ABALONE AQUACULTURE IN KOREACHOUL-JI PARK* AND SUNG YEON KIM Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute NFRDI, Geoje, 81-9 Geojenamseo-ro, N
Trang 1BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research
Abalone Aquaculture in Korea
Author(s): Choul-Ji Park and Sung Yeon Kim
Source: Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(1):17-19 2013.
Published By: National Shellfisheries Association
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.032.0104
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2983/035.032.0104
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Trang 2ABALONE AQUACULTURE IN KOREA
CHOUL-JI PARK* AND SUNG YEON KIM
Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), Geoje, 81-9 Geojenamseo-ro, Nambu-myun, Geoje-city, 656-842, South Korea
ABSTRACT The Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai is a commercially valuable species in Korea The commercial-scale production of the abalone in Korea began in the 2000s As of 2011, abalone production reached about 7,000 t The abalone production system in Korea is divided into 2 stages: seed production and rearing Abalone seeds are produced at about 500 hatcheries, and almost all juveniles are reared using approximately 500,000 sea cages Furthermore, a project to develop
a breeding program for genetic improvement and environmental adaptation is being undertaken.
KEY WORDS: abalone, aquaculture, Korea
INTRODUCTION
Pacific abalone are commercially important marine
re-sources in eastern Asia In Korea, 6 species of abalone are
nat-urally distributed along the coast: Haliotis discus hannai, Haliotis
discus discus, Haliotis madaka, Haliotis gigantea, Haliotis
diversi-color diversidiversi-color,and Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (Kim et al
1988) Of these, H discus hannai represents one of the most
valu-able fishery resources in Korea It is a highly sought-after
del-icacy, the production of which has been increasing dramatically
by about 1,000 t/y since 2003, reaching 6,941 t (wild catch, 162 t;
aquaculture, 6,779 t) in 2011 (Fig 1) (Korean National Statistical
Office 2012) Thus, abalone aquaculture in Korea has been
dom-inated by H discus hannai
The seed production technique for this species was
devel-oped in 1974 (Rho et al 1974) From the 1970s to the 1980s,
ab-alone aquaculture in Korea used land raceway tank culture and
hanging container culture methods In the 1990s, development
of the sea cage culture method began The wave-proof sea cage
was developed in 2000; thereafter, commercial-scale abalone
cul-ture in Korea began
In Korea, almost all abalone aquaculture is performed in the
Wando area of Jeollanamdo Province The aquaculture system
is divided into 2 steps: seed production and rearing The juvenile
abalone, in sea cages, are harvested when they reach about 100 g
in weight, after about 2 y However, recent low growth rates
resulting from genetic problems, and mass mortality resulting
from acute water temperature stress, have posed a serious threat
to the sustainable development of the abalone aquaculture
in-dustry Therefore, a project to develop a breeding program for
genetic improvement and environmental adaptation is being
carried out
SEED PRODUCTION IN KOREA
Abalone seeds are produced at about 500 small-scale
hatcheries Seed production begins around the middle of April
The seeds are produced at a hatchery with a facility for
in-cubating adult abalone To condition the abalone, a method
called effective accumulative temperature control is used widely
(Kikuchi & Uki 1974b), and Laminaria japonica and Undaria
pinnatifidaare provided as food To induce spawning, fully
ripened adult abalone are exposed to air for desiccation stim-ulation, undergo thermal shock, and then are exposed to UV-irradiated seawater Males are usually induced 1–2 h later than females because, when induced at the same time, the males often spawn ahead of the females During fertilization, the activation
of sperm is most important For a high fertilization rate, the spawned sperm has to be used within 180 min at 17–20°C (Kikuchi & Uki 1974a) Fertilized eggs are reared at a narrow temperature range of 15–16°C between the larva-rearing stage and the settlement stage (15–16°C; natural seawater tempera-ture in May) Approximately 120 h postfertilization, larvae are ready for settlement The larvae are set on collecting plates made of flat, transparent plastic film (303 30 cm, 0.2–0.3-mm thickness) that are precoated with diatoms (Fig 2A) A number
of plastic films can be joined according to the rearing tank size, which is convenient for management They are placed at the bottom of the tanks and, during the early juvenile stages, the diatoms on the films and an artificial diet are used as the food supply The major ingredient in the artificial diets is dried kelp powder and fish meat powder The artificial diet also contains effective microorganisms Artificial feeds for the nursery and juvenile stage are very popular in Korea There are powders and various-size granules The growth rates of abalone fed artificial diets are considerably faster than the growth rates of those fed algae Juvenile abalone are sorted twice (in June and October) The juvenile abalone of the hatchery culture system are harvested at about a 3–4-cm shell length after a 7-mo period
REARING SYSTEMS IN KOREA
Juvenile abalone are transferred to the sea cage culture system between November and December, which is used by almost all abalone farmers in Korea As mentioned, this method was developed in 2000 and involves a wave-proof sea cage The sea cage sets include a mesh size of 2.43 2.4 3 3.0 m (width 3 length3depth) and a raft (Fig 2B) Different types of abalone compartments in sea cages are used to culture various sizes of abalone, which has been found to be very effective for abalone culturing
As mentioned, almost all abalone culturing in Korea is performed in the Wando area of Jeollanamdo Province, and cultures use only natural seaweed, including Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida Fresh seaweed is needed for the pro-duction of high-quality abalone, and abalone farms combine
*Corresponding author E-mail: choulji@korea.kr
DOI: 10.2983/035.032.0104
Journal of Shellfish Research, Vol 32, No 1, 17–19, 2013.
