up early on a sunny morning
5 I'd love (come) with you, but it's impossible
6 I like (do) all the unpleasant things as soon as possible
7 I'd like (go) to the cinema but it's impossible
8 She loves (go) to Rock concerts
9 I don't like (swim) in cold water
10 She doesn't like (speak) in public
11 I'd like (tell) you something
12 We love (ride) in the hills
13 We would like (buy) her a present
14 I like (do) things in the morning
15 I'm sure she would like (accompany) us
2 En las siguientes frases debes poner el infinitivo con o sin to
Example: I'd rather go early, if you don't mind.
1 She had better (start) at once
2 She does nothing but (complain)
3 I'll do my best (help) you
4 They didn't take the trouble (answer) personally
5 Get up early? No, thanks, I'd rather (stay) in bed all morning
6 What can you do except (wait)?
7 I can't afford (buy) another car
8 I didn't bother (answer) the phone
9 You'd better (tell) me the truth
10 Those boys do nothing but (shout) all day
11 We'd rather (stay) here if you don't mind
12 She didn't take the trouble (answer) my letter
13 He was about (reply) when a thought struck him
14 She made up her mind (leave) her boyfriend
15 I'd rather (have) fish, please
16 We do nothing but (fight) all day
Trang 23U N I T 6
Comparison of adjectives
Para formar el grado comparative de un adjetivo corto (monosflabo o bisflabo) seahade -er
• tall-taller • cheap-cheaper • short-shorter
• These trousers are too big I need smaller trousers.
• He has an expensive car I have a cheaper one.
Si el adjetivo tiene mas de dos si'labas se pone more delante.
• difficult-more difficult • interesting-more interesting
• This book is boring I want a more interesting one.
En ambos casos el que despues de la comparacion se traduce por than.
• John is taller than Peter • This book is more difficult than that one.
Los adjetivos que terminan en y cambian a -ier al formar el comparativo
• pretty-prettier • funny-funnier • easy-easier
• This place is noisier than that one • This girl is prettier than those.
Algunos adjetivos duplican la consonante final
• thin-thinner • big-bigger • fat-fatter • red-redder
• Our car is bigger than yours
Tambien usamos more para los adverbios que terminan en -ly:
• more quietly • more slowly • more fluently
Quantifiers
Antes de la forma comparativa del adjetivo se puede usar:
a bit, much, a lot, a little, far.
• Let's go by train It's much cheaper.
• I don't understand Can you speak a bit more slowly?
Adjectives
good/well better • This is much better than that.
bad/badly worse • Are you feeling better? No, worse,
far farther/further • We can't go on much farther/further.
(farther se usa con distancias mientras que further puede significar 'como
continuacion/ademas')
• Further to our phone conversation
El comparativo de old es older.
• John is older than Peter.
Usamos elder cuando se trata de miembros de una familia o una persona mayor.
• The elder of my sons is at university.
18
Trang 241 Completa estas frases Usa las formas comparativas de uno de los siguientesadjetivos o adverbios:
expensive - interested - big - thin - easily - near - beautiful
Example: This bottle of whisky is too small I want a bigger one.
1 I live too far I'd like to live
2 That coat is very cheap I want a one
3 This girl is beautiful but that one is
4 You can find your way around London if youhave a good map
5 This woman used to be fat Now she is much
6 My son doesn't want to study He is in girls
2 Completa las frases usando los comparativos de las palabras entre parentesis
+ than.
Example: The problem was more difficult than we thought, (difficult).
1 Eating in a cafe is (cheap) going to a restaurant
2 Passing your exams is much (important) having a goodtime
3 Carmen can speak English much two years ago
4 This thing is not complicated It's (easy) you think
5 That woman over there is much (old) she looks
3 Este ejercicio es parecido al anterior pero tienes que anadir a lot, a little,
much, far, a bit.
Example: This house is much bigger than that one.
1 It's (a lot/easy) to learn French in France, of course
2 This house is too small We need a (much/big) one
3 She looked sad yesterday, but today she looks (much/happy)
4 We are going too fast Why don't you drive ? (a bit/slowly)
5 It's cold in here It was (a little/warm) in the sitting-room
4 Completa estas frases usando: better worse further farther elder older.
Example: You know this area better than I do.
