Advanced english grammar practice richard walton

I Use Your Head Dictionary skills-Abbreviations; parts of speech; tenses;dependentprepositions Grammar-Conditionals 0, 1,2; despite/in spite of; although/but Phrasal verbs-Wordorder Phra

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First publishedbyThomasNelsonandSonsLtd1994

Manythanks toSue O'Connellforkeepingthebook'focused'andstaying positive:andtoRoberta

for puttingupwith it all.

Iwouldalso like tothankthe studentsandstaff of St Clare's,Oxfordfor their help in piloting the materialandfor their support.

Thepublishers are grateful to the following for permission toreproducecopyright material:

SOCIOLOGY REVIEWvol 7No1,September1977and anextractfrom'Thinkingaboutfamily

life'by DavidMorganinSOCIOLOGY REVIEWvol 7No4, 1998; BritishAirwaysforanextract

from anarticleby DavidHewsoninBRITISHAIRWAYS BUSINESSLIFEJuly/August1998;BBC

WILDLIFEMAGAZINEonbehalf of the authors, for extractsfrom'Mystery of the dying frogs'

byTimHalliday&'Small is beautiful'by JonathanPorritt inBBCWILDLIFEMAGAZINE

October 1997p29&pp21-22;BrockmanInc.onbehalf of the author, foranextractfromTHE

RISEANDFALLOF THE THIRD CHIMPANZEEbyJaredDiamond;GuardianNewspapersLtd

WEEKEND6.6.98;GuildofMasterCraftsmanPublications Ltd forandadvertisement for a desk

BETTER READER, FASTERREADERbyManyaandEricDeLeeuw(Pelican Original)Copyright

©ManyaandEricDeLeeuw,1965.

Wehavebeenunable to trace the copyright holder of the letter 'PickStrawberryFields for the

informationwhichwouldenable us todoso.

IllustrationsbyNigel Paige,AnneBurchell

Designedby AnnettePeppis

I Use Your Head

Dictionary skills-Abbreviations; parts of

speech; tenses;dependentprepositions

Grammar-Conditionals 0, 1,2; despite/in

spite of; although/but

Phrasal verbs-Wordorder

Phrasal verbs-Canyousplit it up?

Writing-Informal letter

Writing-Formalletter

Spelling-Thatcan'tberight!

Grammar-Reviewof passivesandcausative

have/getsomethingdone, passives for formal

Grammar-will vs going to; futuretime

clauses; guess the ending; present tenses,

modalverbs

Causeandeffect

Grammar--ing forms; prepositionsand

conjunctions+-ing; -ing or infinitive?; -ing

nouns;-ing adjectives

Wordbuilding-Verb formation

Dependentprepositions

Collocations

Wordcheck -Stressandrelaxation

Progress Test One 25

5 Globe Trotting 29

Cohesivedevices

Grammar-Past simple vs past continuous;

Phrasal verbs-Phrasal verbswithup; in

other words;three-wordphrasal verbs

Reference links

Wordstress-Air travel

Writing-Formalletter

Editing for phrasal verbs

Wordcheck -Collocations

6 Language Matters 35

Relative clauses-Relativepronouns;different endings; reduced relative clauses; fill in the gaps

superlatives, as as,completethe sentencesDegreesofcomparison

Linkingandlogical devices-addition,

concession, contrast

Spelling

EmphasisersReviewwriting

7 The Ages of Man 41

Grammar-usedto vs be/get used to ;

past simple or present perfect; present perfect

simpleandcontinuous; stative vsdynamic

verbs Dictionary skills-Connotation;parts of speech;metaphorsandidioms; collocation;

wordformation(derivations); register;

pronunciationandstress

Reportedspeech Expressions withmake

Discourse clozeWordcheck - Age

16 8 Personally Speaking 46Compoundadjectives of character

The the -comparatives Phrasal verbs

Grammar- Thepassive; fill in the gaps;

make/cause, etc.

Writing-Informalletter

Wordcheck -Characterandpersonality

Lexical cloze

Progress Test Two 50

9 Mind Your Manners

Inversion after negative introductions

Modalverbs Collocations-verb+noun;verb+adverb;

Dictionary skills-Opposites-prefixes;

synonymsand antonyms;phonetics; spelling

vs pronunciation;pronunciationType3andmixedconditionalsWriting-Reportwriting

Register cloze

10 State of the Union 61

Grammar-Review of-ingformsand

infinitives; cleft sentencesandintroductory it

Collocations with do/make/have/get Phrasal verbs

Dependentprepositions Writing-Informationsheet Structural cloze

Wordformation

Wordcheck -Relationships

I I Last Chance to See

Relative clauses-Punctuation; relative

clauses with prepositions Phrasal verbs-Tenseandstructure; different

meaningsExpressing the future Quantifiers-each/every, either/neither

Linkingandlogical devices-causeand

result,purposeandtime Discourse cloze

Writing-Formalletter

Progress Test Three 71

Dependentprepositions Writing-Article

Structural clozeWordcheck -Fire

13 Mind and Body 80Pronouns-object, reflexiveandreciprocal Past tenses for hypothetical situations

Vocabulary -Wordbuilding; adjectives

Phrasal verhs Dictionary skills-Collocations;metaphorsand idioms

Expressions of concession Writing-Character reference

Wordformation

55 14 Testing Times 86Reviewofgrammaticalandsyntactical

conditionals; structures after verbs;

modals/modalperfects; passives; linkers; participle clauses;emphaticstructures -ingforms--ing or infinitive?; -ing forms,

infinitive with orwithoutto

TensesReviewof tenses

Writing-ReportWordcheck -Studyingandexaminations Editing skills

Progress Test Four 93

Answer Key 98

SB=Student'sBook

Use Your Head

I Dictionary skills

Givetwoexamplesforeach of the following dictionary

monolin-gual dictionaryan essential tool. Apart from spellingand

meanings, a dictionary can tellyou:

Decidethegrammaticalfunction ofthewordfast in

checkyouranswers

1 Ifyoutakethe fast train,you should betherein

under anhour

2 Manyreligions require theirfollowers tofast at

certaintimesoftheyear.

it there.

4 Whenitstarted raining,weallran inside asfastas

wecould

Completethe following sentenceswiththe correctform

1 Dan hates doingthewashing-up (hate-presentsimple)

?(go- )

3 Sorrytokeepyou.Howlong you

? (wait- )

4 Isincerelyhope they thebuildingwork by

theend ofnext month, (finish

-)

5 What you between 5 and 6pm

-)

gymnasiumwith thenew governmentgrant, (can

-)

7 Juliaever seriouslyillbeforehertrip toIndialastyear? (be-

)

8 Just think,thistime nextmonth I herefor

tenyears! (work- )

9 Doesanyonewantasandwich? Nothanks, I

10 Where onearth you those

11 Ihope I onasun-drenched beachinItaly thistimetomorrow,(sit-

)

12 We throughtheforest fortwoorthreehours

when werealisedwewerelost!(walk- )

1.4 Dependent prepositions Completethefollowing sentencesbyputting the correct

done foryou

1 Moral andsocial responsibilityshould beintegrated

3 Kellyhasgreat confidence herchildren's

abilities.

