Premier press PHP fast and easy web development 2nd edition

Testing Your MySQL Installation In this section, you will start and work with the MySQL utilities via thecommand line in a console window.. At this prompt mysql> you will type commands u

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PHP is copyrighted by The PHP Group, and is released under thePHP License More information on the licensing terms is available inthe license file within the PHP distribution or by visiting

http://www.php.net/license/ Microsoft, Windows, and Internet Explorerare either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft

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completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors

or omissions or the results obtained from use of such information.Readers should be particularly aware of the fact that the Internet is anever-changing entity Some facts may have changed since this bookwent to press

ISBN: 1-931841-87-X

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Thanks as always to the PHP Group, Zend Technologies, the ApacheSoftware Foundation, and MySQL AB for creating and maintainingsuch wonderful and accessible products for all users

About the Author

JULIE MELONI is the technical director for i2i Interactive, a

multimedia company located in Campbell, CA (that's just down thestreet from San Jose) She's been developing Web-based

applications since the Web first saw the light of day and remembersthe excitement surrounding the first GUI Web browser She is theauthor of several books and articles on Web-based programminglanguages and database topics, and you can find translations of herwork in several languages, including Chinese, Italian, Portuguese,Polish, and even Serbian

PHP Fast & Easy Web Development, 2nd Edition

by Julie C Meloni ISBN:193184187x

Premier Press © 2002 (481 pages)

Getting Web developers up to speed with PHP.

Table of Contents Back Cover

PHP Fast & Easy Web Development, 2nd Edition

by Julie C Meloni ISBN:193184187x

Premier Press © 2002 (481 pages)

Getting Web developers up to speed with PHP.

Table of Contents Back Cover

Back Cover

Don’t spend your time wading through manuals to

learn PHP Spend it doing what you do best—creating Web pages! Get the skills you need to install PHP,

Screen by screen, use this comprehensive PHP guide to:

a multimedia company located in Campbell, CA She’s been developing Web-based applications since the Web first saw the light of day and remembers the

excitement surrounding the first GUI Web browser She

is the author of several books and articles on Web-based programming languages and database topics.

running

A few additional chapters have been added to provide additional

projects for practicing your new-found skills; and some appendices ofadditional database and programming information also round out thisnew edition This book remains a solid introduction for the beginninguser, who learns best by example After completing this book, you willhave a strong foundation in the basics before approaching advancedlevels of application design

Before jumping into all that, take a moment to familiarize yourself withPHP and its history

side scripting language When your Web browser accesses a URL, it

Its official name is PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, and it is a server-is making a request to a Web server When you request a PHP page,something like http://www.yourcompany.com/home.php, the Web

server wakes up the PHP parsing engine and says, "Hey! You've got

to do something before I send a result back to this person's Web

browser."

Then, the PHP parsing engine runs through the PHP code found inhome.php, and returns the resulting output This output is passedback to the Web server as part of the HTML code in the document,which in turn is passed on to your browser, which displays it to you

A Brief History of PHP

In 1994, an incredibly forward-thinking man named Rasmus Lerdorfdeveloped a set of tools that used a parsing engine to interpret a fewmacros here and there They were not extravagant: a guest book, acounter, and some other "home page" elements that were cool whenthe Web was in its infancy He eventually combined these tools with aform interpretation (FI) package he had written, added some databasesupport, and released what was known as PHP/FI

Then, in the spirit of Open Source software development, developersall over the world began contributing to PHP/FI By 1997, more than50,000 Web sites were using PHP/FI to accomplish different tasks—connecting to a database, displaying dynamic content, and so on

At that point, the development process really started becoming a teameffort With primary assistance from developers Zeev Suraski andAndi Gutmans, the version 3.0 parser was created The final release

of PHP 3.0 occurred in June of 1998, when it was upgraded to includesupport for multiple platforms (it's not just for Linux anymore!) andWeb servers, numerous databases, and SNMP (Simple Network

Protocol)

Then, the birth of PHP 4.0 occurred No small version change, PHP4.0 marked a complete rethinking of the PHP core and a rewrite of theinternals of the scripting language itself The PHP development teamand Zend Technologies produced a remarkable product with nearly a50-fold performance improvement over version 3.0, with a long list ofnew and useful features

So where are we now?

Over 7 million Web servers worldwide run the 4.x version ofPHP

PHP 4.x has been in use for over two years, with the currentversion being 4.2.1

PHP 4.x can work with just about any combination of Webserver, operating system, and database you can think up.Companies such as Zend Technologies have released

products to optimize and accelerate PHP, as well as "studio"environments for developing and testing PHP code

PHP usage has exploded as an enterprise application

development solution—it's not just for home pages and smallprojects any more!

What Does PHP Do?

PHP does anything you want, except sit on its head and spin Actually,with a little on-the-fly image manipulation and Dynamic HTML, it couldprobably do that, too

According to the PHP manual, "The goal of the language is to allowWeb developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly."