1 My house is down the river
2 Mine is bad but yours is
3 We can't go on talking any
4 John is my brother
5 Jill is only 15, but her boyfriend is
Trang 25U N I T 7
Comparative structures:
as as • more and more
A veces usamos dos comparatives juntos Usamos esta estructura cuando mos decir que algo esta cambiando contlnuamente:
quere-• Climbing the mountain was becoming harder and harder.
• That boy of yours is getting bigger and bigger.
• It's getting more and more difficult to find a job.
• More and more people are emigrating to Australia.
Ffjate en otra estructura The + (comparative) the better.
• 'When shall we do it?' 'Well, the sooner the better.'
• This is too big, isn't it?' 'Yes, the smaller the better.'
Tambien usamos the the (con dos comparatives) para decir que una cosadepende de la otra:
• The better you get to know her, the more you like her.
• The more you have, the more you want.
• The more you study, the more you learn.
• The longer she waited, the more impatient she grew.
El comparative de igualdad es as as
• Peter is as tall as Jeremy.
• Your father is as old as mine.
• Mr Evans is as rich as Mr Johnson.
• You can eat and drink as much as you like.
Tambien se puede decir twice as as, three times as as etc.
• This hotel is twice as expensive as that one.
• This town is three times as big as ours.
Comparativo de inferioridad not as/so as:
• This book is not as/so good as it looks.
• 'Is it cold?' 'Well, it isn't as/so cold as it looks.'
Estructura the same as:
• Your needs are the same as mine.
• The Browns' boy is about the same age as ours.
• 'What will you have, sir?' 'The same as last time.'
Estructura despues de than y as;
correcto coloquial
• He is richer than I am • He is richer than me.
• They are taller than we are • They are taller than us.
• I can swim as fast as she can • I can swim as fast as her.
Trang 261 En este ejercicio hay que usar la estructura de dos comparativos.
Example: Things are getting easier and easier.
1 Nowadays is getting (difficult) to find a
job
2 Pilar speaks English (fluently) after all thistime in England
3 That hole in your sock is getting (big)
4 This suitcase is getting (heavy)
5 Everybody is leaving The town is getting (small)
2 En este ejercicio tienes que escribir frases con the the
Example: The more he earned, the more he wanted.
1 The (expensive) the restaurant, the (good)the food and service
2 The (early) you leave, the (soon) you'llarrive
3 The you (practise) something, the (easy) itbecomes
4 The you (feed) it, the (big) it becomes
3 En este ejercicio tienes que usar el comparativo de igualdad o inferioridad
Example: I don't work as hard as you do.
1 I am rich but you are richer I am not
2 He works hard but he used to work harder He doesn't work
he used to
3 The supermarket is crowded but this morning it was more crowded It isn't
this morning
4 Johnson runs fast but he ran faster before He doesn't run
5 I am 15 and you are 15 I am
4 Completa este ejercicio usando just as seguido de una de las siguientes palabras good - expensive - fast - bad - comfortable - slow.
Example: This job is just as good as any other.
1 'My hotel was terrible.' 'Well, mine was yours'
2 This athlete is very fast.' 'Well, that one is '
3 'Our books are very expensive.' 'Well, ours are '
4 'Sleeping on the sofa is sleeping in bed'
5 This snail is very slow' 'Well, this one is '
Trang 27U N I T 8
WHEN • WHILE as clauses
When (cuando) se usa para tiempos simples:
Cuando una accion ocurre al mismo tiempo que otra, o en el mismo perfodo detiempo:
• When there is a football match the trains are crowded.
• When we lived in Madrid we often went to the theatre.
Cuando una accion sigue a otra:
• When I pressed the button the noise stopped.
AS se usa:
Cuando la segunda accion ocurre antes de que haya terminado la primera:
• As she left the house she remembered the letter in the hall
Esto significa que todavfa no habia completado la accion de dejar la casa While
she was leaving tendrfa el mismo significado aquf Sin embargo, When she left
dan'a la impresion de que el acto de salir estaba ya completo y la puerta estabacerrada detras de ella
Tambien se usa as para acciones paralelas:
• He talked as he walked.
