MWH''''s Water Treatment - Principles and Design, 3d Edition

Sách Hướng dẫn tính toán công trình xử lý nước thải MWH''''s Water Treatment - Principles and Design, 3d Edition

A

Absorbance, 18, 26–28, 904

Absorption, 392, 439, 846, 848–849,

1034–1036 See also Light

absorption; Photon absorption

A/C pipe, see Asbestos-cement pipe

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1611–1612 See also Granular

activated carbon (GAC);

Powdered activated carbon (PAC)

applications of, 1122–1124carbon, 6

and charge neutralization, 557–558chemical, 1120–1121, 1131, 1133definition of, 392, 1119factors involved in, 1131–1132

with GAC, see Granular activated

carbongas, 1157–1159historical development of,1121–1122interfacial equilibria for, 1128and interparticle bridging, 558–560

isotherm, see Adsorption isotherm

liquid, 1147–1154materials for, 1124–1128NOM removal with, 1502

with PAC, see Powdered activated

carbonphenomena of, 1120–1121physical, 1120–1121, 1133–1134PPCP removal with, 1611–1612radionuclide removal via, 1605–1606reactors using, 293

surface chemistry and forcesinvolved in, 1131–1133Adsorption isotherm, 1135–1169BET, 1146–1147

determination of, 1136–1139,1143–1145

and Dubinin-Radushkevichequation, 1157–1159equilibrium, 1135–1169Freundlich, 1141–1145Langmuir, 1271–1273

and multicomponent equilibrium,1154–1157

and Polanyi potential theory,1147–1154

Adult diarrhea rotavirus, 125–126Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs),

195, 459, 462, 1417–1479application in water treatment, 190assessing feasibility of, 1432by-products of, 1425–1426and carbonate species, 1426–1427definition of, 458, 1416

estimating performance of, 1418,1421–1424

factors affecting, 1426–1431Fenton’s reactions, 1477hydrogen peroxide/ozone process,1441–1455

hydrogen peroxide/UV lightprocess, 1455–1472

of MTBE, 1423–1424and NOM, 1428–1430ozonation, 1432–1441ozone/UV light, 1473and pH, 1427–1428photocatalysis with titanium dioxide,1473–1477

PPCP removal, 1609–1610and reactivity of parent componentwith hydroxyl radical, 1431and reduced metal ions, 1430–1431sonolysis, 1478–1479

types of, 1418

UV reactor used for, 525Advection, 399–400Aeration, 10, 11, 195, 1036–1060advantages/disadvantages of,1058–1059

1869

MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Third Edition

John C Crittenden, R Rhodes Trussell, David W Hand, Kerry J Howe and George Tchobanoglous

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

for radon removal, 1603–1604

rate of mass transfer for, 443

selection of equipment for,

Air flotation, dissolved, see Dissolved air

flotation (DAF) systems

Air loading (DAF systems), 706–707

Air scour systems, 728, 791

and gas-liquid equilibria, 1038–1050

low-profile, see Low-profile air

Air treatment, 210–211Air-water contactors, 1036–1037Alachlor, 59

Aldehydes, 1488, 1490Aldicarb, 59Aldicarb sulfone, 59Aldicarb sulfoxide, 59Aldoketoacids, 1490Algae, 62, 80, 143, 145–150characteristics of, 78ecology/nomenclature of, 145enumeration of, 149, 151and filter clogging, 149, 150removal of, 196

and trophic level, 145, 147–148Algal blooms, 146, 149

Alkalinity, 18, 50, 570Allochthonous bacteria, 94–95Allowable recovery, 1377–1379Alpha (particle) radiation, 66Alternative disinfectants, 195,1500–1501

Altona, Germany, 5, 731Alum, 4, 562–564Alumino-silicate scales, 1777–1778Aluminum, properties of, 1715Aluminum hydroxide, 273–274Alum sludge, estimating volume of,1637–1638

Ambient air, 974Ambient atmospheric pressure, 53Amebiasis, 136

American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 808

American Water Works Association(AWWA), 201, 204, 808, 879, 885,908

Ammonia, 957–961addition of, during ozonation,1516–1518

chlorine reaction with, 499Ammonium sulfate, 960–961Amoebic dysentery, 134–135AMU (atomic mass unit), 55Amy, Joseph, 4

Anaerobic (term), 74Analcite, 1267Ancient world, water treatment in, 4,

731, 1703

Ancylostoma duodenale, 144

Anhydrous ammonia, 957–960Anions, 45–47

Anisotropic turbulence, 364Anode/anodic reactions, 458, 470,

1708, 1710, 1718, 1723–1724

Anoxic (term), 74ANSI (American National StandardsInstitute), 808

Anthracite–sand biofilters, 802–803

Anthrax, see Bacillus anthracis

Anthropogenic chemicals, 6–7Anthropogenic contaminants, 3, 11, 51Antibiotics, 100–101, 107, 115Antiscalants, 1380–1381

AOC, see Assimiliable organic carbon AOPs, see Advanced oxidation

processesApparent particle density, (ρa), 1118AquaDAF unit, 719–720

Aqua Pellet system, 1687Aqueducts, 4

Aqueous (term), 229Aqueous solution extraction, 1128Archaea, 76

Array (of RO units), 1336, 1344Arrhenius’ equation, 254, 1270Arsenic:

chemical properties of, 1536–1537drinking water with elevated,1534–1537

in residuals, 1689–1690Arsenic removal, 194, 1534–1544and chemical properties of arsenic,1536–1537

coagulation processes, 1538–1540ion exchange, 1542–1544membranes, 1544sorption processes, 1538, 1541–1542treatment strategies for, 1538–1544Asbestos-cement (A/C) pipe, 1703,