USE YOUR HEAD

6 Jacktookearlyretirementashewaslosing hisgrip

thejob

closelyrelated how muchyourparents

readtoyouas achild.

9 I finditveryhardtocommithistoricaldates

memory.

10 Lackofsleepcan seriously interfere your

abilitytothinkrationally.

2.1 Conditionals 0, I and 2 Focus on

Completethe following conditionalsentenceswith

suitable phrases.Lookattheexamplegiven

1 OK, OK,I'lllendyouthemoneyaslongasyou pay

2 What would you do ifyourcar miles

, tellhimto getbackin touch

6 But supposing ourtrainis late,how

7 I can'tget off to sleepatnight unless a

10 Ifyou drop acat, italways onits feet.

betterRussian

12 Should furtherinformation,please

13 I'mgoingtotakeabig pulloverin case

verycold

time ifyou woreyourglasses moreoften

15 Provided no moreobjections,we'll

continue withthe next pointontheagenda

16 Suppose ona desert island, how would

Although you cannot use '// afterif in most

conditional sentences,there is one timewhen you can.This isto expresswillingness orvolition:

e.g If you'll clearthe table, I'll washthe dishes.

2.2 despitelin spite of;although/but

7

Matchthefirsthalfof the sentencesinColumn Awith

theirendingsinColumn Bthenaddanappropriatelinkingwordorphrase.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou

A

1 Joanisveryhard-working U2J

2 LucylivedinMexicoforthreeyears, I I

3 Joe'sparentswanted himtobea doctor I I

5 what you might haveheard, r~]

7 theylivedalmostopposite the

10 allthe special offers I I

B

A notdoinganyrevision at all.

C Jackand Ruth sent theirdaughterto a privateplace

D but she's notvery imaginative

I hewantedtolearn towriteplays.

J thereis noquickandeasywayto learn a language

I USE YOUR HEAD

3 Phrasal verbs

Insome, but notall,of the sentencesbelowtheword

orderof the phrasal verbs andobjects iswrong.Make

examplegiven

1 Ifthere areanywords you don'tunderstand, look

*up(them)inyourdictionaries

2 Quick,Ihaven't got apen Can youjot Jack'sphone

number downforme?

Thinkoveritand let me knowtomorrow

4 'Areyou going tothe party nextFriday?'

'Yes,I'm reallylookingforward to it.'

5 Could youlookthis article throughand tellme what

7 'MrsMcCarthy,I'vegotyourhusband ontheline.'

'OK Put himthrough.'

8 Itwas sucha good book Ijust couldn'tput down it.

'Yes,but I'mreallytrying to give upit.'

Grammar, SB page 1

9

theparticle.See theexampleprovided

them down

2 Where'sthe remotecontrol?

twoyears ago!

6 Look,don'tkeep complainingto me aboutit Ifyour

7 'Didyoubelieve thatstoryabouta long-lost brother?'

8 'Whatdid littlePatrick thinkofhisfirst visit to the

swimmingpool?'

'Oh, he took likea duck

towater!'

Think for a while

10 The form wassocomplicatedthatshe hadto ask her

accountantto fill forher.

tomorrow morning andIjust can'twork

reallygot

13 I stilldon't understandthisword and I'vejust

looked in the dictionary!

14 As theydidn'thaveanywheretostay,weput

forthe night

15 Ninafainted in theheatand we hadto bring

USE YOUR HEAD I

4 Prefixes - under and over

Word formation, SB page 20

underand theiropposites.Lookattheexampleprovided

difficultyofsomething (v)

weak andunhealthyduetolackoffood (adj)

having toofew people fortheamount ofwork(adj)

not cookedforlongenough (adj)

8 wearingclothes that are notattractiveorformal

enoughforanevent (adj)

4.2 Nowcompletethese sentencesusingany of the

words from4.1.See theexampleprovided

1 Therewas fartoomuchlightandallmyphotoswere

overexposed

2 Don'tyou think you'rea bit for a

barbecue inthatsuit?

3 The baby was abit atbirthbutshe'sputon

weightwell.

take I'dallowan hour

6 Theoffice is so somepeoplewillhave to

bemade redundant

9 Ican'tstandmeat thatis so thatithas

blood oozingout ofit.

10 I find his songs veryrepetitive I thinkhe's really

asa singer,to behonest

wouldbe an

sufferingfromvariousdiseases

13 It's averygood restaurant.But be warned, theytend

to

14 Although shecame froman family

background,shewent ontobecome oneof themost

5 Writing - Informal letter

markedforyou Thereare also7missingphrases.Fmdtheother6nustakes

andcompletethe 7 missingphrases

ofllfel

beforealthough nowI'm in charge ofmarketing our courses in

Europe! So it's a lot more responsibilityand lots oftravelling As

it happens, I'm coming to Valencia next month and (3)

addresses and phone numbers ofthedirectors ofall the local

information in this country

(4) ifyou couldgo through allthe local

yellowpages and send me information Flease don't

(5) ifyou can'tmanage it, Ican always

{&) , we mustdefinitely meet up whenI'm over (7) see you soon

Looking forward to hearing fromyou Yours sincerely,

Andy

USE YOUR HEAD I

6 Word formation

6.1 Completethefollowinggrid,payingparticular

positive (+) or negative (-). See theexamplesprovided

(noun +)

(adj -)(adj +)

11 photograph (noun +) (adj +)

13 psychology (noun+) (adj +)

14 invest (verb +) (noun +)

15 appear (verb +) (noun-)

6.2 Nowcompletethe following sentenceswithsuitable

words from theexerciseabove

16 A'cheat' issomeone whobehavesin a

17 Thereisa popular thatallBritish

peopleare monarchists Thisissimplynottrue!

forthe ofsucha large

sumofmoney.

19 The effectsof takingregular exercise

areboth physicaland

20 Children often feela great deal of

abouttheirfirst dayatschool

21 AlthoughRitawasoften in class, she

hada virtually memory andgottop

state of confusion

23 I like to relaxwitha gooddetectivestory-nothing

too demandingor

24 The ofourmemoriesdoes not

necessarilydeterioratewithage

Completethesentencesbelow byaddingthe correct

onehasbeen doneforyou

circulate assimilate setyourself

produce offer chewover

2 It'shardto informationwhen feeling

anxious

3 Severalstudents volunteeredto

4 Detailsof thenewgrantwere inthe

5 Don'teventryandwrite everything Just

the main points

6 It's importantto clear targets inyour

7 Don'tmakethemistake ofsimply

someoneelse'swords whenwritingyourownnotes

languages

forsuch poor examination results.

10 I find ithelpful to listentoclassicalmusicwhen I'm

a problem

anybeneficialeffectstothe learningprocess

USE YOUR HEAD

8 Error correction

8 Parts of speech

Underlinetheunnecessarywords ineachof the following sentences andidentifywhich partofspeechit is. See theexamplegiven

1 Remind metotelephonetomysisterbeforetheendof theday preposition

2 Wereallyneed an information aboutflights toSkopje

3 The modernlife iscomplicatedenough withoutmore rules

andregulations

4 They hopetocan arrivebefore thestartof the conference

5 Hadn'tshebeensuggested creatingtwopart-timejobs?

7 Praguewhichis a cityI'vealwayswantedtovisit.

10 Therewasan ominoussilence asthey entered intotheroom

8.2 Error correction

Inmostlinesof the followingtextthereisoneunnecessaryword.It is either

grammaticallyincorrect orit does notfitinwiththesenseof thetext. For each

numberedline,findtheunnecessaryword andthenwriteitinthe space

lineshavebeen doneforyou

Mapping the mind's word processor

process language has been pinpointed bya new brain-imager.