17
Trang 3culturing of abalone and seaweed It is possible to feed abalone
year-round in Korea Abalone in sea cages are harvested when
they reach about 80–100 g in weight, after about 20–24 mo
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN KOREA
Before the 2000s, abalone production depended on natural
resources Commercial-scale production of abalone began in
the 2000s Since the development of new aquaculture methods
using wave-proof sea cages, abalone production has increased
(Fig 1) In 2011, abalone production was 6.941 t (Korean
Na-tional Statistical Office 2012); about 5,700 t of this was for
do-mestic consumption and about 1,200 t was for export to Japan,
the United States, China, and Taiwan (Korea Customs Service
2012) Abalone production is estimated to have increased more
than 50-fold during the past 10 y
More than 80% of aquaculture products are primarily sold
fresh in domestic markets of Korea, where abalone has long
been considered a healthy food They were historically used as
a premium foodstuff for royal Korean cuisine The most common
abalone preparations are abalone sashimi, abalone porridge,
abalone samgyetang, and grilled abalone Abalone samgyetang
is a wonderful healthy Korean dish that is gradually being
rec-ognized by the rest of the world
CURRENT PROBLEMS
Abalone has been produced for more than 40 y in Korea
However, abalone culture has long been hampered by slow growth
rates and mass mortality during seed production and growing
Moreover, although artificial seed production technology is well developed, genetic degradation, such as inbreeding de-pression, becomes a concern when there are small numbers of parents for artificial seed production Thus, inbreeding may have occurred over time Recently, mass mortality has also occurred as a result of sudden changes in the water tempera-ture of marine environments
RECENT ADVANCES
The Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
of Korea has provided funding for the development of culture facilities and genetic improvement Various facilities for aba-lone culture have been developed For seed production, the de-velopment of flat plastic film kits has achieved satisfactory settlement percentages and postsettlement survival Moreover, the development of various shelter types has led to high growth and survival rates of nursery and juvenile abalone Furthermore, for the rearing stage, development of wave-proof sea cages has increased production dramatically
The development of an abalone breeding program in Korea started in 2004, and selective breeding is the foundation of the program The method involves improving economically impor-tant traits using phenotype analysis and genetic markers We mainly aim to develop new stocks to improve growth in and tolerance to higher water temperatures The 204 families of the first generation were produced using a single-pair mating sys-tem in 2004 Phenotype analysis and parent testing were un-dertaken for production of the second generation The 251 families of the third generation were produced in 2011 We use
Figure 1 Total production of abalone in Korea.
Figure 2 (A, B) The kit of plastic films (A) and wave-proof sea cages (B) for abalone culture in Korea.
PARK ANDKIM
18
Trang 4a verification test in the culture field with a commercial line of
F3 nuclear populations This commercial line is a high-quality
candidate for abalone aquaculture and has the potential to
improve the abalone culture industry in Korea
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper was supported by a grant from the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (Busan, Korea)
LITERATURE CITED Kikuchi, S & N Uki 1974a Technical study on artificial
spawn-ing of abalone, genus Haliotis: duration of fertility related to
temperature Bull Tohoku Reg Fish Res Lab 34:73–75 (in
Japanese).
Kikuchi, S & N Uki 1974b Technical study on artificial spawning of
abalone, genus Haliotis: relation between water temperature and
advancing sexual maturity of Haliotis discus discus Reeve Bull.
Tohoku Reg Fish Res Lab 33:69–78 (in Japanese).
Kim, Y., Y J Jee, S H Kim, J M Baik & S G Yang 1988.
Interspecific characteristic of abalone in the southern waters
of Korea Bull Nat Fish Res Dev Agency 42:71–80 (in Korean).
Korea Customs Service 2012 KCS tariff DB Daejeon, Korea Avail-able at: http://www.customs.go.kr.
Korea National Statistical Office 2012 KOSIS statistical DB Daejeon, Korea Available at: http://kostat.go.kr.
Rho, S., C K Park & C K Pyen 1974 Studies on the propagation of abalones (I), The spring spawning of Haliotis discus hannai in the adjacent seas of Yeosu Bull Nat Fish Res Dev Agency 13:77–92 (in Korean).