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4? i* ffi ',^'i ;'•>: JAMES -G-NEEDHAM ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS BY JAMES G NEEDHAM ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS A HANDBOOK OF THE DRAGONFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA LEAF-MINING INSECTS (needham, frost and tothill) NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FARM LIFE OF INLAND WATERS (needham and lloyd) ELEMENTARY LESSONS GENERAL BIOLOGY IN ZOOLOGY OUT-DOOR STUDIES GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF FRESH WATER BIOLOGY ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS BY JAMES G NEEDHAM PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA 19 CHARLES C THOMAS SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS - PUBLISHER BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Copyright, 1928, by Charles First Published C Thomas 1928 Printed in the United States of America PREFACE This book presents an outline for a brief introductory new selection of mateelementary instruction, and some new plans for their use; but its aim is the same as that of its worthy predecourse in entomology It embodies a rials for — by other authors sound knowledge of the essentials and development and habits These are things worth knowing These are the things that must cessors of insect structure underlie all intelligent efforts at insect control In making a small book for beginning scientific study of this vast group of animals much desirable material has had to be omitted A serious effort has been made to retain and include the things most essential to sound knowledge, most necessary to the public welfare, and most fit to be a part of the It is common intelligence recommended that the teacher suit the order of these lessons to the materials available, keeping ways them al- of practical contacts with things, avoiding ab- full and rote The bane of our schools is bookishPupils learn to memorize and to imitate, rather than stractions ness to see and think for themselves course on insects and let us knowledge in any subject with the sources of Ithaca, its September is Let us have a practical it worth while Real make based on first-hand contact materials 1, 1928.^ James G Needham ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 202 I An outline for: Observations on the Activities of Name of insect Date Stages found where found Measurements Length Expanse number found together adult pupa larva or nymph eggs Feeding where on what what manner Moving about how (walking, swimming, using what parts (legs, wings, tail, etc.) in flying, etc.) speed directness Resting where in what cocoon position making (describe or sketch Shelter , Enemies and means Other activities Beneficial or injurious to nest, etc.) of defense man and why burrow, web, REARING AND RECORD KEEPING II An 203 outline for a: Life History Record Name of insect I Eggs Where laid How clustered (sketch) How protected Shape Hatching; describe how Time of color egg (sketch) date required Larva or nymph Molting (describe how skin Length 1 size young comes out is shed, time required, etc.) of larval life (give dates) Number of Pupa molts (give dates) III Color Size Where found Nature Length of cocoon or other shelter of pupal (give dates) life IV Adult insects Emergence, date observed Form changes Color changes .^ Summary: Dates of egg of transformation to Number reared Time required laying pupa of hatching to adult ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 204 Cooperation member all will is the of the class way to success in this course his bit, and the work by it Here is a most of the laboratory benefit common to list will Let every go well, and of the tasks that are exercises: Collecting of fresh specimens as needed Papering or bottling and labelling reserve specimens Relaxing of dried, reserve specimens Pinning and labelling insects for the collection Making slide mounts Care of living materials; providing food for larvae; providing quarters for pupation; making nymphs or cages, stocking cages, cleaning cages Home Routine exercise, problems on crop pests (see p 173) Assembling materials for the laboratory and putting the stuff away again at its close XXV AIDS How will to Get the Names of Unknown have to be sent to some one must be in fit Insects — Specimens and they papered they may be for determination, condition for study If sent in any sort of stout box (never in a letter) the vials containing them may be sent in If alcoholic, ordinary paste- board, screw-cap mailing cases or in other boxes, packed in There are usually three available sources of cotton this information The entomologists Department of the U S of Agri- Washington, D C, will secure identifications of all kinds of insects, and will on request send bulletins concerning the habits and methods of control of the economic species culture, The state entomologist, who is usually located either at the State Capitol or at the State Agricultural College, will the same These two officials are our servants in such But they have other things to do; so get your insects named at home if you can, and when necessary to call upon these officials, pool your requests for information matters and let one person the sending for the school Often there sulted in person, young is collectors, insofar as When who may be conname specimens for a local entomologist and who will gladly he is able a local collection has been built up, and correctly named specimens are in the boxes, fewer specimens will have to be sent away for identification, for most can then be named 205 ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 206 by comparison Every pupil should what he can to make such a collection more complete, by furnishing from his own catch whatever species are not already contained in it Many species, especially the more important species, may be recognized from the figures in well illustrated books, among which the following, if available in the school library, will prove useful: Reference Books Blatchley, W * S., " The Coleoptera of Indiana