Dr JulieFiez, who firstreported thework, believesbrain-imagers

will one day help to show(

ihajkhe causes of problemslike dyslexia

and determinestrategies to overcome language in difficulties

The new imaging technique shows that the parts ofthe brain which

#1£Jworking harder'because'ofblood flow has increased

When some people being studied were asked tolift theirleft index

orvowel Others were asked only to listen without doinganything

when subjectshad to show they had heard ofthe specific sound,

ratherthanjust listened.Many regions are involved in listening

but this one appearsto be involved when parts ofa sound have to

be analysed to make up a decision, for instancehow to correctly

2 Severe Weather

I Vocabulary

I I Collocations

MatcheachwordinColumn Awithitspartnerin

E

H

I J

weather

seasrainwinds

breeze

Completethe following sentencestomakeasuitable

common idiomormetaphorconnected withthe weather

1 I'mreallysorryIwon'tbe able to seeyouthisweek

'Sorry, I haven't got the idea!'

relationship-they're alwaysarguing

andthenmaking upagain!

4 Julie is amazinglycheerful, she alwaysgreets

everyone witha smile

theforestwas metby ofprotest from

local residents

6 Tomhasbeen Mariawithpresentsto

make upforforgetting theirweddinganniversary

lastmonth.

theywere caughtina ofbullets outside

the gang's.hideout

8 Theboss'smannerturneddecidedly

after Itoldher Iwaslookingfor anewjob

9 I gothometofindeveryonein oftears

'Pleased?He'son nine!'

2 Contrast links

Completethesentences using the linkingwordsinthe

while/whereas

although incontrast

yet

1 Micklikes playingtennis,but onlyifhewins!

independent

heregularly eatschicken!

4 Carsproducea great deal ofpollution Bicycles,

,aretotallyenvironmentallyfriendly.

5 Checkers isa relativelyeasygametomaster,

time

6 MsRosswillbeable to seeyou tomorrow

7 Some peopleregardtelevision asno morethan

'chewinggumfortheeyes', manyothers

8 Jo likeslivinginthecountry,shedoes

Completethe following sentencesto form common

wordcombinations.Thefirst letterof themissingword

2 Thelorry drivers'strikebroughtthetraffictoa

s in mostparts of the country

3 Quick! Grab h ofmy hand andI'lltryandpull youout

smart newsuit.

5 Jantakes largedoses ofVitaminCattheslightest

h ofa cold

6 Mykids justnever g asecondthought

towhereall themoney comes fromtopayfor theirtoysandpresents

2 SEVERE WEATHER

Completethese sentenceswitha prepositionandthe

10

increase tears admission warn clear

countsas agenerousweddingpresent!

Inroughweatherthe coast guardis

signalsfrom boats

Alocalwoman us

swimmingin thebay Shesaidsharkshad beenseen

thererecently.

Most people regardedhis refusal toanswerthe

Theworkers were rathercynicalafter themeeting

Most ofthemwere no that

themanagement wouldtaketheircomplaints

seriously

tobetreatedhas been all

Thepolice movedswiftly

tostopfighting betweenthe rivalgroups offootball

fans.

Therehasbeena dramatic

thenumberofcasesofskin cancerduetothe

damagetotheozonelayer.

Itwassuch a sadfilm thatwewereallreduced

atthe end

The new model is electric

windows,asun-roofand acatalytic converteras

standard

5 Writing - Formal letter

FredSmith iswriting alettertoMr Clough,the

Chairmanof thetowncouncilinLoxley.The

informationin hisletter iscorrectbutthestyleisfartoo

I must insist thatyou .

10 North ParadeDear Mr Clough LoxleyI'm writing to say

the state of the rn^ ~ <- / P ^ Wlth

her car out' g&rage to Pu"

But that was two ninths ago now Z.T^

you know about the situatTo k laKM

a chap from the council " ^ S&W

SEVERE WEATHER 2 -^

6 Spelling -That can't be right!

arespelt incorrectly.Correctanymistakes,as inthe

2 Ifyou believewhat theysay in thecommercials,

7 I seethepolicehavearrested thosemen whoare

supposedto havekidnapedthatlittleboy

sunnyafternoon,withexcellentvisibility and

practicallynowind

shepayedforthepetrol

couldn'thelpit.

12 Excuseme,Professor.Could you repeatthenameof

13 When Iwasa boy,I plaied rugbynotfootball.

14 Oh Brian!Youreallymuststop disagreeingwith

15 Althoughthefirewasverysmall,everyone paniced

and rushed outof thecinema,causingcomplete

chaos

flUSHE | Doubling consonants

Rememberthatin verbs ofmorethan onesyllable the

fina consonantis (usually) doubled only ifthe stress is on

7.1 Review of passives and causative (havel

Grammar SB, page 30

Causative have/get

Have/get something done(Causative) is used to mean:

•causesomething to be done by someone else

e.g I had/gotmyhair cut yesterday.(The hairdresser did it.)

•cause somethingto happen yourself

e.g I'll have/getthis mess cleared up in no time.

e.g.Clara had/got hercredit cards stolenthe other day.

Get is used ratherthan have:

•to show a feelingofobligation or urgency

e.g I mustgetmy car insurance renewed - it ran outlastweek!

moved in.

•to indicate a plannedaction toachieve something

e.g.Hegot himself elected President ofthe club.

•in imperatives

e.g.Getthis room cleaned upat once!

underlinedformsiscorrect/moreprobableorifbotharepossible See theexamplegiven

1 Ourhouse is(beinafgetting renovatedsowe're

rugby

Isobel Fischer

4 Sorry I'mlatebut Ikept being/gettinglost onthe

wayhere

5 I'mafraidthemeetingwillhavetobe/getpostponed

untilnext week

6 Apart fromthe terriblehoteland thedirtybeach, my

camcorderwas/got stolen onthelastdaytoo!

7 Have/Get yourhaircut,youhorriblelittle man!

8 Iwenttofive different shops butIjust couldn't

10 Don'tworry,we'llsoon have/getyourcarstarted.

8 Sorry,butthecouncil hasturneddownyourplanningpermission

We regret to inform youthatplanning permission

Nocompensation

Children

7.2 Passives for formal effect

Usingtheverbsintheboxbelow, completethe sentences

tomake moreformalequivalentsof the sentences

1 Ifyoubreakanything,you'llhaveto payforit.

2 You might havetoshow somesortofID

Proofofidentitymay

3 You can'tpay by cheque unlessyou've got a

Allcheques must

5 Youshouldtellthe managerifyou've gotanythingto

complain about

All complaints

6 They'll tellyoubefore theendof the monthifyou've

The successfulapplicant

days

Fullpayment

8 Dependent prepositions

Completethe following sentenceswiththe correct

1 Allnew models havebeenfittedwith a safety lock

2 Youlookreally scruffy.Can'tyou tuckyourshirt

yourtrousersat least?

