Test bank herman aguinis – performance management ch12

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the dependent variable and measures its effect on the independent variable.. ANS: F The researcher manipulates the independent variables and

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Chapter 12—Experimental Research

TRUE/FALSE

1 Experimental research attempts to find causal relationships among variables

NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

2 In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the dependent variable and measures its effect on the independent variable

ANS: F

The researcher manipulates the independent variable(s) and measures its effect on the dependent variable

PTS: 1 REF: p 257 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking

3 Participants in experimental research are typically referred to as respondents

ANS: F

Participants in experimental research are referred to as subjects rather than respondents

4 An experimental construct refers to one of the possible levels of an experimental variable

manipulation

ANS: F

This describes an experimental condition

5 Covariates are categorical variables (such as a subject’s gender or ethnicity) which are not manipulated but are included in the statistical analysis of experiments

ANS: F

Categorical variables such as these are called blocking variables

6 An experimental treatment is the term referring to the way an experimental variable is manipulated

7 A control group is one in which an experimental treatment is administered

ANS: F

This is an experimental group A control group is one in which no experimental treatment is

administered

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8 Often, the term linkage is used to refer to a treatment combination within an experiment

ANS: F

The term is cell

9 Experiments in which an individual subject is exposed to more than one level of an experimental treatment are referred to as repeated measures designs

10 An experiment can have only one experimental variable

ANS: F

Experiments can have more than one independent (i.e, experimental) variable

11 People are the most common test units in most business experiments

12 The most common procedure to try to ensure that experimental and control groups do not differ from each other in important ways at the beginning of a research study is random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups

13 A confound in an experiment means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variable

14 When subjects guess the purpose of an experiment, this creates a confound known as a bias effect ANS: F

This is called a demand effect

15 One way to reduce demand characteristics is to tell subjects the purpose of the experiment so they will

be more willing to participate honestly

ANS: F

One way of reducing demand characteristics is to use an experimental disguise

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16 A confound is an experimental deception involving a false treatment.

ANS: F

This is a placebo

17 The people administering an experiment must be aware of the experimental hypotheses

ANS: F

One way to reduce demand characteristics is to use a “blind” experimental administrator who does not now the experimental hypotheses

18 Factorial experimental designs are the least sophisticated type of experimental design

ANS: F

Factorial experimental designs are more sophisticated than basic experimental designs

19 When a test market is conducted in five retail stores in Erie, Pennsylvania, this is an example of a laboratory experiment

ANS: F

This is an example of a field experiment

20 Between-subjects designs involve repeated measures because with each treatment the same subject is measured

ANS: F

This describes a within-subjects design

21 The question as to whether the experimental treatment was the "sole cause" of the changes in the dependent variable is the basic issue in external validity

ANS: F

This is the basic issue in internal validity

22 A maturation effect in an experiment is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience

23 Field experiments tend to have less external validity than laboratory experiments

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ANS: F

External validity is increase when the subjects truly represent some population and when the results extend to market segments or other groups of people

24 When the gender of respondents (male, female) is thought to affect in important ways the dependent variable, an experimenter can attempt to block out the effect of gender on the results of the study

25 A 3 x 3 factorial experiment requires six combinations of treatment groups

ANS: F

It requires nine combinations of treatment groups (3 x 3 = 9)

26 Factorial designs allow researchers to measure interaction effects

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1 "Does package size affect consumption rates in snack products?" is a typical question in what type of research design?

a descriptive research

b time-series research

c experimental research

d phone surveys

2 A researcher is conducting an experiment in which one group of people is exposed to an advertisement and another group is exposed to another advertisement He is examining the effect of headline font sizes on consumers’ attitude toward the brand advertised The participants in this experimental research are referred to as:

a respondents

b elements

c factorials

d subjects

3 Categorical variables like a subject’s gender or ethnicity are known as which type of variable in experimental research?

a blocking variables

b covariates

c main variables

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d confounds

4 The experimental difference in means between the different levels of any single experimental variable

is referred to as a(n):

a interaction effect

b primary effect

c main effect

d confound

5 Experimental results that show that consumers purchased more when a store had a blue color with bright lights than they did when a store was orange with bright lights but no difference when the lighting was low is an example of which type of effect?

a main

b interaction

c confound

d synergistic

6 All of the following are experimental design issues EXCEPT:

a selection and assignment of subjects to treatments

b control over extraneous variables

c manipulation of the independent variable

d manipulation of the dependent variable

7 If the level of advertising expenditures is compared to the number of units sold at the end of a four-month period, the independent variable is _ while the dependent variable is _

a advertising expenditure level; units sold

b customer satisfaction; advertising expenditure level

c units sold; advertising expenditure level

d. none of the above

8 The group receiving an experimental treatment is called the:

a primary group

b experimental group

c control group

d unit of analysis

9 Which of the following is the term used to refer to a treatment combination within an experiment?

a level

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b link

c cell

d unit

10 Monica is conducting an experiment where all subjects rotate through all of the training programs she

is testing This type of experiment in which an individual subject is exposed to more than one level of

an experimental treatment is called:

a between-subjects

b repeated measures

c redundant manipulation

d randomization

11 Which of the following are possible test units in a business research study?

a people

b sales territories

c strategic business units

d. all of the above

12 Which of the following occurs if the sampling units in an experimental cell are somehow different than the units in another cell, and this difference affects the dependent variable?