1704, 1707, 1780

Ascaris lumbricoides, 144

Asiatic cholera, 4–5, 84, 85, 92,176–177

Aspirator contactors, 1034, 1053, 1057Assimiliable organic carbon (AOC),

56, 57, 1486, 1512Astroviruses, 128–129Asymmetric membrane, 820, 1343,1349

Asymmetric structure, 1336Asymptomatic diseases, 85, 86, 88Atherosclerosis, 1534

Atmospheric pressure, 53, 1859Atom, fundamental properties of,65–66

Atomic mass unit (AMU), 55Atomic number, 1280Atomic weights (table), 1863–1866Atrazine, 59, 1165–1166, 1171–1172Attachment efficiency (rapidfiltration), 769–770

in diatomaceous earth filtration, 808

forces on particles in, 748–749

intermixing in, 757

and multimedia filters, 756–757

rapid filter during, 735, 798

removal of fine particles in, 756

stratification in, 755–756

Backwash hydraulics, 748–757

Backwashing, 1252, 1253, 1319

biologically active filters, 803–804

granular activated carbon, 1252,

Bacteria, 5, 6, 77, 94–118 See also

specific bacteria, e.g.: Escherichia coli

terrorism in water supplies, 115–118

viable but nonculturable, 154–155

Basins See also Sedimentation

basins/tanksDAF clarification system, 713–716earthen, 664

equalization, 1659–1660flocculation, 12width of, 713, 715

BAT, see Best available technology

Batch operation, 433Batch reactors, 288, 290–292,967–968, 1182Batch system, 392Bayer-Lewatit upflow fluidized system,1304

BDCM (bromodichloromethane),1489

BDOC, see Biodegradable dissolved

organic carbonBeds:

expansion of, 751–755

in parallel, 1200, 1202–1204porosity of, 1118, 1193series, 1198–1202, 1206Bed porosity, (ε), 1118Bed volumes per hour (BV/h), 1315Beer–Lambert law, 26, 511–512,1000–1001

Belt filters, 1683–1685Bench-scale tests, 1309–1317,1440–1441

Beneficial use, 166Beneficial-use designation step,169–170

Benzene:

diffusion coefficient for, 409–410mass transfer coefficient for,429–430

Best available technology (BAT), 166,

174, 201, 1634Best practicable control technology(BPT), 1634

Beta (particle) radiation, 66BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)isotherm equation, 1146–1147Binary exchange component systems,1290–1292

Biocolloids, 546Biodegradable dissolved organiccarbon (BDOC), 57, 1486, 1512Biodegradable organic matter (BOM),

801, 1168–1169

Biodosimetry, 904, 1004–1006Biofilms, 801, 803–804Biofiltration, 190, 1502–1503Biological denitrification, 194,1592–1595

Biological fouling, 53, 1382–1383Biologically active filtration, 801–804Biological processes, 10

Biological warfare, 92, 118Bioterrorism, 115–118Biot number, 1178, 1214Blending, 363

below microscale, 375definition of, 288design of equipment for, 363,376–380

devices for, 375–376initial, 333for process control, 380–382rapid, 372–375

time required for, 370–375uniformity of, 368–370Blocking filtration laws, 863–867

‘‘Blue baby syndrome,’’ 1591–1592Blue-green algae, 78, 145, 146Boiling, 3, 10

Boiling point:

of organic contaminants, 53

of water, 21BOM (biodegradable organic matter),

801, 1168–1169Boundary layer models, 419–422, 428BPT (best practicable controltechnology), 1634Braces, 229

Brackets, 229Brackish water, 14, 1341, 1381Brasses, 1765–1767

Breakpoint, 1316Breakpoint chlorination, 904Breakthrough, 734–735Breakthrough curve, 1217–1218,1316–1317

Breakthrough profile, 1119, 1161Brines:

disposal of, 1599–1600ion exchange, 1627, 1655–1656,1669

management of, 1656–1658,1669–1670

solid sorbent, 1656–1658sorbent, 1627

Brine concentrators and crystallizers,1402

Bromamine, 1518–1519Bromate, 475, 1450, 1486, 1512–1515,1519–1520

BV/h (bed volumes per hour), 1315

By-products of water treatment,

1416–1479 See also Residuals

Calgon ISEP system, 1304–1306

California Department of Health

Services, 1507

California Institute of Technology, 170

California State Water Pollution

Control Board, 170

California State Water ResourcesControl Board, 170Camp–Stein root-mean-square velocitygradient, 365–367

Campylobacter jejuni, 103–107

Cancer, 108, 1534Capacity index, 1776Captive bubble contact angle, 840Carbofuran, 59

Carbon adsorption, 6Carbonate hardness, 1530, 1568Carbonate ions, 1426–1427Carbon dioxide, 233Carbonic acid, 1585–1586Carbon preparation (in RSSCT),1243–1250

Carbon residence time (CRT),1173–1174

Carbon usage rate (CUR), 1119,1192–1196

Carboxylic acids, 1490Carcinogens, 13Carcinogenic criteria, 171–173Carthage, 4

Cartridge filtration, 728, 808Cascade aerators, 1052, 1054Case studies:

Gibson Island Advanced WaterTreatment Plant(Queensland, Australia),1825–1833

ion exchange process design,1319–1329

Lostock Water Treatment Works(Manchester, UnitedKingdom), 1812–1819North Cape Coral Water TreatmentPlant (Florida, UnitedStates), 1806–1812North Clackamas County WaterCommission WaterTreatment Plant (Oregon,United States), 1841–1848River Mountains Water TreatmentFacility (Nevada, UnitedStates), 1819–1825Sunol Valley Water Treatment Plant(California, United States),1833–1841

Cast iron, 1703–1704, 1706–1707Cast iron–mortar lined pipe, 1704Catalysis, 229

chemical reactions, 232–234photocatalysis, 1416, 1473–1477and rate constant, 254–257Catalyst, 226

Catalytic oxidation, 459, 1421

Cathode/cathodic reactions, 458, 470,

1708, 1710, 1718, 1723–1724Cathodic protection, 1700Cations, inorganic, 45–47, 49Cationic polymers, 576Caustic soda softening, 1573–1574

CCC, see Critical coagulation

concentrationCCL (Drinking Water ContaminantCandidate List), 186

CCP (concrete cylinder pipe), 1704CCPP (calcium carbonate precipitationpotential), 1776–1777

CDC (Centers for Disease Control andPrevention), 106, 114

CEB (chemically enhanced backwash),

828, 880CECs (contaminants of emergingconcern), 186

Cellulose acetate (CA), 841, 842,1350–1351

Cement-based materials, dissolution of,1778–1783

Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC), 106, 114Centerline discharge mixers, 378Centrate, 1631

Centrifuges, 1685–1686Ceramic membranes, 841, 842Cerium, 1706

CFD, see Computational fluid dynamics

Chain-and-flight-type sludge collector,

673, 674Chalix, 1569Challenge testing, 850–851Channels:

baffled, 627–630open-channel systems, 997predicting dispersion in, 345–349Charge neutralization, 557–558Charles’ law, 64

Chelsea Water Works Company, 731Chemical actinometry, 1004–1005Chemical adsorption, 1131, 1133Chemical conditioning, 1627Chemical contaminants, 181, 185Chemical denitrification, 1592Chemical disinfection, 190,