The Hemiptera of Indiana H Introduction to Entomology A Manual for the Study of Insects " " How to Know the Butterflies Comstock, Mrs J H A Handbook of Nature Study Crosby and Leonard A Manual of Garden Insects Essig, E O Insects of Western North America Comstock, J " " Folsom, J W Entomology Hancock, J L Nature Sketches in Temperate America Herrick, G W Household Insects u " Manual of Injurious Insects Holland, VV J The Moth Book Howard, L O The Insect Book American Insects Field Book of Insects Needham, J G The Natural History of the Farm Needham and Lloyd The Life of Inland Waters Needham and Heywood A Handbook of North American Dragonflies O'Kane, W C Injurious Insects Sanderson, E D Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard Slingerland and Crosby A Manual of Fruit Insects Kellogg, V L Lutz, E F A INDEX PAGE PAGE Activities 203 Cabbage Alcohol 185 Caddisflies Alimentary canal Anopleura Antenna Apples Aphids Apple aphis Apple miner Apple red-bug Apple maggot Apple worm Antlion Ant 24 17, 18, 131 163 70 164, 167 butterfly Cage making Calcium cyanide Canada balsam 146 190 Carbon-bisulphide Caterpillar 33,108 Cerambycids 164 Cerci 104 11 164, 168 Chinch bug 164, 168 Chitin 128 76 193 82,189 146 Cases 170 89,90,91 Ill 173 Chrysalis 110 Chrysomelids 104 Aphids 73 Chrysopa Arzama obliqua 32 Cicada 74 Cirphis 113 Clearing agent 190 Arthropoda Banana fly Band-wing grasshoppers Bees Bark lice Beating net 119 Click beetles 39 124 Codling moth 70 196 Beak 72 Beetles 94 Blister beetles Bird lice 94,100 131 Cold storage Coleoptera 87 100 164, 168 149 94, 154 131 Collembola Contact insecticides Control Cooperation 205 ear- worm 113 Corn Corrodentia Boll weevil 148 Coxa Bud moth 169 Corydalis cornuta Buprestids 101 Crickets Butterflies 107 Crop 207 145 171 131 86 37,40 18 208 ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS PAGE Crop pests 160 Cross section 25 Cultural control 147 Cyanide bottle 177 Damselfly Damselfly 51,52 nymph Darkling beetles 23 PAGE Fruit-worm Fumigants Ganglia 24 Gizzard 18 Grasshoppers 37 Ground 98 beetles 102 Dermaptera 132 Head Determinations 207 Heart Hemiptera Hessian fly Dip net 178 Diptera 115,154 108 Discal cell Dobson 169 145, 146 85,86 24 Dorsal vessel 19, Dragonfly Drosophila 51,31 119 17 69 148 Hexapods Homoptera Honeybee 70 126 Honey comb ,128 House-flies 148 Drying box 189 Household pests Hydropsyche 162 Earwig Eggs Envelopes 132 Hymenoptera 77 124, 154 29 180 Ichneumon fly 128 Ephemera simulans Ephemerida 61 Injurious insects 151 60 Insecticides 145 Esophagus Experiments Eyes 18 Insect pins 187 Facet Femur 161 Instars Intestine Isoptera 31 19 132, 141 Fire brat 131 Fireflies 100 Japanese beetle 102 Fleas 131 Labellae 115 Flies 115 Labels 185 Food poisons Franklin, Benjamin 145 60 Labrum Lace-bug 71 INDEX 209 PAGE Lace-wing fly Ladybird beetles 85, 87 101, 149 Lamellicorn beetles 103 Lantern-globe cage 201 Larva 33, 116 Lasius niger 118 Leaf beetles 104 Leaf-roller 169 Leg Lepidoptera 107, 154 PAGE Nematocera Nemoura 118 30 Nerve ganglia Nets 178 Neuroptera Nymphs Ocelli 17 85 12,31,52,62 Odonata Orders Orlfly 51 130 Lice 131 Life history boxes 191 Life history record 204 Lifter 179 Locust borer Long-horn beetles 104 Maggot 116 Pissodes 105 Mallophaga Malpighian tubules Mandibles 131 Pistol-case bearer 170 Maxillae Mayfly nymph Mayflies Mealworms Mesothorax Metamorphosis Metathorax Midge larva Milkweed bug Molting Mosquito 94 19 93 Orthoptera Owlet moth Palpus 143 Pinning insects 186 Plum curculio Principal crops Projection Prolegs 60 Prothorax 8 164, 168 157 24 109 23 33 32 Pests 143 37,154 Psocids 131 Pupa Puparium 117 Pygmy grasshoppers 33 39 23 69 20,30 115,117,148 Moths 107 Mouthparts Muscina stabulans 116 Rearing Record blanks Rectum Reference Books Relaxing jar Repellants 199 202 19 208 186 147 ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 210 PAGE Rove beetles 99 PAGE Tangle-foot 147 Tarsus Salivary glands Scale insects 18 Tent 70 Termites Scarabs 103 Thorax School collection 191 Thrips Screen 183 Sieve net 179 Thysanoptera Thysanura Siphonaptera 131 Tibia mounts 190 Tiger beetles Snout beetles 105 Tomato worms Soldier beetles 94 188 Tracheae Transformation Slide Spreading board Squash bug Stag beetles Stages Saw fly Stomach Stoneflies 71 103 31 124,129 18 131 Stylopids 131 Tachina-flies Tails 132, 142 131,141 131 131 98 148 19, 24 32 Trap crops 149 Traps 147 Trichoptera Trochanter Tussock-moth 76 169 Strepsiptera Synthorax 29 caterpillar 118 11 Wasps Water beetles 124 Weevils 105 White ants Wings Woodborers 132 99 101 This book, ELEMENTARY LESSONS on INSECTS by James G Needham, was set, printed and bound by the Collegiate Press of Menasha, Wisconsin The cover Chatham, design New is by The Decorative Designers of Jersey The type face is the very useful and clear Binney Old The size of the type is Style, Monotype No 21 10 point on a 13 point body The paper is 60 pound White Suede Finish, made by the Dill and Collins The binding With is Company of Philadelphia Holliston Cloth THOMAS BOOKS, careful attention is given manufacturing and design It is the publisher's desire to present books that are satisfactory as to their physical qualities and artistic possibilities and appropriate for their particular use to all details of THOMAS BOOKS will be true to those laws of quality that assure a good name and good will ... ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS BY JAMES G NEEDHAM ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS A HANDBOOK OF THE DRAGONFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA LEAF-MINING INSECTS (needham, frost and... INLAND WATERS (needham and lloyd) ELEMENTARY LESSONS GENERAL BIOLOGY IN ZOOLOGY OUT-DOOR STUDIES GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF FRESH WATER BIOLOGY ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS BY JAMES G NEEDHAM PROFESSOR... marked by ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 12 Development The young of stoneflies are called streams, where they cling by to the surface of stones and nymphs means wood They live in of their strong claws