En un desarrollo paralelo:
• As the soldiers approached, the crowd vanished
• As the sun rose, the fog dispersed
• As he grew older, he became more distrustful
Si usaramos when en estas frases perderiamos la idea de simultaneidad o
desarrollo simultaneo
As significa lo mismo que while a veces:
• As she stood there she saw a tall man enter the house
As + sustantivo puede significar when/while o because/since:
• As a boy he had been quite a rascal (When he was a boy)
• As a student he gets a reduction (Because he is a student)
• As a married man he has responsibilities (Since he is a )
While puede significar but y se usa para dar enfasis a un contraste:
• 'on the corner' means outside, while 'in the corner' means inside.
• Some people have too much, while others haven't enough.
While tambien puede significar although y se coloca al principio de la frase:
• While I can see your point of view I can't agree with it.
When puede significar seeing that/because Es parecido a while, pero generalmente
se usa para introducir una asercion que hace que la otra accion parezca irrazonable:
• How can you expect people to believe you when you never tell the truth?
• She can't be expected to do it when she has no experience
22
Trang 281 En este ejercicio tienes que hacer una frase de dos frases.
Example:! pressed the button The lift stopped
When I pressed the button the lift stopped.
1 I opened the door The cat ran out
2 We lived in London We often went to the zoo
3 I saw her in the river I was frightened
4 I spoke in French She realised I wasn't French
2 En este ejercicio vas a hacer lo mismo usando as
Example: She was leaving the house She remembered the key.
As she was leaving the house she remembered the key.
1 It grew darker It became colder
2 He climbed higher Breathing became more difficult
3 She became more efficient She was given more interesting work
4 He got to know her better He admired her more
3 Ahora tienes que cambiar estas frase como en el ejemplo
Example: When he was a student he went through hard times.
As a student he went through hard times.
1 Since he is the president of the company he has to make decisions
2 Since she is a married woman, she has to think of her family
3 Because he is a member of the club he only has to pay half the price
4 Since he is a medical student he is allowed free entrance
5 When she was a young woman she fell in love with him
Trang 29U N I T 9
Ellipsis in speech
A menudo omitimos palabras cuando el significado se puede entender sin ellas
Have you seen Peter? podemos decir, Seen Peter? El omitir estas palabras se
llama elipsis, y hay varias clases
I Omision del sujeto y/o del verbo auxiliar al principio de la frase
• (Have you) Seen Jimmy lately?
• (He) Doesn't know what all this is about.
2 Omision despues de and, or, but.
• A cup and (a) saucer
• He was poor but (he was) honest.
• Are you coming on Saturday or (on) Sunday?
3 Omision despues de adjetivos
• 'How do you like the potatoes?' • 'Fried (potatoes), please.'
4 Usamos el to y omitimos el resto del infinitive
• They wanted me to study medicine, but I didn't want to (study medicine).
5 Omision despues de los verbos auxiliares
• He said he'd come, but he hasn't (come)
Tambien usamos la elipsis despues de los verbos auxiliares en respuestas cortas
• 'Have you finished?' • 'Yes, I have (finished).
• You don't want to buy that book, do you (want to buy )?
Las estructuras elfpticas se pueden usar despues de so, neither, nor.
• 'I'm getting fed up.' • 'So am I' (getting fed up).
En ingles coloquial a menudo omitimos palabras al principio de la frase si elsignificado esta claro Las palabras que se omiten son los articulos adjetivosposesivos, pronombres personales y verbos auxiliares
• Car's broken down again, is it? (The car is )
• 'What's the matter?' - 'Tooth's aching.' (My tooth's )
Los pronombres personales se omiten a veces si el significado esta claro
• Wonder where he is (I wonder )
• We're having a good time Hope to see you soon (We hope )
• Looks just like her mother (She looks )
En frases afirmativas a veces omitimos el there is.