1486–1487 See also By-products

of water treatmentChemically enhanced backwash(CEB), 828, 880

Chemical neutralization, 190Chemical oxidation, 190Chemical precipitation, 190,1570–1575, 1663Chemical purification, 10

rate constants of, 254–262

rate law/order of, 252

rate mechanism for, 262–267

rate of, 251–252

reaction sequence of, 230–231

relative rates of, 252–254

with chlorine dioxide, 961–964

and combined chlorine, 943–945

with ammonia, 499application of, as oxidant, 498–499forms of, 946

hydrolysis of, 449–451, 485–487iron/manganese oxidation using,1561–1563

liquid, 946–948ozonation and preoxidation with,1519

physical/chemical characteristics of,496–497

predominance area diagrams for,482–490

recognition of benefits of, 1487taste/odor problems with, 462

Chlorine by-products, see Free-chlorine

by-productsChlorine dioxide (CIO2), 197, 491,

497, 500applications of, as oxidant, 500–501chlorination, 961–964

and color removal, 463–464

as disinfectant, 1500iron/manganese oxidation using,1562

ozonation and preoxidation with,1519

physical/chemical characteristics of,500

Chlorine dioxide by-products,1508–1512

and chemistry of formation,1508–1510formation control for, 1510removal of, 1510–1511Chlorine residuals, 111Chlorine species, 484–490Chlorite, 500, 1508–1510Chloroacetic acid, 1428–1430Chloroform, 1487–1488, 1496–1497Chlorophyta, 146

Cholera, 3–6, 84, 92 See also Asiatic

choleraChromate, 9Chromaticity, 42Chromophores, 458, 519Chronic hepatitis, 123Chrysophyta, 146CIP (clean-in-place) cycle, 830Circular pipe plug flow reactor, 291Circular sedimentation tanks,657–658, 677–679Cistern, 4

Clarifiers:

absorption, 692–693

reactor, 688–690sludge blanket, 690–692solids contact, 687–693tube and lamella plate, 680–687

upflow, see Circular sedimentation

tanks

CL diagrams, 1579Clean-bed head loss, 744–748Cleaning, 880, 1097, 1403Cleaning solutions, reverse osmosis,1669

Clean-in-place (CIP) cycle, 830Closed reactors, 295

Closed-system model, 338–340, 345Closed-vessel systems, 995–997

Clostridium botulinum, 93 Clostridium perfringens, 93

CMBRs, see Completely mixed batch

reactors

CMFRs, see Completely mixed flow

reactorsCoagulants, 544, 557inorganic, 562–573jar-testing of, 578–582precipitation of, 1630recovery of, 1688–1689reduction of, 582–583synthetic organic, 543Coagulant aids, 542, 577–578Coagulant sludges (coagulationsludges), 1642–1648chemical properties of, 1647components of, 1639–1640estimating quantities of, 1643–1647physical properties of, 1647–1648Coagulation, 5, 10, 194, 195, 197,557–590

aids to, 577–578alternative techniques for, 582–583application in water treatment, 190and color removal, 463

and DAF performance, 703definition of, 542, 544design issues for, 544

of dissolved constituents, 583–590for DOC removal, 586–590enhanced, 195, 542, 584–590, 1502inorganic metallic, 562–573and jar-testing, 578–582mechanisms of, 557–561and NOM, 583–586organic polymers, 574–577oxidation as a aid in, 464prehydrolyzed metal salts, 573–574process of, 544–545

radionuclide removal via, 1604reactors using, 293

Collimated beam apparatus, 516–518

and dose response curve, 1010–1012

Combined chlorine, see Chloramine

Combined chlorine residual, 904

mass balance in, 305–306

reaction rates in, 306

Completely mixed flow reactors

(CMFRs), 292, 297–298, 318–323,

1066, 1161

contaminant removal in, 311–312

improving performance of, 344,

349

mass balance in, 310–311

modeling reactions in ideal,

310–323

performance of, 526, 1188–1189photolysis rate for, 514–516with recycle, 321–322residence time/volume required for,318–321

in series, 301–304tanks-in-series analysis of, 312–313time to achieve steady state in,314–316

tracer curves from, 299–301unsteady-state analysis of, 313–314Complexation reactions, 275–278Complex species, 226

Compliance with regulations, 174–175Comprehensive performanceevaluation/composite correctionprogram (CPE/CCP), 204Compression settling (Type IV), 642,645

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD),

324, 985–986, 1004Concentrate, 1336, 1337Concentrate management, 1400–1402Concentrate reverse osmosis, 1627Concentrate stream, 1346Concentration, 213, 1316Concentration gradient, 395, 398

in boundary layer models, 419graphical analysis of, 433–438for mass transfer at interfaces, 415,417

Concentration polarization (CP),

1336, 1368–1374, 1727–1728Concentration polarization masstransfer coefficient, 1370–1371Concentration profile, 1161–1162Concrete, 1778–1779

Concrete cylinder pipe (CCP), 1704Conditioning, 213, 1627, 1678–1680Conductance, ionic, 410–411Conducting electrolytes, 1708, 1710Conductivity, 18, 21, 51, 1750, 1752Conductor, 1708, 1710

Conduits, see Water conduits

Conjugate base, 226Conservative constituents, 288Conservative tracers, 295Constant-diffusivity RSSCT design,1243

Constant pattern, 1215, 1219Constant pattern homogeneoussurface diffusion model(CPHSDM), 1220–1221

of GAC performance, 1222–1226and impact of NOM on GACperformance, 1231–1236

Constituents of water, see Inorganic

chemical constituents; Organicchemical constituents

Constituent removal See also Softening

arsenic, 194, 1534–1544emerging constituents, 1531iron and manganese, 464–465,1544–1554

nitrate, 1591–1601nontraditional constituents,1531–1534radionucleotides, 1601–1606Contact filtration, 728Contact modes, 433–434Contactor or adsorber density, (ρf),1119

Contact time:

free-chlorine, 1501and PAC performance, 1170, 1172reactors used for, 94

Contaminants See also Natural organic

matter (NOM)anthropogenic, 3, 51chemical, 185emerging, 8–9

in public water supplies, 3–8release of, 1767–1772removal of, 311–312reverse osmosis to remove, 1341unregulated, 185–187Contaminants of emerging concern(CECs), 186