3 The mainpartof the houseisveryold Itdates

morethan 400years

4 The suddenmovement of thetrainthrewme

steps.

guardsmoved actiontohold backthecrowds

8 The priceof sharesin thecompany went up

over50% when theyannouncedthe

9 We've decidedtoswitch electricity

solarpowerin an attempttobemore

eco-friendly.

the greatestthreats wildlifetoday

A greatamount of waterin aplace thatisusuallydry (5)

A pileofsnow blown up by9 across (5)

Medicalterm for whenyourbodytemperaturefallstoadangerouslylow

level. (11)

Water at 0°C (3)

Badweather with alot ofrain (5)

Blockedinbyheavy snow (9)

Having becomehard orstifffromcold (6)

A violenthurricanethatoccurs inthewesternPacific (7)

A largemassofsnowthatslides down thesideofamountain (9)

To die underwaterbecauseyoucan'tbreathe (5)

Heavysnowfallwithextremely strong 9across (8)

A mixtureofrainandsnow (5)

Time Eaters

I Vocabulary - Register and style

Language Focus, SB page 36

I I Good monolingualdictionariesalways indicateifa

wordorphrase hasa particular'register',inotherwords

etc),old-fashioned/dated,slang,etc.Words and phrases

withnolabel areof neutral register.

Use your monolingualdictionarytodeterminethe

registerof thefollowingwords andtodiscoveramore

common/neutral(near) synonym An exampleisgiven

1 lesion medical cut, wound

wordsin thesentences that follow.Not allthe

3 Lingo studyclasses are from0900to 1215with

4 Youare invited to anosh-uptocelebratethe 25th

6 She turnedoutto bea greatbossto work for

notwithstandingwhateverybodysaidabout her.

7 It is,to say the veryleast, prettyregrettablethatthe

ManagingDirector has decidedto resignat thiscrucial time

8 Podgychildren runa higher riskof heartdisease inlater life.

9 My grandmotherneverbought aTV She wasquite

happylisteningtoher wireless,asshe usedto call it.

10 Can you pena quickshoppinglistforme? You know howforgetful I am.

1 One feels it maynot be politic at this momenttopress foran increase insalary.

'Yeah,we'vebeencourtingforabouttwo monthsnow.'

13 I'm abitworriedabout Harry,doctor.He's gotsome

nastylesions onhis legs.

'Oh,what forthis time?'

'The usual-larceny.'

2 no matter .

Matchthefirstpart ofeachsentenceinColumn Awith

thesecondpartinColumn B and adda suitableword to

completeit.Lookattheexample

F

A

2 Well,it looksasthough we'llhave tobuya I I

newone,

4 Don'ttrustheran inch, I I

8 Cigarettes areextremelybadforyou, I I

9 Look, this rumouris totallyuntrue, I I

B

F Ineverloseanyweight.

I giveus a ringtolet usknoweverything'sOK.

3.1 will vs going to Focus on Grammar,

Complete the sentencesbelowusing themost

inbrackets.Thefirstonehasbeen doneasan example

4 'CouldI have an orangejuice?'

'I'm sorry,we've runout.'

'Oh, alright I (have) acokethen,please.'

5 Whattimedo youthinkyou (get) back

6 Oh come on,lookat that beautifulblue sky-it

(not rain) today!

7 'Haveyou gotanyplansfor Fridaynight?'

book.'

8 Sidpromised to come and help usbuthe

howunreliable heis.

'OK,I (get) it!'

10 Quick! Giveme apaper tissue, I

from Security SupervisorIB Shadow

searchedtheembassyand grounds foranythingsuspicious.

(2) he steps ^Qf

his bullet-proof limousine,you and

threeof yourmen

will be ,nchargeofhispersona] safety (3)

hegets back into his limousineafter the meeting.'

^

s shal<en hands with the Britishdiplomats, oneofyou willhave to stay very closeto

im(5) hegreets thewell-wishers inthe

crowd and, remember,(6)

seebehavmgstrangely, you'll

beexpectedto act firstand

ask questions later (7) y ' uhegoes inside the

embassybu.lding with

the negotiators, you'll

accompany him to the meeting room door and wait

be backin thehands ofthe mobilesecurity unit and

you'll be ableto breathe asighofrelief.

flEiii-ii'rim?

3.3 Guess the ending Focus on Grammar,

2 It'sOK,I'llwaitforyou until

4 Hurryup,orthey'll havefinisheddinner bythetime

5 I'llmeet you backhereafterwe

6 Won't you geta fine if ?

8 You won'tfeel much onthis sideofyourmouth

untiltheinjection

doneforyou

thinkI'llthrowitout

2 You (forever/use) myrazor, can'tyou

buy oneofyourown?

3 Ohyes, JeanandI (know) each other

verywell.

4 Mark (go) to workbytrain whilehis

car's atthe mechanic's

10

11

12

(write)someletters.'

7 Aunt Agnesisvery generous, she

(always/give) the childrenwonderful presentsfortheirbirthdays

8 Thatnew postman (notseem) very

letters inthewrong letterbox

friends

Predictably,attheendofthe film theSwarzeneggerhero (rescue) theprisonersand

(get) thegirl!

Where you (live) until

yournewhouseis ready?

(return) buttheball (go) intothe net.

Gameto Carter

Remember that present tenses arenot onlylimited

to talking aboutthepresent-they arealso used:

-to make the pastseem less remoteand moredramatic,

e.g So,yesterdayI'm sitting in theoffice, finishing off a

-to makethe future more definite:

3.5 Modal verbs Focus on Grammar, SB

page 48

Completethe following sentenceswithasuitableform

ofcan, could,beable, may,might, must andtheverbin

brackets.An exampleisgiven

flu.

2 Are yougoingto (come) to Charlie's

birthday party next Saturday?

3 Myword! It (take)you agestowriteall

this.Therearemorethan 2,000pages!

4 Which busdo youthinkyou (leave)

your bag on?

5 'It'sodd wehaven't received thatcheque.Showerings

said they'd sentit.'

'Yes, I supposeit (get) lostinthepost

butI doubt it.'

6 I (swim) reallywellwhenI wassix

yearsold

7 Althoughshe hadabroken leg,she

(swim) tothe shore

lookeda real idiot inmypulloverandjeans!

(not'even run) round theblock!

11 'Iwonder why Pamignoredme inthestreet this

heardthe news Congratulations!

14 Quick,Phil! you (see) thatmanover

there?I thinkhe well(be) theonethe

police arelookingfor.

15 Marsha (be) abrilliantlawyerbutshe

forit!'

17 Jane'snot completelydeafbut she (not

you

could vs was able to

Remember could is usedto show general ability in

e.g.Shecould drivewhen shewas 1 3.

wasabkto shows abilityon a specificoccasion in

e.g. Despite havinga flat tyre,shewasable todrivehome

1 Stress

I Cause and effect

Matchthebeginningofeach sentenceinColumn Awith

words.See theexample

A sudden rise in temperature

Malaria can from

Obesity can bethe of

Crimesin innercitieshave increased

B

LU

B canbe to tirednessand distraction

E beingbittenbya mosquito

F isa major of chronicback pain

recreational facilities.