a systematic or nonsampling error

b sampling error

c experimenter bias

d subject bias

13 Which of the following is a way for a researcher to equally distribute the effects of extraneous

variables to all conditions in an experiment?

a confounding

b split sampling

c repeated measures

d randomization

14 Which of the following means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental

variables for any observed differences in the dependent variables?

a confound

b interaction

c randomization

d repeated measures

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15 Which term refers to an experimental design element that unintentionally provides subjects with hints about the research hypothesis

a demand characteristic

b Hawthorne effect

c testing effect

d confounding effect

16 Which of the following is present when the person administering experimental procedures influences the subjects’ behavior or sways them to slant their answers to cooperate with him or her?

a experimenter bias

b response bias

c Type I error

d Type II error

17 When subjects act differently because they are aware that they are in an experiment, this is called the:

a history effect

b Hawthorne effect

c maturation effect

d repeated measures effect

18 All of the following are ways to reduce demand characteristics EXCEPT:

a use an experimental disguise

b administer multiple experimental treatment levels to each subject

c use a “blind” experimental administrator

d isolate experimental subjects

19 Caroline is participating in an experimental study in which she is taking an herbal supplement and the researcher measures her perceived energy levels for several weeks Although she doesn’t know it, the supplement she is given in the study does not contain any of the herb of interest in the study

However, Caroline feels as though she has more energy than before, and she attributes it to the herbal supplement This effect due to the psychological impact that goes along with knowledge that a treatment has been administered is called a(n):

a maturation effect

b false positive

c counterbalancing effect

d placebo effect

20 When subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments, this is called:

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a the Hawthorne effect

b confounding

c constancy of conditions

d compounding

21 If a soft-drink company performs an experiment with a new type of soft drink in which experimental subjects always taste this new product first and then taste a competitor's product second, the study has

an error in design termed a(n):

a history effect

b maturation effect

c order of presentation effect

d guinea pig effect

22 When a food company tests a new product by having one group of experimental subjects taste this product first and then taste a competitor's product second, while a second group of experimental subjects tastes these two products in the reverse order, the experimental design has been:

a counterbalanced

b reversed

c confounded

d validated

23 Which of the following is critical when conducting experimental research because it allows researchers

to return subjects to normal?

a manipulation check

b cohort analysis

c debriefing

d deception

24 Which experimental design involves manipulating a single independent variable to observe its effect

on a single dependent variable?

a primary experimental design

b basic experimental design

c factorial experimental design

d counterbalanced experimental design

25 When an experiment is conducted on the premises of a research organization, this is an example of a:

a static group design

b laboratory experiment

c field experiment

d controlled store test

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ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p 272

26 A researcher is interested in the level of employees’ understanding of health benefit options He is interested in how the amount of time spent looking at the brochure for each option influences

understanding, so he’s using a device that controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to the brochure This device is called a:

a pupilometer

b psychgalvanometer

c tachistoscope

d rotoscope

27 Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment are called:

a laboratory experiments

b field experiments

c primary experiments

d secondary experiments

28 Which experimental research design involves repeated measures?

a within-subjects design

b between-subjects design

c squared-subjects design

d interdependent-subjects design

29 In which experimental research design does each subject receive only one treatment combination?

a within-subjects design

b between-subjects design

c squared-subjects design

d independent-subjects design

30 The question as to whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in:

a a repeated measures study

b internal validity

c a matching study

d external validity

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31 When subjects in an experiment in which the they were exposed to varying price levels for a product are asked how low they believe the price of the product to be so that the researcher can determine whether or not the subjects perceived “high” and “low” conditions, this is an example of a:

a manipulation check

b reliability assessment

c factor analysis

d surrogate manipulation

32 When a competitor introduces a 15 percent price cut in order to blunt the effect of a test marketing study, this is an example of a:

a maturation effect

b testing effect

c history effect

d cohort effect

33 Which of the following is a special case of the history effect and refers to a change in the dependent variable that occurs because members of one experimental group experienced different historical situations than members of other experimental groups?

a cohort effect

b Hawthorne effect

c testing effect

d instrumentation effect

34 Which of the following is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience?

a history effect

b testing effect

c selection effect

d maturation effect

35 When salespeople are tested one year after a sales training program and perform better on the exam, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one year's experience in sales, this

is an example of a:

a selection effect

b maturation effect

c history effect

d cohort effect

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