Continuous chlorination, 5, 6Continuous contact operation, 393Continuous-flow reactors, 290, 291,310–323, 968–972

Continuously pressurized watersystems, 5

Continuous operation, 433–434Controlling precipitate, 1097Control volume, 289, 296–297,400–401

Conventional filtration, 736Conventional lime softening, 207, 209Conventional oxidation, 458–459Conventional treatment, 3, 193, 196,204–206, 728

Conversion, reactant, 226, 235–237Conversion factors, 1851–1856Copper, 1702

bacterial corrosion of, 1737corrosion potential, 1730,1732–1734

as plumbing material, 1707,1711–1712properties of, 1715Copper hydroxide, 275–278

estimating rate of, 1718

and free energy, 1708

Pourbaix diagrams of, 1710–1713

and scale formation, 1772–1778

CPHSDM, see Constant pattern

homogeneous surface diffusion

Criteria, water quality, 166

Criteria development step (regulatory

Cross-flow filtration, 820, 834–837CRT (carbon residence time),1173–1174

Cryogenic oxygen generation system,976

139–140, 732, 844, 849, 907, 929,

931, 997–999Crystalization, 1627, 1664, 1665

Cyanobacteria, 77, 145, 146, 1163Cyanogen halides, 1488, 1491Cyanzine, 59

Cysts, 74, 135–137, 153, 196

D

Da (dalton), 55, 820Dacthal, 59

DAF systems, see Dissolved air flotation

systemsDAF (dissolved air flotation)thickening, 1674Dalton (Da), 55, 820Damk¨ohler number, 351, 352, 354Dankwerts boundary condition, 1209,1210

Darcy, Henry, 744Darcy flow, 743–745Darcy’s law, 1638Davies equation, 241DBC (direct bacterial count), 155DBCM (dibromochloromethane),1489

DBPs, see Disinfection by-products DBPFP, see Disinfection by-product

formation potentialDead-end (transverse) filtration, 820,

835, 837Decay rate, 905Deep-bed monomedia filters, 737

Deep-well injection, 1627, 1667–1669

DE (diatomaceous earth) filtration,807–808

Degassers, 978Demineralization, 14Demistor, 1056DENIPOR process, 1593, 1594Denitrification:

application in water treatment, 191biological, 194, 1592–1595bromate removal by, 1519–1520chemical, 1592

definition of, 1530DENITROPUR process, 1593Dense membrane, 1336Dense sludge, 1661Densideg dense-sludge process, 693Density:

of air, 1857–1859

of resin beads, 1282–1283

of water, 21Density currents, 642, 694–699Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 81–83,997–999

Depth, effective, 670Depth filtration, 728, 730, 758–759,771–780

Desalination, 13, 1339–1341Design analysis, 1089–1090Desorption, 393, 1034–1036Destabilization, 542

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, 1737

Detachment, rapid filtration, 780Detention time, 195, 682Dewatering:

definition of, 1627filter press, 1682–1683mechanical, 213, 1681–1686DFHSDM (dispersed-flowhomogeneous surface diffusionmodel), 1214

DFM, see Dispersed-flow model

DFPSDM (dispersed-flow pore andsurface diffusion model), 1214,1238

Diarrhea, 99, 100, 102–109, 112, 113,

115, 117, 124–126, 128–129, 137,140

Diatoms, 146Diatomaceous earth, 728, 807–808Diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration,807–808

Diatomaceous earth sludges,1650–1651

Dibromochloromethane (DBCM),1489

Dicamba, 59

Diffusion See also Homogeneous

surface diffusion model (HSDM)

and Brownian velocity, 397

relating to kinetic energy, 401

for small neutral molecules, 407–410

for solutes in gases and liquids, 398

DIP (ductile iron pipe), 1704

Dipole attraction and repulsion, 1133

Dipole–dipole attraction, 1131, 1133

Dipole–induced dipole attraction,

1131

Dipole moment, 21, 52–53Direct bacterial count (DBC), 155Direct filtration, 193, 205–206, 729,736

Direct integrity monitoring, 883–884Direct viable count, 155

Discrete particles, 642Discrete particle (Type I) settling:

definition of, 642ideal, 652–653principles, 645–652

in sedimentation basins, 652–658velocity of particles, 645–650

Disease, see Waterborne disease

Disinfectants:

alternative, 195, 1500–1501declining concentration of chemical,927–928

and PAC performance, 1164–1165Disinfection, 196, 905–1017application in water treatment, 191

by-products from, see By-products of

water treatmentchemical, 1486–1487

with chlorine, see Chlorination

contact time used in, 294definition of, 904historical perspective on, 906–908

kinetics of, see Disinfection kinetics

methods of, 908–911organic compounds formed during,59

with ozone, see Ozone disinfection

reactors using, 293reverse osmosis used in, 1400

with ultraviolet light, see Ultraviolet

light disinfectionand waterborne disease elimination,6

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) See

also By-products of water

treatmentdefinition of, 905, 1486and enhanced coagulation, 584formation of, 374–375, 464,1487–1488regulations related to, 181, 185removal of, 195

Disinfection by-product formationpotential (DBPFP), 463–464,1206

Disinfection contactor design, 979–991over-under baffled contactors,987–991

pipeline contactors, 980–981serpentine basin contactors,982–987

Disinfection kinetics, 912–932Chick’s law of, 912–914Chick–Watson model of, 912–917classical, 912–916

Collins–Selleck model of, 921–923contemporary models of, 917–923and disinfection effectiveness,929–930

dispersion and t10concept, 939dispersion in, 937–938model comparisons for, 923–926

in nonideal reactors, 932–939parameters for, 925–926Rennecker–Mari˜nas model of,918–920

SFM model of, 933–937temperature influence on, 928–929Disk and disklike particles, 34Dispersed air, 1057

Dispersed-flow homogeneous surfacediffusion model (DFHSDM), 1214Dispersed-flow model (DFM),336–345

and open/closed systems, 338–341performance of, 526–527

of reactive system, 350–353Dispersed-flow pore and surfacediffusion model (DFPSDM), 1214,1238

Dispersion:

definition of, 289disinfection kinetics, 937–938and nonideal flow, 334–335

in pipeline contactor, 980–981predicting in a channel, 345–349

and t10, 939Dispersion numbers, 982–984Disposal:

of liquid streams, 1660, 1662

of residuals, 1402–1403

of semisolid residuals, 1689–1694Dissolved air flotation, 642Dissolved air flotation (DAF) systems,

