conclusions or inferences about characteristics of populations based on sample data... Nominal Data…• The values of nominal data are categories.. Nominal Data Frequency285... Nominal Dat
Trang 1What is Statistics?
Trang 3informative way.
One form of descriptive statistics uses graphical techniques
Trang 5conclusions or inferences about characteristics of populations based on sample data.
Trang 7— A descriptive measure of a population.
Statistic
— A descriptive measure of a sample.
Trang 9Parameter
Population
Sample
Statistic Inference
Trang 10Graphical and Tabular
Descriptive Techniques
Trang 12Interval Data…
• Real numbers, i.e. heights, weights, prices, etc
• Also referred to as quantitative or numerical
Trang 13Nominal Data…
• The values of nominal data are categories.
E.g. responses to questions about marital status, coded as:
Trang 17Nominal Data (Frequency)
285
Trang 18Nominal Data (Relative Frequency)
Pie Charts show relative frequencies…
Trang 19Nominal Data
It all the same information,
(based on the same data).
Just different presentation.
Trang 21There are several graphical methods that are used when the data are interval.
The most important of these graphical methods is the
histogram.
Trang 22For nominal data we created a frequency distribution of the categories.
For interval data, we create a frequency distribution by
intervals, called classes
Trang 23These data are stored in file Xm0204
These classes are defined as follows:
Classes Amounts that are less than or equal to 15 Amounts that are more than 15 but less than or equal to 30 Amounts that are more than 30 but less than or equal to 45 Amounts that are more than 45 but less than or equal to 60 Amounts that are more than 60 but less than or equal to 75 Amounts that are more than 75 but less than or equal to 90 Amounts that are more than 90 but less than or equal to 105
Trang 24Example
Trang 25about half (71+37=108)
of the bills are “small”,
i.e less than $30
(18+28+14=60)÷200 = 30% i.e nearly a third of the phone bills
are $90 or more.
Trang 26Building a Histogram…
a) Determine the number of classes
With 200 observations, we
should have between
7 & 10 classes…
Alternative, we could use Sturges’ formula:
Number of class intervals = 1 + 3.3 log (n)
Trang 27Range ÷ (# classes) = 119.63 ÷ 8 15≈
Trang 28Building a Histogram…
Trang 29
Building a Histogram…
In Excel, use Data, Data Analysis, Histogram
Trang 34Stem & Leaf Display…
• Retains information about individual observations that would normally be lost in the creation of a histogram.
Trang 35Stem & Leaf Display…
Trang 36Histogram and Stem & Leaf…
Trang 38Relative Frequencies…
Trang 39Cumulative Relative Frequencies…
first class…
next class: .355+.185=.540
: :
Cumulative relative frequencies =
the current class’ relative frequency + the previous class’ cumulative relative frequency.
Trang 40Graph the cumulative relative frequencies…
Trang 42Describing Time Series Data
Observations measured at successive points in time are
called timeseries data.
Line chart plots the value of the variable on the vertical axis against time periods on the horizontal axis
Trang 43the monthly average retail price of gasoline
Trang 44Price of Gasoline in 1982-84 Constant Dollars
Trang 45Summary I…
Factors That Identify When to Use Frequency and Relative Frequency Tables, Bar and Pie Charts
Trang 46Summary II…
Interval Data
Nominal Data
Single Set of
Data
Relative Frequency Tables, Bar and Pie Charts
Relationship
Between Two Variables
Scatter Diagram Bar Charts