• Nobody at home (There is nobody at home)
24
Trang 301 A continuacion tienes unas frases completas.
Omite lo que creas que se puede omitir
Example: Have you seen any good films lately?
1 He doesn't know what he's talking about
2 I haven't phoned yet, but I will phone
3 They were poor, but they were honest
4 'Have you done it?' 'Yes, I have done it.'
5 My girlfriend wants us to get married, but I don't want to get married
6 He is coming on Tuesday and on Wednesday
7 You don't want to buy a car, do you want to buy a car?
8 'Im getting nervous.' 'So am I getting nervous
9 Have you seen my wife?
10.The tyres are punctured again
11 I wonder what they are doing
12 I couldn't understand a word
13 He looks like his father
14 There is nobody at home at the moment
15 Goodbye, son I hope to see you soon
2 Ahora vas a hacer lo contrario
Example: Seen my husband, Jim?
Have you seen my husband, Jim?
1 I saw a man and woman
2 Those are my wife and children
3 He said he would do it, but he hasn't
4 They wanted me to study, but I didn't want to ,
5 I haven't written yet, but I will
6 Doesn't know what he's doing
7 He was fat but agile
8 They always come on Saturdays and Sundays
9 'What's the matter?' 'Stomach's aching.'
10 Can't go in there without a ticket
11 See you soon
12 Coming tomorrow morning
Trang 31U N I T 10
Can • could • be able to
Can
Usamos can para decir que algo es posible o que alguien tiene la habilidad de
hacer algo La forma negativa es can't (cannot).
• You can see the park from my window.
• Can you speak French?
• I'm afraid I can't go with you.
Be able
Se puede usar en vez de can, pero este ultimo es mas corriente
• Are you able to speak fluent French? = Can you speak
Can
Solo tiene dos formas: Can (presente) y could (pasado) Asi que para otros tiempos hay que recurrir al be able to.
• I haven't been able to come.
• It's difficult to be able to sleep in this house.
(La conjugacion completa de este verbo se puede ver en la gramatica 1)
Could y Was able to
A veces could es el pasado de can Usamos could sobre todo con estos verbos:
feel smell, hear see remember understand taste
• When he reached the hall he could smell something strange.
• Although he spoke in a foreign language she could understand him.
Tambien solemos usar could para decir que alguien tenfa la habilidad general de
hacer algo:
• My grandfaher could walk for hours.
• When I was younger I could run very fast.
Pero si lo que quieres decir es que alguien consiguio hacer algo en una situacion
en particular tienes que usar was/were able to
• The gansters pursued him, but he was able to escape, (manage)
• She didn't want to, but in the end her mother was able to persuade her Compara could y was able to en este ejemplo:
• Johnson was a fast runner He could beat anyone, (had the ability)
• Johnson ran with Lewis and in the end he was able to beat him (managed)
La forma negativa couldn't es posible en todas las situaciones:
• Johnson couldn't beat anybody.
• We couldn't persuade her to come with us to the party.
Trang 321 En este ejercicio tienes que poner el verbo en el tiempo apropiado.
Example: He's very clever He can speak seven languages.
1 'Did you go?' 'No, I haven't go yet
2 After the accident he walk but he run
3 If you tell us what the problem is, we might help you
4 I understand him In fact I have never understand him
2 Ahora hay que completar una frase con could, was/were able to o couldn't
Example: Cleopatra was very clever She could speak seven languages.
1 He had an infection in his tongue so he speak very well
2 The little boy fell into the sea but we save him
3 My aunt Bertha play the piano quite well
4 We didn't have any bread, but I get some in the little Indianshop
5 I looked over a dune and I see a figure plodding along in thesand
3 Responde a las preguntas con was/were able to.
Example: 'Did they escape from the fire?'
'Yes, they they were able to escape unhurt'.
1 'Did you find the place?' 'Yes, after half an hour we find it'
2 'Did he escape from the bandits?' 'Yes, they pursued him but he
escape.'
3 'Did you win the marathon?' 'Yes, it wasn't easy, but at last I
win
4 "Did you rescue the mountaineer?" "Yes, after two days we
rescue him alive
4 En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases con could.
Example: I can't run now but I could run when I was younger.