196, 701–721and air loading, 706–707application in water treatment, 191basin layout and geometry for,713–716

bubble size/rise velocity, 704–705design considerations for, 712–721design example of, 710–712factors affecting, 703–712float removal in, 718–719floc-bubble aggregate rise velocity,704–705

and floc–bubble attachment,709–712

and floc-bubble separation zone, 712

and floc characteristics, 703–704

minimum volume of gas, 707

proprietary units, 719–721

recycle systems in, 716–717

saturation concentration of air in

water, 708–709

subnatant removal in, 718

Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

DMF, see Dispersed-flow model

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 81–83,

997–999

DOC, see Dissolved organic carbon

Dolomieu, Deodat de, 1569

Droplet aerators, 1058–1059Droplet air-water contactors, 1034,1050

Drug resistance, 100–101, 107, 115Drying beds, 1677–1678

Dual-media filters, 737Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR)equation, 1157–1159Ductile iron, 1703–1704, 1706–1707Ductile iron pipe (DIP), 1704Dunlingsen, Robley, 4Duodenal ulcers, 107

DVB, see Divinylbenzene

Dynamic viscosity, 22Dysentery, 100–101Dystrophic lakes, 147

E

E coli, see Escherichia coli

EaggEC (enteroaggregrative E coli),

102–104Earthen basins, 664EBC (equivalent backgroundconcentration), 1167–1168

EBCT, see Empty-bed contact time

EBCTLC(empty-bed contact time ofthe full-scale column), 1138–1139EBCTSC(empty-bed contact time ofthe rapid small-scale column),1138–1139

Eberth, Karl, 5, 84, 99

EC (electrical conductivity), 51Echovirus, 119, 120

Eckert pressure drop, 1076–1078Eddy size, 364–365, 375

EDL, see Electric double layer

EDR (electrodialysis reversal), 1663EDSTAC (Endocrine DisruptorScreening and Testing AdvisoryCommittee), 187

EE/O, see Electrical efficiency per log

orderEffective size (ES), 729, 738–739,1283

Effluent concentration, 1468–1472Effluent permeable baffle, 672, 673Effluent water quality, 781Egg, 74

definition of, 1416for photolysis, 529–532for UV light/hydrogen peroxideoxidation, 1466, 1468Electrical potential:

determining equilibrium constantfrom, 475–477

evaluating free-energy change and,over concentration range,478–482

and free-energy change, 471–474impact of pH on, 477–478Electrical resistance method, 1790Electric double layer (EDL), 542, 550,553–557

Electrochemical cell, 470Electrode kinetics, 1708Electrode potentials, 469–482assessing reaction feasibility withrespect to, 470–471determining whether reaction willproceed, 471–482mechanistic description of, 470Electrodialysis reversal (EDR), 1663Electrohydraulic cavitation, 1421Electrokinetics, 550–551, 1714–1725Electrolytes:

conducting, 1708, 1710diffusion coefficients for, 407,410–412

polyelectrolytes, 545, 574Electrolytic corrosion, 1701, 1749Electron acceptor, 458, 466Electron beam irradiation, 1421Electron donor, 458, 466Electronic particle size counting,36–37

Electronic resources, 1867Electron microscope (EM), 119, 128Electroosmosis, 550

Electrophoresis, 550–552Electrostatic attraction, 1135Electrostatic repulsion, 552Elementary reactions, 226, 232Ellipsoid particles, 34

El Tor cholera epidemic, 98–99Elution curves, 1314–1315

EM (electron microscope), 119, 128Emerging constituents, 1531Emerging contaminants, 8–9Emerging organic compounds, 59

Empty-bed contact time (EBCT), 804,

1119, 1191–1192, 1195–1196,

1264, 1299

Empty-bed contact time of the full-scale

column (EBCTLC), 1238–1239

Empty-bed contact time of the rapid

small-scale column (EBCTSC),

1238–1239

Endemic, 74

Endocrine disruptors, 166, 185, 187,

1606

Endocrine Disruptor Screening and

Testing Advisory Committee

Enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC), 102–105

Enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC),

Equilibrium line, 434, 436Equilibrium partitioning in closedsystems (EPICS), 1043Equilibrium state, 246Equipment movement, sedimentationbasin performance and, 700Equivalent background concentration(EBC), 1167–1168

ES, see Effective size

Escherich, T., 5, 105, 152

Escherichia spp., 77 Escherichia coli (E coli), 5, 77, 90,

102–105, 152–154Estimation Programs Interface (EPI)Suite, 1045

ETEC (enterotoxigenic E coli),

102–104Ethylene thiourea (ETU), 59Euglenas, 146

Euglenophyta, 146Eukaryotic cells, 77Eutrophic lakes, 145, 147–148Evans diagrams, 1723, 1739–1740Evaporation, 1164, 1664, 1665

in drying beds, 1677–1678solar, 1164, 1665Ewald, Paul, 83, 98, 107Excess lime-sofa ash, 1581Excess lime softening, 1580Excess lime split-stream process,1578–1579

Exchange capacity, 1275–1277Exchange current density,1718–1721

Exemptions, 175Exit age distribution, 326Expanded-bed upflow reactor, 291Extinction coefficient, 1416Extracting phase, 393, 434–438Extraction, 6

F

FA (fulvic acid), 55Facultative organisms, 74Facultative parasite, 109Faraday, Michael, 1739Faraday constant, 411Faraday’s law, 509, 1710, 1714–1715,1718

FBR (Filter Backwash Recycle Rule),185

FBT (flat-bladed turbine), 618Fecal coliform test, 153

Fecal–oral route (diseasetransmission), 74, 86, 87, 101, 109,

121, 130, 134–136, 142, 143Feed-and-bleed strategy, 832–834Fenton’s reactions, 1420, 1477Fermentation test, 6Fermentation tube method, 5Ferric chloride, 566–567Ferric sulfate, 566–567Ferrochlor process, 5Ferrous ion, 1510–1511Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe(FPR), 1704

Fibroid chemosorbents, 1657, 1694Fick’s first law, 397–398, 400, 418, 447Fick’s second law, 400–401, 1177Films, 1736–1746

passive, 1739–1741

on stainless steel, 1741–1743Film diffusion, 1175

Film model (mass transfer atinterfaces), 417–418Filters, 4

algae clogging of, 149, 151belt, 1683–1685

gravity belt, 1683–1685membrane, 14, 830–833mixed-media, 757multimedia, 756–757performance of, 770–771pressure belt, 1683–1685Filter Backwash Recycle Rule (FBR),185