H can be by sunbathingfor longperiods

I isa major caueeofroad accidents

school

2.1 -ing forms

made fromaverb.Thefirstoneisshownasan example

1 Drinking lots ofwateris supposedtobegood for

your complexion

3 ismuch lesspopularnow

than itwas20years ago

4 isbyfar themost

common way ofspendingtheevening

6 crosswordpuzzles isaclassictime-eater

7 is agood wayoflosing

weightandgettingfit.

8 in poorlight candamage

STRESS 4 *

1.1 Prepositions and conjunctions + -ing

Completethefollowing sentencesbyaddingthe correct

1 I'm reallylooking forward to meetingyoursister,

I'veheardso much abouther.

2 We'rethinking toTurkeythis summer.

3 Arnold was falselyaccused cashfrom

4 When Iwasa childmy mother wasalwayswarning

me liftsfromstrangers

putoff until tomorrow!

7 Lesley'sratheranxious the doctor next

week -she thinks itmightbe somethingserious

ex-boyfriendtotheparty

thewindow.

10 I'mtired the sameoldfaces everyday

1 Anyone interested onthetrip toBath

shouldtellKerry by noontoday

12 Dr Farquar isfamous people's names —

a lie.

14 Youcandelete anythingyoudon't want

15 Sallyfoundit difficultto re-adjusttothe Britishway

Greekislands.

16 What'sthenameofthat stuffyouuse

grass stains out ofclothes?

17 MANUFACTURER'S WARNING:Alwayswear

safetygoggles thismachinery

19 practicallynothing,I justcan'tseem to

20 You must checkinyour mirror

anothercar onthemotorway

2.3 -ing or infinitive?

Completethefollowing sentenceswitheitheragerund

orinfinitive. Insomecasestheverbtouse isindicatedii

brackets.Thefirstonehasbeen doneforyou

1 You'llremember to fillthecarupwithpetrol,won'tyou?

2 Try a cupofcamomileteabeforeyougo

tobed

3 She remembered his face in a policeidentikitpicture

4 You musttry down onthenumberof

cigarettesyousmoke

5 Beinga doctormeans verylonghoursand

afragmentedsocial life.

6 Duringthe meetingwe came thatnotonl;

werewenotgetting apayrisebutprobablya pay

cut!

7 I regret him hewaspathetic, I gotabit

angry,that's all.

8 I regret youthatthereisverylittlechance

ofrecovery

9 Havingdefeated thechampionin theopeningmatch,shewent on thetournament

10 Isn't ittimeyou stopped onyourparents

somuch andtried onyourown twofeet?

1 Youcan'texpect theexamifyouspendall

12 Ican'thelp (wonder) whyJuliekeeps

13 It'sno good (worry) about thingsyoucan'tbeexpected (know)

14 Would you mindnot inhere? Ican't stand

15 Ihate in small,confinedplaces Iwasoncetrappedin aliftandtried (smash)

the doorsdown.

16 Don'tforget the car to thegarageon

17 It'snotworth (risk) (get) a fine

18 Therewas nopointin (promise)

(help) ifyoudon'tlike (get) yourhands

dirty!

2.4 -ing nouns

showing sighting saying setting awakening

spelling carving hanging following fitting

airing being hearing recording reading

A hundredyears ago people usedtoattend public

hangingsoutsidelocaljails.

We'llneedto leaveworkearlyifwe wanttoseethe

earlier of thenewmovie

Therockgroup'U2' hasaverylarge all

over the world

LochNess monster?

I liketothrow openthewindows andgivetheroom

Oursecond thiseveningcomes from the

comesto hewho waits'.

We boughta beautifulwooden ofa horse

inHungary

theedgeofalake,surrounded byforest.

independentgirl.

Therewas anofficial to discoverwho was

Actually,thewordhastwodifferent and

bothare correct!

Hetoldmehe'dspoken tosomealien

fromanother universe!

The bathroomstillhas alltheoriginalVictorian

I'm sorryit'sso cracklybutit's theoriginal 1948

concert

2.5 -ing adjectives Matcheachadjective inColumn Awith the appropriate

Some commonwords are veryuseful informing

collocations e.g board, card, bag.

diving chess chopping BOARD

birthday credit membership CARD

carrier shoulder shopping BAG

andtheirpossible partners

3 Word building -Verb formation

Usethenounsoradjectivesshowninbrackets toformsuitableverbstofilleach space.An exampleisprovided

1 Ifyoutell thecompanyexactlywhat youwant, they

can put togethera customised (custom) computer

system foryou

2 Wouldit bepossible to (large) this part

3 You'llnevergetajob unlessyou

you can

Could youjust (summary) the main

pointfor us?

7 Everyone nowagreesthatsmoking

8 Frankboughtanoldcar and

10 The managementare tryingtopersuadetheworkers

11 Excuse me,professor.Could you

(clear) what you mean by 'dumbingdown'?

12 Takingregular exercisecan (less) the

13 Thepolice finditextremelydifficultto

(force) speedlimitsoutof town

14 Gangsof hooligans havebeen (terror)

local residents

15 Ouranger (height) still furtheraswe

realisedourluggagehadbeentaken tothewrong

airport

4 Dependent prepositions

Replacethe incorrect prepositionsinthefollowing

asanexample

2 I playtennis-butjustin fun.I'm not verygood at it.

3 I'venoideawhy Tonyis so angry.Henever confides

6 Atweekends,I liketoimmersemyself withthepeace

at themoment.

occupations

isthe feelingof beingundervalued

10 Movinghouseoften has a negativeeffectfor people's

mentalhealth

Completeeachof the following sentenceswiththe

10

modify receive

calm dotake spend

meet

organiseattend

provide

answer

Weallneedtospend some timejust enjoying

ourselves

Not havingenough moneyto your

basicneeds isa greatcauseofstress.

Manypeoplefindithardto their

behaviourinorder to reducestress.

We'vejustbeentold thatthenewmulti-gymwill

sports

Excuseme! Iwonder ifyou'dhavethetimeto

a briefquestionnaire

How manyalcoholicdrinks do you per

week?

It'simportanttobothgiveandaffection regularly.

I reallymusttryand mytimebetter.

Her grandmotheris inexcellenthealth and regularly

thelocalsportsclub

23

6 Wordcheck - Stress and

relaxation

Underlinethewordineachgroupthatdoes notfitin

2 nap rush snooze siesta

4 tackle wrestlewith fight mullover

6.2 Collocations Match upthewordpartners inColumns A and Bas in

Progress Test One

I Structural cloze

Completethefollowingnewspaperarticlebywritingone wordineachof the

numberedgaps

Minister Victoria Culley has described

(2) a 'shining example'

to hospitals all (3) the

six months (4) heard

several less than complimentary

commentsabouttheorganisationand

efficiencyof the place,I decidedtosee

for myself Before (5)

there,IhadarrangedwithmylocalGP

anaemia

In (6) of arriving

early (7.15 a.m.!) I found that there

waswaiting,Ilookedaround andhave

to admit that it is an impressive

building; large and light with marble

the receptionist, (8)

informed me that I was in the X-ray

queue and I'd have to go to another

queue and start again! I couldn't

(9) be possible to give

me an appointment card anyway

(10) making me queue

up again She informed me itwas no

I should haveread the sign,an almost

invisible piece of card saying 'X-rays'

just in front ofher (12)

very few people can have seen it. No

(13) howhard I tried to

persuade her,she wouldn'tgiveme an

appointmentcardforabloodtest,so I

started (14) again andfinallygot the card at 8.30! I then setoff for thebloodtestsroom, followingthe nice newsigns (15)

they suddenly stopped and I realisedthatIwasinapartof thehospital thathasn'tbeenfinishedyet!WhenIgotto

thedoor Isawa noticesaying 'Backin

10 minutes'.I satdown andwaited for

30 minutes before a doctor appeared

course, (16) for keeping

mewaiting.Iaskedhim whyI'dhadto

out in another ward which was(17) asa (18)

ofa fluepidemic amongthedoctors!