1 I can't swim now, but I across the river a few years ago
2 The old man can't remember things now but he a lot ofthings a few years ago
3 I can't beat my son at tennis any more, but I only a fewyears ago
4 I can't play the piano now, but I when I was a boy
Trang 33• Jimmy is not here He may be playing in the park.
• Mark is not here He may be waiting for you at the bus stop.
La forma negativa de may es may not
• 'Did you give him any money?' 'Yes, but he may not have enough.'
• Is he coming?' 'Yes, but he may not come in time.'
Se puede usar may cuando hablamos acerca de posibles acciones en el future
• I may go on holiday to Benidorm this year
• If you tell me what the trouble is I may be able to help you
Must
Es parecido a have to, es decir debo, tengo que.
• You've been working hard all day You must be tired.
• She knows a lot about history She must read a lot.
La forma negativa de must es mustn't.
• You mustn't speak with your mouth full.
• We mustn't have negative thoughts.
W i l l
Cuando hablamos del future y no hablamos acerca de arreglos o intenciones
usamos el will.
• 'I'm taking my driving test' - 'Don't worry, you'll pass.'
• When you see her you'll notice something different.
• I used to run a lot but now I don't.
• We used to go to the theatre a lot when we lived in Madrid.
Tambien lo usamos para situaciones pasadas que ya no existen:
• We used to live in London, but now we live in the country.
• He used to wear funny clothes, but now he's very smart.
Used to + infinitive, siempre es pasado Para formar el presente suelo hay que
recurrir al usually:
• I usually go on Sundays.
• He usually smokes a packet a day.
• They usually come on time.
Trang 341 En este ejercicio tienes que responder con may.
Example: 'Where's Pete?' 'I don't know He may be in the garden.
1 'Do you know if he has a relative?' 'I don't know He one
2 'Do you think he's lying?' 'Well, he telling the truth.'
3 'Do you think she's ready?' 'Well, she ready.'
4 'Do you think he wants to come?' 'Well, he to come.'
5 'Do you know if she is pretty?' 'I don't know She be.'
2 Completa estas frases usando must
Example:'Is he a foreigner?'
'Yes, he must be a foreigner by his looks.'
1 'Are they in a hurry?' 'Yes, they '
2 'Was he driving fast?' 'Yes, he been.'
3 'Is she waiting for somebody?' 'Yes, she '
4 'Has he got a lot of money?' 'Yes, he '
3 Ahora responde estas preguntas usando las palabras entre parentesis
Example: 'When will he finish?' (expect/tomorrow)
/ expect he'll finish tomorrow.
1 When do you think he'll be back? (expect/soon)
2 When do you think he'll arrive? (suppose/next week)
3 What do you think he'll say? (suppose/nothing know)
4 Do you think you'll miss me? ( I'm sure/ very much)
4 En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases usando used to
Example: David doesn't come any more but he used to come every day.
1 She lives in Liverpool now but she in Leeds
2 When I was a child I to that old castle but I never gothere now
3 That man my best friend when we were boys
4 Our baby all night long every night but he doesn't cry
so much now
5 My father doesn't smoke now but he two packets aday
Trang 35U N I T 1 2
Present perfect and simple past
El preterite perfecto (present perfect) siempre tiene como referencia el presente
I have lost my passport significa que ya no lo tengo ahora El preterite indefinido
(past simple) indica algo que ocurrio en el pasado Si digo 'I lost my passport',
no digo si lo tengo ahora o no Solo digo que lo perdi en algun momento en elpasado
• He left town but he has returned, (esta aquf ahora)
• The economy fell but it has recovered again, (ahora esta bien).
No usamos el preterite perfecto con acciones que no tienen relacion con elpresente (hechos historicos, por ejemplo):
• World War II ended in 1945.
• Charles Dickens wrote "Oliver Twist".
Usamos el preterito perfecto para dar informacion o anunciar algo que ha ocurridorecientemente Sin embargo, si continuamos hablando sobre ello usamos elpasado
• Tom: Sandra has broken her arm.