Filter beds, 794–796, 1313Filter media, 737–743biologically active filtration, 802–804characteristics of membrane, 842diatomaceous earth, 807–808grain shape of, 739–741granular bed porosity of, 742greensand filtration, 807material density of, 741–742material hardness of, 742membrane, 844–851properties of membrane, 839–840rapid, 737–738, 785

retention rating of membrane,844–846

size/uniformity of, 738–739slow sand, 743

specific surface area of, 742–743structure of membrane, 841,843–844

Filter press dewatering, 1682–1683Filter run, 734–735, 781

Filter support media, 793–794Filter underdrains, 793–794

radionuclide removal via, 1604

rapid, see Rapid filtration

settling velocity of, 670

Floc blanket reactor (FBR), 1173

Floc–bubble aggregates, 704–705

Floc–bubble attachment, 709–712

Floc–bubble separation zone, 712

Floc carry over effect, 672

alternative methods of, 610–613

application in water treatment, 191

ballasted, 1661

collision frequency functions for,602

definition of, 542, 544design issues for, 544

by differential settling, 601and floc breakup, 607–608fractal models of, 602–607macroscale, 593–598mechanisms of, 590–592microscale, 594–596, 600and particle collisions, 592–593process of, 545

reactors using, 293spherical particle models for reactordesign, 609–610

of spherical particles in a linear flowfield, 593–602

of spherical particles in nonlinearflow field, 602

theory of, 590–610velocity gradients for, 364Flocculation basin, 12Flocculators:

depth/shape of, 618–621design features in, 631–633diffuser walls of, 631–633with horizontal paddle wheels,621–627

hydraulic, 627–630inlet-outlet arrangements for, 631size of, 631

with vertical-shaft turbines, 613–621with vertical turbine turbines,613–621

Flotation, 1627Flotation thickening, 1674, 1675

Flow See also Nonideal flow

co-current, 392countercurrent, 393creeping, 743cross, 393Darcy, 743–745fluid, 398–399Forchheimer, 743, 745–746horizontal, 669–671mass, 398–399

nonideal, see Nonideal flow

rate of, 1316return, 1627supernatant, 1628underflows, 1628upflow (radial flow), 689Flow control:

granular media, 744–757membrane filtration, 834–838Flow equalization, 191, 1659–1660Flow pattern, 687

Flow rate, 1299Flow reactor, 289Flow-through reactors, 968–972Flow-through system, 393Fluid flow, 398–399Fluid–fluid process, 393Fluidized-bed contactors, 1189Fluidized-bed reactor, 1130Fluid–solid process, 393Fluorescence, 57Fluoride, 194Flux, 395, 399Food contamination, 84

Food poisoning, see Gastroenteritis

Forchheimer flow, 743, 745–746Formation potential, 1486Fouling, 854–874bench-scale evaluation, 869,873–874

biological, 1382–1383definition of, 820irreversible, 858and low-profile air strippers, 1098mechanisms for, 856–857, 863–867membrane fouling index, 868–873metal oxide, 1381–1382

natural organic matter, 862–863particulate, 860–862, 1374–1376and resins, 1285

resistance-in series model of,858–859

reverse osmosis, 1374–1376,1381–1383

reversibility of, 857–858FPR (fiberglass-reinforced plasticpipe), 1704

Fractals:

collision frequency of, 606–608dimension of, 604–606flocculation models using, 602–607shape/size of, 603–604

Fractal theory of particle formation,603

Fraction of target compounddestruction, 1437Frames of reference, fixed and relative,399–400

France, 4, 13

Franciscella tularensis, 92, 115, 116, 118

Franklin, Benjamin, 1716Free chlorine, 940–943Free-chlorine by-products, 1494–1504and chemistry of formation,1494–1498estimating formation of, 1498–1499formation control, 1500–1504removal of, 1504

Free-chlorine contact time, 1501

and electrical potential, 471–474

evaluating, and electrical potential

over a concentration range,

Fulvic acid (FA), 55

Fundamental properties of water,

Galvanized steel pipe, 1705

Gamma (ray) radiation, 66, 1421

Garnet, 737–738

Gases, 229, 1857

chemical reactions in water, 447–451

for flotation, 707

and ideal gas law, 64

kinetic theory of, 402

Henry’s law constants, 1042–1050

vapor pressure and Raoult’s law,

1038–1040

Gas–liquid interface, mass transferacross, 438–447

Gas-phase combustion, 459Gas-phase diffusion coefficients,412–415

Gas pressure drop, 1090–1091Gastroenteritis, 92–118

Aeromonas, 110–112 Bacillus anthracis, 115–117

tularemia, 116, 118viral, 124–130

Yersinia, 103, 108–109

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 93, 99, 102,

114, 117GBS (Guillain–Barr´e syndrome),106–107

GC (gas chromatogaphy), 6Gel-type resins, 1264, 1269, 1276Genetic transfer, 83

Geo-Processors, Inc., 1401Geosmin, 461, 462, 1159–1160, 1163,1164

Geothite, 1768Germ theory of disease, 5, 84, 152, 177

GFH, see Granular ferric hydroxide

GFO (granular ferric oxide), 1657,1694

Giardia spp., 13, 130, 134, 808, 875,

1014, 1516, 1631

Giardia ardeae, 137 Giardia lamblia, 132, 136–138, 153, 732,

844, 849, 907, 930, 997, 998, 1013,1014

Giardia muris, 137, 1003

Gibbs free energy, 245, 395, 1353Gibson Island Advanced WaterTreatment Plant (Queensland,Australia), 1825–1833performance data, 1833setting, 1825–1827treatment processes, 1827–1832unique design features, 1832–1833Gilliland correlation, 422, 425

GI tract, see Gastrointestinal tract

Glasgow, Scotland, 4Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 121

Gnielinski correlation, 422, 423,426–427

Goal-selection step (regulatoryprocess), 175–176Golden algae, 146Gouy–Chapman diffuse layer, 550Grain shape, 739–741

Granular activated carbon (GAC), 197,

738, 742, 1127–1130, 1189–1253,1694

adsorption capacity for, 1162, 1163adsorption using, 11

backwashing, 1252, 1253beds in parallel, 1200, 1202–1204,1206

PPCP removal with, 1612production of, 1125–1127rapid small-scale column tests of,1236–1250

regeneration/reactivation of,1127–1130

size of, 1123–1124

as sorbent, 1657specific area for mass transfer,416–417

terminology for, 1190–1193uses/advantages/disadvantages of,1251

Granular bed porosity, 742Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH),