a.m and breathed a sigh ofrelief.I'm

So, Mrs Culley, a far from rosy

picture.Certainly the publicshould be

(19) no illusions that

Perhaps you should visit the hospital

as an anonymous out-patient rather

than a government minister if youreally want to know what it's like,

(20) , as I suspect, you

1 Overeatingand lackofexercisecan serious

twoticketsforthe concert onSaturdaynight.Fancycoming?

3 You should theprosand conscarefullybefore

buyinga second-handcar.

somethingreallyspecial forthepartythisSaturday

5 The group theconcertwiththeir greatesthits.

So everyonewent homehappy

3 Error correction

eithergrammaticallyincorrectordoes notfitinwiththe senseof thetext.Foreachnumberedline 1-16, findthisword andwriteitinthespacetotheright

space.Theexercisebeginswithtwoexamples (0).

Hibernation syndrome

seemsto require more sleep than in summer and I'm definitely at

worryabout, unless you aresleeping for morethan 12 hours a

day,'says sleep expert DrJames B Maas The reasonfor wefeel

drowsy has as muchto dowith our biochemistry as it doesso with

wantingto sniggleup likea couch potato indoors 'It's all to do

They may feel more sleepy, but asmany people find gettingto

around indoorsdrinking mugsofwarming upcoffeeand snacking

on chocolate bars doesn't always prepare youfora good

night's rest Ifyou do havetrouble nodding off, Deepak Chopra

4 Word formation

Readthetextsbelow.Usethewordsintheboxto form

one wordthatfitsinthenumberedspaceinthetexts.

Theexercisebegins with anexample

Just after sunrise,Jacklooked out of the porthole

again Ifanything, theseawaslookingeven

wind had(1) and was now accompanied by

(2) rain Jack's heartsank.He felt

(3) afteryetanother (4) night

wouldn'tsinkundertherelentlessbatteringof the

wind andthewaves.Withthe radio broken,hehad

no chanceofsignalling forhelpand allhe hadfor

companywas mileupon (5) mile of

mountainousseasbetween him andthe (6)

ofport.He realisedhewasin a (7)

Our armyof(8) andunderpaid family

knowonlytoowell that thousandsof peoplesufferfrom (9) forwhich conventional treatment

(11) However,all isnotlost.Alternative

medicine and,(12) ,homeopathyisgaining

(13) as a valid form of treatmenteven

though itremains hardto prove (14) just

(15) formof hocus-pocuswithactive

withso manydevotees,itseems hard toignore its

potentialanylonger

5 Discourse cloze

thenchoosefromthe listA-J the bestphraseor sentence

exercisebeginswithan example (0).

So how wasyour inboxthismorning? Overflowingattheseams?Full

ofmessagesfrompeopleyou don'tknow,subjectsyoudon'tcare

transformyourlife (1) ?

Welcometotheclub: e-mailisbothbusinessblessingand

commercialcurse.Youcan'tdo withoutit,yetyou stillcan't facetheideaofwadingthrougheveryoneof those tediousmessagesthat

come throughthedigital dooreveryday.Perhaps (2) ,thenit's

time tomove ontothe funpartsof the magazine because Ihave

momentous newsforyou: the e-mail floodmaybebadtoday,but

tomorrow(3) Notonlyareyou goingto getmore of thestuff,

the stuffitself isgoingtoexplodetoo- intoaudioand graphics,

customersand suppliersbye-mailtodispatchastaggering800,000

messagesper day(yes,youdid read that correctly).Smallwonderthatoneboss ofa large softwarecompanydecidedto closedown hisnetworke-mailsystemforpartof each day,(6) hethought people

E ifyou try toignore it

F it'sgoing tobeten timesworse

G despitethefact that

H ifonlyyoucouldfind it

I somewhere inamongthe dross

:> Globe Trotting

GLOBETROTTING 5 -^

I Cohesive devices

Language Focus, SB page 65

Correctanyillogicallinking devicesin the following

Although

1 Becausehe'dnevertriedit beforehewasverygood

at it.

2 Don'tforget to phoneusfinallyyou get there

also afirst-ratepainter

4 Aswell asthebadweather, the racemeetinghas

beencancelled

5 Ihopeto getsome work donewhile theholidays

tobuy you one

very little.

wouldn'tgetbroken

9 Whilea littlesunshine canbegood foryou, too

offringe benefits

12 Tonyhasdecidedto takeayearoffowingtotravel

aroundtheworld

eitherthe pastsimpleor pastcontinuoustense.Putany

theexampleprovided

1 Whilethe teacher was explaining (explain) thesum

herhusband

3 you (notwork) atMcllroy's

whenthey (have) thatterrible fire?

6 When thefirealarm (go) off,we

(leave) the buildingas quicklyaspossible

neighbours (always/have)violent

argumentslate atnight

9 Fiona (live) in NewYorkwhen herfirst

(see) itwasanotherdrearyday.The wind

(gather) onthehorizon

11 While the others (lie) onthebeach,

pooroldGary (work) inthe officeasusual

12 Whenthephone (ring),she

(pick) it up and (put) it

downagain!

(always/get) to schoollateon Monday

mornings

(go) tocollege.

(really/love) the placeeventhough it

(often/rain)

2.2 Past perfect simple and continuous

in brackets.Thefirst onehasbeen done foryou

1(1) had been waiting (wait) for overanhour when

Barryfinally (2) (turn up) on the

tractor.He (3) (explain) he

believe as a gale force wind(6) (blow)

forthe past 5 hoursaccompanied bytorrential rain.

ditch.I (9) (drive) alongvery slowlyin

the terribleweatherwhen suddenlya largedog

car (12) (skid) outof controlon the

(13) (manage) to getoutthroughthe

window The problem nowwas that thecar

(14) (fillup) with waterand mud!

Within secondsBarry,who (15)

(17) (pull) itout with thetractor.

and backonthe roadagain.We (18)

twobigfrogswho (20) (swim) in

through the open window!

3 Phrasal verbs

3.1 Phrasal verbs with up

shownas an example

1 TheTV'srather quiet, can'tyouincreaseitsvolume/turn it up?

2 I'd like to improve/ mySpanish before

goingonholidaytoValencia

3 Come on,finishyour drink/ andwe'll

go for awalkalong theriver.