• Jim: Really? When did it happen?
• Tom: She fell down playing football.
• Jill: Somebody has broken the vase.
• Jane: Well, it wasn't me I didn't break it
• Jill: I wonder who broke it, then.
Usamos el preterito perfecto para acciones recientes cuando no se menciona eltiempo:
• I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
• 'Have you had lunch?' 'No, I haven't had it yet.'
Compara con :
• I wrote the letter last night but I didn't post it.
• Did you have lunch at the hotel?
Usamos el preterito perfecto con acciones recientes que tienen resultados en elpresente:
• Mr Brown has gone to New York, (esta todavi'a allf)
• James has had a car accident, (probablemente esta todavi'a en el hospital) Sin embargo, si usamos el past simple indicamos que los efectos de la accion ya
pasaron:
• Mr Brown went to New York, (probablemente ya no esta alii)
• James had a car accident, (seguramente ya no esta en el hospital)
Trang 361 En este ejercicio tienes que leer la situacion y luego escribir una frase.
Example: This morning I lost my wallet Now I have it in my pocket,
(lose/find)
This morning I lost my wallet but I have found it.
1 They went on holiday but now they are back home again, (go/come back)They but
2 I put on a lot of weight but now I am too thin again, (put on/lose weight)
I but now I
3 Tom cut the grass Now it is long again, (cut/grow)
Tom but now it
4 Prices fell Now they are high again, (fall/rise)
Prices but now they
5 We bought a house Now we haven't got it (buy/sell)
We but now we
2 Pon el verbo en el tiempo correcto
Example: Somebody has broken the vase Well, I didn't break it.
1 Your garden looks nice (cut) the grass?
2 Well, I it yesterday
3 'Really? it yourself?' 'Yes, I did'
4 'Do you remember Mike?' 'Well, I (write) a letter to him'
5 When it?
6 Well, I it last night
3 Algunas de estas frases estan mal Otras estan bien Tu pon todas bien
Example: Mozart has been a great musician Mozart was a great
musician.
1 The second world war has ended in 1945
2 Mum and Dad have got married in Bristol
3 Who has broken that vase?
4 Who has written "Don Quixote?"
5 Ow! I bumped my head on the wall!
6 Are you going out? Had you breakfast?
7 Good afternoon Have you read the paper this morning?
8 Good morning Have you read the paper yet?
Trang 37U N I T 13
32
Present perfect • Past simple (cont.)
No se puede usar el preterite perfecto cuando se habla de un tiempo acabado en
el pasado (yesterday, last Monday, two months ago, in 1989, when I was a boy)
Se debe usar el past tense.
• Your brother came very late last night.
• Did you see your friend yesterday?
• We used to go to the cinema every Sunday when I was a boy.
Usamos el pasado para preguntas cuando sucedio algo:
• What time did the accident happen?
• When were they here last?
Compara con el preterito perfecto:
• She has failed her driving test.(present perfect)
Aqui no estarnos pensando en una accion pasada; estamos pensando en elresultado presente de la accion, es decir, que no tiene el permiso de conducir en estemomento
• Last year she failed her driving test, (past simple)
Aqui estamos pensando en la accion en el pasado No sabemos si despues volvio
a presentarse a otro examen y aprobo
Comparemos
Past simple
I cooked dinner yesterday.
He was in America last year.
He lived in Bristol for a year,
(he doesn't live there any more)
Did you see her this morning?
(It is now afternoon)
We didn't play tennis when I was at
school.
Present perfect
I have cooked dinner today.
He has been in Italy recently.
We have lived in Bristol for years.
Have you seen her this morning?
(It is still morning)
I have never played tennis
(in my life)
El preterito (past simple) nos dice
solamente acerca del pasado
El preterito perfecto siempre tieneuna conexion con el presente
Trang 381 En este ejercicio hay que poner el verbo en la forma correcta, bien en preterito(past simple tense) o bien en preterito perfecto (present perfect).
Example: Did you go to Spain on holiday last year?
/ have finished my homework I'm off to bed.