1657, 1670, 1694Granular ferric oxide (GFO), 1657,1694

Granular filtration, 5, 196, 730–808application in water treatment, 191bag and cartridge filtration, 808biologically active filtration, 801–804diatomaceous earth filtration,807–808

greensand filtration, 807

historical perspective on, 731–732

hydraulics of flow in, 743–757

media used for, 737–743

pressure filtration, 800

rapid filtration, see Rapid filtration

slow sand filtration, 804–807

Granular medium filter, 12

Gravity feed contactors, 1189

Gravity separation, 191, 643 See also

Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

systems; Sedimentation

Gravity thickening, 1672–1674

Grays (Gy), 67

Gray cast iron, 1703, 1706–1707

Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River

inorganic constituents in, 43

point source pollutants in, 56

radionuclides in, 1602

silica scaling, 1381

tastes/odors in, 62–63, 461–462

treatment trains for, 207, 210–211

Ground Water Rule (GWR), 185

Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality

HAAs, see Haloacetic acids

HAART (highly active antiviral

Hatta number, 448, 449Hawksley, Thomas, 5Hayduk–Laudie correlation, 406, 407,410

HDPE (high-density polyethylenepipe), 1705

Head loss, 717, 744–748, 804,1241–1242

Health, water quality and, 3

Heat capacity (Cp or Cv) of water, 22

Heat treatment (for sludgeconditioning), 1627, 1680Height of a transfer unit (HTU), 1035Helfferich number, 1264

Helicobacter pylori, 8, 107–108

Helmholtz layer, 549–550Helminths, 75, 78, 80, 143, 144, 849Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS),104

Henry’s law/Henry’s law constant, 434,

440, 706, 940, 1046–1050estimation of, 1044–1045factors influencing, 1046–1050sources of, 1042–1044and thermodynamics, 247units for, 1041–1042HENRYWIN program, 1045Hepatitis, 120, 122–124Hepatitis A, 88–92, 119, 122–124, 152Hepatitis B, 122–123

Hepatitis E, 123–124Hepatitis X, 123Herbicides, 59, 195HERO (high-efficiency reverseosmosis) process, 1401, 1663Heterodispersed suspensions, 34Heterogeneous reactions, 226, 230Heterotrophs, 75, 801

HFF modules, 1348

HFMB process, see Hollow-fiber

membrane bioreactor processHigh-density polyethylene pipe(HDPE), 1705

High-efficiency reverse osmosis(HERO) process, 1401, 1663Highly active antiviral therapy(HAART), 140

High-pressure membranes, 196High-rate sedimentation, 679–691ballasted sedimentation, 693–694solids contact clarifiers, 687–693

tube and lamella plate clarifiers,680–687

Hindered settling (Type III), 645area for solids thickening, 662–664definition of, 643

limiting flux rate, 661–662solids flux analysis, 659–661Hippocrates, 4, 122, 731Hippocrates sleeve, 4Hirschfelder–Bird–Spotz correlation,412

Hitness model, 172HIV, 140Hold-down systems, 1302–1303Hollow-fiber membranes, 828, 829,1371

Hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor(HFMB) process, 1594, 1595Hollow-fine-fiber (HFF) modules, 1348Homogeneous membrane, 820Homogeneous reactions, 226, 230Homogeneous surface diffusion model

(HSDM), 1174–1189 See also

Constant pattern homogeneoussurface diffusion model(CPHSDM)

for batch reactors, 1182

and C(t)/C0vs PAC dosage,1186–1187

dispersed-flow, 1214

D sfrom, 1184–1186and PFR vs CMFR performance,1188–1189

plug flow pore and surface diffusionmodel, 1213–1220

Hookworm, 144Horizontal flow rectangularbasins/tanks, 669Horizontal-flow velocity, 670–671Horizontal paddle wheel flocculators,611–612, 614, 621–627Hot air regeneration, 1129

HSDM, see Homogeneous surface

diffusion modelHTU (height of a transfer unit), 1035Hudson, New York, 5

Human adenovirus, 120Human caliciviruses, 126–128Humics, 1226, 1228Humic acid (HA), 55HUS (hemolytic uremic syndrome),104

Hydrated lime, 1571Hydrated radii, 1280Hydraulics:

of flow in membrane filters, 851–854granular media, 744–757

Hydraulic residence time, 289

HydroDarco B American Norit, 1164

simplified model for, 1447–1449

Hydrogen peroxide/UV light

Hypereutrophic lakes, 148Hypobromous acid, 1496Hypochlorite ion, 488–490

‘‘Hypochlorite Treatment of PublicWater Supplies’’ (GeorgeJohnson), 5

tracer curves for, 299–301IESWTR (Interim Enhanced SurfaceWater Treatment Rule), 185Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS),1788–1790

Ilmenite, 737–738Immiscible liquids, 168Immune system, 107, 112Impellers, 613–619Impingement attack, 1761–1762Inactivation, 905

Inclination angle, tube and platesettlers, 687

Indirect integrity monitoring, 881–883Inert materials (sludge management),1680

Infilco-Dergamont, 719Inflammatory gastroenteritis, 93, 94Injection manifolds, 717

Inlets, serpentine basin contactors, 985Inlet energy dissipation

(sedimentation basins), 699–700In-line filtration, 193, 205–206, 729,736

Inorganic chemical constituents,42–51

major, 43–47minor and trace, 44, 47–48water quality indicators, 44, 48–51Inorganic coagulants, 543, 562–573Inorganic metal coagulant, 543

Inorganic particles, shapes of, 34Inorganic salts, precipitation of,1376–1382

indirect, 881–883repair of modules, 885sonic testing, 884–885Intensity of segregation, 369, 371Intensity set point, UV, 996, 997Intensive properties, 395Interception, particle, 762Interfaces, mass transfer at, 415–430boundary layer models, 419–422common correlations for, 422–427correlations and diffusing species,427–430

enhancement by chemical reactions,447–451

film model of, 417–418penetration and surface renewalmodel of, 418–419surface area for mass transfer,416–417

Interim Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (IESWTR), 185Intermediate products, 232Intermixing, backwash, 757International System (SI) of units, 67International Union of Pure andApplied Chemists (IUPAC)convention, 469