4 What'sthe matter,Rupert? Can't youfasten/ yourseatbelt foryourself?

couples toseparate/

6 The policeeventuallymanaged tobring

7 Quite honestly,Mr Mitty,I think you've

from them

it meansbeforeyou findits meaning/

ina dictionary

3.2 In other words

pull up startup gothrough with

lookonto pull off ripoff

look outfor jump outof pullout

dropoff to shoot off takeaback

The hold-up

Thehold-up hadstartedgoing wrong Clyde,who

wassupposedto be (1) looking out for(waitingto

see) the securityvanfrom aflatwhich (2)

had (3) (goneto) sleep

(increase) hiscourage

(5) (amazed)whenthesecurity

withoutawordofwarning fromClyde Bugsy

leave unfinished) now -it'stoo lateto(9)

(abandon adifficultplan)!'

getawaycar and (11) (moved) to a

and (13) (ran) towardsthebank

offresh air.

A few minuteslaterBugsyand Danny came running

backfromthebankshoutingtothestilldazedStuds

a difficultplan) Studs,however,didn'tseem too

interestedandstood gluedtothe spotwherehehad

leftthe car.

'Good God! Isnothingsacred these days? Some

crook's just (15) thecar (stolen)!'

3.3 Three-word phrasal verbs Study Box,

Completethefollowing sentenceswiththree-word

1 Westill haven't sold thehouse because thebuyers

went back ontheirword andpulled out ofthedeal.

2 Astherewas no official atthegate,Dianagot

notbuying anentranceticket.

ourexpectations

action?

5 Ilook meetingyou atthecongressnextmonth.

repair the roofandpaidfortheworktobedonemyself

7 Someonebrokeintotheshoplastnightand made

Vera'scousinbut,somehow, we

missed him!

9 Althoughtheyarefromverydifferentbackgrounds,

windowyet I'lldo it tomorrow

Phrasal verbs

A goodway to record and rememberphrasal verbs is

togroup themaccording to particle (up,down,in, out, on,

off, etc) ratherthan verb (get,make,run, etc):

e.g. turn keep

switch ON put UP WITH

Rememberthat particles often havefixed meanings such

as fasteningand restriction,approach etc:

31

4 Reference links

Matchsentences 1-9 withA-H Usethe referencelinks

inthebox belowtocompleteA-H Lookattheexample

given

such which the aforementioned that

this the above the latter another

1 Frank andNigel Fish had beenseenin the areatwo

with theparents

4 Not recommendedforpeople withangina, diabetes,

migraine orvertigo

5 There hasbeena familyfeudgoingonforaboutten

years

6 Hamfordseemstobe more and morepolluted-the

7 One wayoftreatinga headacheistotake somepain

A In casesit isextremelyhardtofinda

D Notonlythatbutthe styleof thecrimeistypical of

theaforementioned brothers

andChristmaspartiesrathertenseaffairs!

H PleaseconsultyourGPifyou sufferfromanyof

5 Word stress -Air travel

theunderlinedwordsbelow.Draw onecircleforeach

syllableand showthe stressedsyllableswithlarge circles.

Becareful to identifythegrammaticalfunction ineach

case.See theexampleprovided

O o

1 Ohno,I've left my handbagatthecheck-in desk

suckbefore take-off.

3 Would latepassengersforflightBY577 pleasecheck

6 Pleasehaveyour boardingcardready

standbyticket.

Word stress

Use bubbles notaccents to showthe correctstress

on words you havedifficulty with.Bubbles show notonlythe main stress butalsothe numberofsyllableswhich

are actuallypronounced

O o oO o o O oo

e.g.comfortable,interesting,temperature

6 Writing - Formal letter

Lookattheadvertisement opposite,whichappearedin

TheIndependent,and theletterwritteninresponsetoit.

Thelettercontains 14 mistakes.Findandcorrectthem

asinthetwoexamples provided

Give yourself a break in one of our

beautifully restored country cottages with

all mod cons - sleeping from 4 to

10 people. Prices from £100 per week.

Contact: Randolf Jefferies

20 The Green, Hinton,

Dear Mr Randolf ;n tr~ TndeDendent'andI am

conages arelocated as my friends <*^™

k|MW too if„ would

away torn largedues aspossible 1 worr d

K££Srr£EE£. Je r,ee w~ed

. u„i„ ilook forwardto hearfromyou

Thanking you inadvancetoryourhelp 1look torwa

as early as possible.

Yoursfaithfully

5andy Melville

7 Editing for phrasal verbs

wrongverborwrongparticle.Ifacorrectionisrequired,writeitinthespace

Although £10 seemed a lot fora guided walking tour, I'd charged up

to start at9 o'clock, so we weregetting a little angry and were

justabout togive in and go and have acup ofcoffeetogether

when the guide finally turned out at reception 30 minuteslate.

day onthejob! First ofall, shesorted offwhich ofusalready had

maps and which didn't. Weeventually set off morethan an hour

behind schedule and started makingtothe old town Although

commentaryas she seemedto have singled out the three or

four peopleclosestto hertotalk to. As we werewalking along

I asked her ifwecould go and seea beautiful old church, but

she replied ratherabruptly thatwe had to stick inthe itinerary.

Afterthat, I decided I'd better write down my £10 and relyon

Completethefollowing sentenceswithsuitablewordcombinations.See the

example

andtoldme to asksomeoneelse.

sixmonths

5 It's prettyquiet nowbutwhen theholidayseason is under it's

6 Ski instructorsmust fairlyinterestinglives, mustn'tthey?

7 I hope Bobbywon'tmakehimself the lifeand of the party

tonight It's soembarrassing!

different peoples understand eachotherbetter.

9 'Holdyour boy! Speakwhenyou'respokento!',shouted theold

man angrily.

make

6 Language Matters

I Relative clauses

I I Relative pronouns

Wherepossible,removetherelativepronounsin the

1 Who'sthat manthtrt Lisa's talkingto?

2 I'mcallingabout theadvert thatappeared in

yesterday's'EveningEcho'

3 Isn't thatthehotelwhere Greg andSallyhadtheir

weddingreception?

4 Thegentleman withwhom you spokelasttimeisno

10 That's the car thatwewere thinking of buying

1.2 Different endings

and adda suitable relative pronoun wherenecessary

1 What'sthename ofthattown

you wantedto haveoff

authorI can neverrememberthe nameof

livedinChinauntil shewas 16

mayor wasarrested forcorruption

wasreviewed in The Timeslastweek

I lentyou lasttermwas almostcompletely destroyedduring thewar

RichardBurton was born

35

1.3 Reduced relative clauses

Decidewhichof the following sentences containreduced

relativeclauses and which donot.Putatick(/") inthe

Y N

1 The man calledMaxattheofficeand asked

himtomeet him later that day

betterthan ever!

| || |

losing alotof blood Q Q

10 Plumsusedtomake jam mustbevery

ripe.

Completethe following sentenceswith a suitable

reducedrelativeclause andanynecessary prepositions

examplegiven

1 Children bornonor before 1stSeptember should

2 Any books tothe librarymorethan

threedayslate will besubject to a fine.

cholesterolthan meatwhich hasbeengrilled.

4 Patients thenew wonderdrugshowed

no greater signsof recovery than those receiving

traditionalmedicine

5 Did you knowthatgrapes todry inthe

sun turn intoraisins?

6 Tickets phone mustbepaid forwithin

24 hours

7 The managementdeclines allresponsibility for

month turnedouttobe over 2,000years old

9 Yes folks, it's true.Clothes new

'Spumo'won'tlose theircolour.Weguarantee it!