1.1 (lose) my wallet I can't find it anywhere
2 The window panes look clean (you/clean) them yesterday?
3 My car is not here any more Someone (take) it
4 James (buy) a new bicycle last week
5 (stop) drinking for good?
6 (see) the Expo when you were in Lisbon?
7 Why (you/finish) your job yet?
8 Why (you/finish) your homework last night?
9 Is your Dad in? No, he (go) out
10 When (he/go) out?
2 Ahora haz frases usando las palabras que te dan
Example: (I/buy/new car/yesterday) / bought a new car yesterday.
(I/buy/new car/today) / have bought a new car today.
1 (how many/months/be/in London/last year/you?)
2 (I/not/smoke/a cigarette so far today)
3 (how many short stories/write/last year?)
4 (how many short stories/write/so far this year?)
5 (I/not/drink/any tea so far today)
3 Pon el verbo en la forma correcta, "past simple" o "present perfect"
Example:! saw the Queen when I went to Edinburgh
1 I don't know Mr Evans I (never/meet) him
2 That man died years ago I (never/meet) him
3 During our stay in Scotland the weather (be) awful
4 My Mum and Dad (be) married for 18 years
5 We live here We (live) here all our lives
6 My father (work) in that firm for 20 years Then he set uphis own business
7 The weather in this country (be) very nice recently
8 I (wait) for an hour but he didn't come
Trang 39U N I T 14
The present perfect simple and continuous
El preterite perfecto continue se forma con el preterite perfecto del verbo to be +
gerundio:
• I have been studying English for ten years.
• I haven't been working this morning.
El preterito perfecto simple indica una accion acabada
• I have washed the car.
• She has cleaned the windows.
El preterito perfecto progresivo expresa una accion que aparentemente no estainterrumpida; no la usamos cuando mencionamos el numero de veces que se hahecho una cosa, o el numero de cosas que se han hecho
• I have written four letters since dinner, (simple)
• I've been writing letters since dinner, (progressive)
Hay una diferencia entre una accion aislada en el preterito perfecto simple yuna accion en el preterito perfecto continue:
• I've washed the car significa que el trabajo ha sido ya completado
• I've been washing the car significa que he estado algun tiempo lavando el
coche, pero que no necesariamente he terminado ya
Algunos verbos como (have, be, know) no se usan en la forma continua:
• How long have you two been married?
• They have known each other for years.
Usamos la forma continua para decir cuanto tiempo algo ha estado sucediendo:
• I've been painting windows all day.
• How long have you been painting windows?
• He's been playing golf since 8 o'clock.
Usamos la forma simple para decir cuanto hemos hecho, o cuantas veces hemoshecho algo:
• I've painted four windows this morning.
• How many letters have you written?
• I have seen Mary three times this week.
Trang 401 En este ejercicio tienes que leer la situacion y escribir dos frases, una con elpreterite perfecto simple y la otra con el continue.
Example:! am writing a book I started six months ago and I am on
chapter ten.
- / have been writing a book for six months
-1 have written 10 chapters.
1 The two brothers paint pictures They started when they lost their jobs,(they/ paint/pictures/since they lost their jobs)
(they/paint/dozens of pictures/since they lost their job)
2 He is a football player He began playing when he was 14 Now he isinternational for the sixth time
(he/play/ football since he was 14)
(he/be/international/six times)
3 My brother likes cycling Now he is cycling round Europe He began his tourfour weeks ago
{he/cycle/around Europe for four weeks)
(he/visit/four countries so far)
2 Ron los verbos en la forma correcta, simple o continua
Example: / have lost my way Can you tell me where I am?
Your eyes are red Have you been reading?
1 My father is a writer He (write) several books
2 I can't breathe in here (you/smoke)?
3 Hello Mum! I (write) letters So far I (write) five letters
4 I've been delayed Sorry! (wait) long?
5 I (read) that article in the paper but I (finish) it yet
6 Oh dear! someone (break) the vase
3 A continuacion tienes unas aseveraciones Tienes que hacer la pregunta apropiada
Example: Maria is studying English.
How long have you been learning English?
1 Your friend has run many marathons