International water quality standardsand regulations, 188

Interparticle bridging, 558–560Interstate carriers, 6

Interstate Quarantine Act, 177, 180Intestinal anthrax, 117

Intestinal roundworm, 144Intraparticle diffusion, 1264Intraparticle flux, 1175–1176Intraparticle mass transfer rate,1297–1299

Invasive gastroenteritis, 93–94Ion exchange (IX), 11, 193–195,1265–1329

application in water treatment, 191Bayer-Lewatit upflow fluidizedsystem, 1304

binary component systems of,

natural materials for, 1266–1267

NOM removal by, 1503

physical properties of, 1280–1285

process design case study for,

Ion exchange brines, 1655–1656, 1669

Ion exchange column design,

1324–1326

Ion exchange kinetics, 1295–1299

Ion exchange process design,

1307–1310

bench- and pilot scale studies,

1309–1317

column design in, 1317–1319

preliminary process analysis,

design summary for, 1325, 1329

development of full-scale design

Ion exchange resins, 1694 See also

Synthetic ion exchange resinscoagulant reduction of, 583macroreticular, 1269–1270microreticular, 1269SBA exchange resin, 1265,1275–1277, 1280, 1282–1283,

1285, 1291–1292, 1294, 1300,

1302, 1309, 1312, 1313, 1543

as sorbents, 1657strong acid cation, 1265types/characteristics of, 1309Ion flux, 1296–1297

Ionic conductance, 410–411Ionic constituents, sources of, 32–33Ionic fractions, 57

Ionic radii, 1280Ionic species, 1131–1133Ionic strength, 238–242definition of, 227effect of, on double-layer thickness,555

and Henry’s law constants,1048–1049and iron oxidation, 1552and rate constants, 258Iron, 1702

cast, 1703–1704, 1706–1707chemical properties of, 1547–1548

as coagulant aid, 562–565

and corrosion, see Corrosion

ductile, 1703–1704, 1706–1707galvanized, 1707, 1754–1760hydrogen peroxide/UV lightoxidation, 1460–1461occurrence of, in water supplies,1545–1546

as odor problem, 62–63oxidation of, 476–477, 494–495,

498, 502–504, 506–507,1548

properties of, 1715quenching reaction rate due to,1430–1431

removal of, see Iron removal

Iron and lime process (softening), 5Iron bacteria, 81

Iron pipe, 1752–1754, 1767–1768Iron removal, 210–212, 464–465,1544–1554

lime treatment, 1568membrane process, 1567ozone oxidation, 1564potassium permanganate andgreensand filtration,1562–1566stabilization process, 1567–1568treatment strategies, 1558,1560–1568Irreversible fouling, 858Irreversible reactions, 229definition of, 227first-order, 447–449half-life for, 306, 309–310ISEP system, 1304–1306Isomorphous replacement, 547Isotropic turbulence, 364ISWS (Illinois State Water Survey),1788–1790

Italy, 5IUPAC (International Union of Pureand Applied Chemists)convention, 469

IX, see Ion exchange

J

Jar test, 543, 578–582, 1159–1160Jersey City (New Jersey), 5, 906Johnson, George, 5

John Wiley & Sons website, 1867

K

Kenics static mixer, 378Ketoacids, 1490Kinematic viscosity, 22Kinetics, 251–262electrode, 1708ion exchange, 1295–1299and metallic corrosion, 1714–1725rate law/reaction order, 252reaction rate, 251–252relationship between reaction rates,252–254

Kinetic energy, 401–402Kinetic theory of gases, 402KMnO4, see Potassium permanganate

Koch, Robert, 5, 80, 84, 906Koch static mixer, 378Kozeny coefficient, 744–745

Lamp power einsteins, 524

Land application (water treatment

Lime precipitation sludges, 1648–1650

chemical properties of, 1650

estimating quantities of, 1648–1649

physical properties of, 1649–1650

Lime recovery, 1688Lime sludge pelletization, 213,1687–1687

Lime-soda softening, 193, 1573,1579–1591

Lime softening, 194, 195, 207, 209,

1572, 1575conventional, 207, 209excess, 1580, 1587–1591parallel, 1578

radionuclide removal via, 1605reactors using, 293

single-stage, 1580Lime treatment, 1568Limiting flux rate, 661–662Limiting salt, 1336, 1376–1380Linear free-energy relationship(LFER), 261–262Linear model with no threshold, 172Linear polarization resistance (LPR)method, 1790–1792

Liquid adsorption, 1147–1154Liquid chlorine, 946–948Liquid oxygen, 974–975Liquid phase, 229Liquid-phase diffusion coefficients,405–412

for electrolytes, 407, 410–412for large molecules and particles,405–407

for oxygen, 412for small neutral molecules,407–410

Liquid-phase mass balance around adifferential element, 1068–1069Liquid-phase mass transfer,1218–1219, 1297–1299Liquid streams, residual, 1659–1662Liquid wastes, 1630–1631

Localized corrosion, 1701, 1746–1749Locational running annual average(LRAA), 1486, 1491, 1492Logistic model, 172

Log removal value (LRV), 217–218,846

London, England, 3, 4, 731Long Beach, California, 1759Longitudinal dispersion coefficient

(DL), 980

Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (LT1ESWTR),185

Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (LT2ESWTR),

185, 850–851, 875, 881, 883,1015–1017

Lostock Water Treatment Works(Manchester, United Kingdom),1812–1819

performance data, 1819setting, 1812–1813treatment processes, 1813–1815unique design features, 1815–1819Louis XIV, King of France, 1703Low-MW organic by-products, 1512,1520

Low-pressure reverse osmosis, 197Low-profile air strippers, 1052, 1058,1097–1100

advantages/disadvantages of, 1098description of, 1097–1098design of, 1098–1100example of, 1098–1100LPR (linear polarization resistance)method, 1790–1792

LRAA, see Locational running annual

averageLRV (log removal value), 217–218,846

LSI, see Langelier saturation index

LT1ESWTR (Long Term 1 EnhancedSurface Water Treatment Rule),185

LT2ESWTR, see Long Term 2

Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment RuleLumen, 820

1066–1067 See also Operating

diagramsMachined nipple test, 1789–1790Macroflocculation, 545, 591, 593–598Macropores, 1125–1127

Macroreticular ion exchange resin,1269–1270

Macroreticular resin, 1264, 1269–1270Magnesium, 407, 1706

Magnesium bicarbonate recovery,1688–1689

MAI (Mycobacterium avium intercellulare),

110, 112–113Manganese:

chemical properties of, 1553, 1555occurrence of, in water supplies,1553

as odor problem, 62–63