10 Lookinground ajunk shop oneday,Stanleycameacross apicture by Rembrandt.

11 Dogs Britain fromanotherEuropean

country must spendthree monthsin quarantine

12 Baggage unattendedmaybe destroyed

2 like, as and alike

1 Severalof the businessmengot alittle rowdy andstartedbehavinglikecompleteidiots.

delivered to thewrong office.

3 'TheWatkinsbrothersare really ,aren'tthey?'

'Yes,just twopeas ina pod.'

4 Nothingcan gowrongprovidingyou do exactly

you're told.

5 The fundamentalinjusticeofthelawwasthatitdid

nottreat alloffenders

children!

7 theyhad feared, thecompanydecidedto

make200 workers redundant

8 Cheryl must havebeenterrified.Shecamerunningoutofthehouse a batout ofhell!

SBSJUH os vs like

A useful distinction between these twois:

os : = in the capacityofeg- Sheworks as a taxi driver.

He used his briefcase as a table to rest his noteson.

like =similarto

eg Sheworks like a beaver.

He's gota briefcase likeyours

LANGUAGE MATTERS 6 ^

3 Comparison

3.1 Comparatives and superlatives

Completethefollowing sentenceswithasuitable

comparative or superlativeformof thewordsin

brackets.Lookattheexamplegiven

1 Accordingto a computer, Spanish is (easy) the

2 Dogsare intelligent but not (intelligent)

chimpanzees

3 Theysayit's (good) to havelovedand

4 Even (carefully) preparedplanscan go

7 Your compositionis fullof mistakesbecauseyou

didn'tspend half(time) on it

youshouldhave!

8 Don'tworry,you'llbeOKwithGerry,he's(careful

driver) you couldwishtohave

spokenmuch (frequently) Italian.

10 Sumowrestlers mustbe(heavy)

athletesin theworld

3.2 as as

Usinga good monolingualdictionary, checkwhich

wordsinColumn Ago withtheonesinColumn Bto

form commoncomparativeexpressionswith

as as (a) Lookattheexample provided

3.3 Complete the sentences

Nowcompletethefollowing sentenceswiththe

foryou

Ohyes, she'sas prettyas apicture

2 Alfis ,hecan't seemuch withouthis glasses.

3 Oh no!We'll haveto changethetyre, it's

anything inthe garden,it's

5 I hada goodnight'ssleeplastnight,soI'm

thismorning

6 I wouldn'tgiveColinanyofmy moneyto invest, he's

8 Freda's , onceshemakes uphermindshe'sgoing to dosomething,nothingyoucan saywillstopher!

9 'Myword! David'slosta lotofweight.'

tome!'

university.' 'Yesand she's She'salreadytold half

thetown.'

1 YoungAlanis reallyhelpfulonthefarm He's

12 I'mafraidGrandadwon't hearyou unlessyou shout

6 LANGUAGE MATTERS

4 Degrees of comparison

Usingthelanguageintheboxesbelow,completethe

comparisonsbetweenthe twocouplesas intheexample

slightly nearly much/far

about twice asmuch as

exactly five times asmanyas

agreat deal over

MARTIN FIONA RUPERT RACHEL

1 (AGE) Rachel \econsiderablyyounger thanFiona

2 (AGE)Martin is Rupert

5 (HEIGHT) Rupertis Martin

6 (HEIGHT) Fionais Rachel

7 (WORK) Martinworks Rachel

8 (WORK) Fionaworks Rupert

1 (EXERCISE) Ruperttakes Martin

12 (EXERCISE) Racheltakes Fiona

5 Linking and logical devices

-addition, concession, contrast

Completethe following sentenceswithsuitablelinking

devices.Anasterisk (*) indicatesatleasttwopossible

1 Jennyspeaks *both/not onlyRussianand/buta\so

hewasbackatworkaftertwodays

7 we'd caught theearliertrainwe

wouldn't have gotthereon time So,stop worrying!

8 Iknow she's a sensiblegirland I can't

helpworrying abouther.

the

torrentialrain.

10 We thought itwasgoingtobe agreatmatch

, itturned outtoberatherdull.

1 They'vegot no chanceofwinningthegame;

,they're trainingeveryday

12 Somepeople likeboxing, * othersabsolutelydetestit.

even ifvs even though

Remember that even if is used before statementsthatare hypothetical i.e.notfact:

e.g.Even if I had all the money in theworld,I wouldn't buy

that car.

Wewouldn't have caught the plane even ifwe'd taken a taxi.

^ Even though,on the other hand,is used beforestatementsthatare fact:

e.g She's not happywith her job even though she's just

Hewent to thecinema with his friends eventhough he'dalready seen the film.

• doublingconsonantsto maintain correct

pronunciation- taped(pastof tape) vs tapped(past

oftap), cuter(from cute) vs cutter(from cut), etc.

• doubling consonantonstressedfinal syllablebefore

a suffix:

differ differing defer deferring

benefit benefited admit admitted

• doublingfinal '1'

afterno more thanone vowel-travel

>travelled,control>controller,vs reveal>revealed

• droppingfinalVbefore suffixesstartingwitha

vowel- write>writing(but age >aging orageing),

create> creating,collapse >collapsible, collaborate>

collaboration

• final 'y'changes toTonlyifprecededbya consonant

>triedvs trying

(impolite), il+I (illogical), ir+ r(irresponsible)

• differencesbetween GB and USEnglish- colour vs

color, travellervs traveler

6.2 Nowcheckthefollowing sentences.Correctany

spellingmistakesyou find

8

9

10

Thepolice are patrolingthis areamore and more

moment.

It isdebateablewhetherthe death penaltyisan

effective deterrent

I remember westayedina lovelyguesthousenear

Jane seemsmuchhappyernow thatshe'slivingon

The collegeprovides residentialaccomodation forall

itsstudents

extremely

1 The oldcastle is anabsolutelyattractive place tovisit

atsunset

3 Bythetimewe gothome we wereveryexhausted

and wentstraight tobed

4 Jackwastrulyangry about notgettingthepromotion he wanted

5 Yousaidtherewas somepetrolin the carbut itwas

completely empty

6 I wishI'dbroughtmyumbrella.We're goingto get

7 Wewere totallyhappyto hear thatyou've passedall

had on thelastdayofourholiday

8 Review writing

bestfitsineachspace Theexercisebeginswithanexample (0).

Having seen the (0) ^T.Sm on TV for this latest Sam Spadacci film, Iknew I was in for something a littledifferent! The main (1) of

(3) by the new Hollywood superstar Larry Zardini The(4) , which has some brilliant one-liners, was written by

mixed up with thelocalMafia- itseemsto bethe usual (5) of

ofyears, Frankie 'gets cuisine' and suddenly discovers he's a marvellous

filmwatching Frank'sperfect souffle rising inthe oven?

(9) ofhis effortsto go straight, Frankieis caughtup in asecret(10) to assassinatethePresident.Withoutgiving toomuchaway,

things.Therearesomecrazy(11) ,including gangstersexplodingout of a giant birthday cake! The (12) maintains the almost

slapstickfeelwith amanic tempo attimes

all in (14) , a thoroughly entertaining bit of fun, which I