Here are some common uses of PHP:

Gather data from forms: save the data to a file, send data viae-mail, return manipulated data to the user

Access databases and generate content on-the-fly, or create aWeb interface for adding, deleting, and modifying elementswithin your database

Set cookies and access cookie variables

Start sessions and use session variables and objects

Use PHP user authentication to restrict access to sections ofyour Web site

Create images on-the-fly

Encrypt data

These are just everyday uses PHP includes support for Java, JavaServlets, XML, and a myriad of other higher-level functions The

possibilities are endless

Only you can decide if PHP should be your language of choice,

whether you're developing sites for personal or commercial use on asmall or large scale I can only tell you that in the commercial realm,I've worked with all the popular server-side scripting languages—Active Server Pages (ASP), ColdFusion, Java Server Pages (JSP),Perl, and PHP—on numerous platforms and various Web servers,with varying degrees of success PHP is the right choice for me: it'sflexible, fast, and simple in its requirements, yet powerful in its output.Before deciding whether to use PHP in a large-scale or commercialenvironment, consider your answers to these questions:

Can you say with absolute certainty that you will always usethe same Web server hardware and software? If not, look forsomething cross-platform that is available for all types of Webservers: PHP

Will you always have the exact same development team

comprised entirely of ASP (or ColdFusion) developers? Or willyou use whoever is available, thus necessitating a languagethat is easy to learn and syntactically similar to C and Perl? Ifyou have reason to believe that your ASP or ColdFusion

developers might drop off the face of the earth, don't use

those tools—use PHP

Are memory and server load an issue? If so, don't use bloatedthird-party software that leaks precious memory—use PHP.Here's the bottom line: PHP is simple, so just try it! If you like it,

continue using it It's Open Source, so help improve it Join a mailinglist, and help others If you don't like it, you're only out about 25 bucksfor this book, and the software can be uninstalled without renderingyour machine completely inoperable

This book has its own Web site That figures, doesn't it? The URL ishttp://www.premierpressbooks.com/downloads.asp At this site youcan download all the code samples in this book You can also use thissite to alert me to bugs or other problems you might have with theexamples Although the code has been tested many times, one errantsemicolon or quotation mark can cause the dreaded "Parse error."

Part I: Getting Started

Chapter 1: Installing and Configuring MySQL

MySQL is the database of choice for a vast majority of Web

developers who use PHP because of its efficiency and ease of use.Plus, MySQL is free, runs on multiple platforms, and its

documentation is superb When using MySQL with PHP, it's easiest toinstall MySQL first because, during the PHP installation and

configuration process, you must tell the PHP configuration script

specific functions In this chapter, you'll learn how to do the following:

where MySQL resides on your system in order to activate the MySQL-Install MySQL on Windows or Linux

Create a sample database

Create a sample table

The most popular distribution of MySQL is the open source versionfrom MySQL AB However, there are also commercial versions ofMySQL, as well as distributions of MySQL bundled with applicationserver software Some companies that offer these options are

AbriaSoft (http://www.abriasoft.com/) and NuSphere

(http://www.nusphere.com/) No matter which option you choose, asolution will be available for you on all platforms-any UNIX-like

operating system, as well as on Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP

If you are using MySQL as part of a Web hosting package through anInternet service provider, you don't have to worry about downloadingand installing the application in this chapter Instead, you'll just need

to work with your ISP to get your username and password In almostall cases, your ISP will be running the MySQL distribution from

MySQL AB There's no harm in setting up MySQL on a developmentmachine, if you have one available to you (your own workstation fitsthat bill), just to better understand the process To that end, if you

have a Linux workstation or server, MySQL was likely included onyour OS distribution CDs as an installation option, and perhaps youeven installed it already In this case, you should check the MySQLWeb site to compare the version numbers and download a newerversion if one is available

The installation instructions in this chapter are based on the MySQLversion 4.0, distributed by MySQL AB Earlier versions such as

MySQL 3.23.x follow the same steps, should you run into problemswhile installing MySQL 4.0 You will be able to use all of the database-related examples in this book, whether using MySQL 3.23.x or MySQL4.0

The MySQL installation process on Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP isbased on an executable setup program provided by MySQL AB Onceyou download the zip file, all you have to do is extract its contents into

a temporary directory and run the setup.exe application After thesetup.exe application installs the MySQL server and client

programs, you're ready to start the MySQL server

1 Visit the MySQL 4.0 download page, at

http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql-4.0.html and findthe Windows section on the page You want to download the

"Installation files (zip)" rather than "Cygwin downloads

(tar.bz2)."

2 Clicking the Download link will take you to a page of mirrorsites Select the mirror site closest to you, and click on eitherthe HTTP or FTP link to download the file Using the HTTPmethod is usually quicker

3 Once the Zip file is on your hard drive, extract its contents to

a temporary directory

4 From the temporary directory, find the setup.exe file anddouble-click it to start the installation You will see the firstscreen of the installation wizard Click Next to continue

5 The second screen in the installation process contains

valuable information regarding the installation location Thedefault installation location is C:\mysql, but if you plan toinstall MySQL in a different location, this screen shows you afew changes that you will have to make on your own Theinformation on this screen is also important for Windows NTusers who wish to start MySQL as a service Read the

information and note anything relevant to your situation, thenclick Next to continue

6 With the third screen in the installation process, you willselect the installation location If you want to install MySQL

in the default location, click Next to continue Otherwise,click Browse and navigate to the location of your choice,then click Next to continue

7 The fourth screen has you select the installation method,either Typical, Compact, or Custom Select Typical, and clickNext to continue.

8 The installation process will now take over, and install files intheir proper locations When the process is finished, you willsee a confirmation of completion Click Finish to completethe setup process

WinMySQLadmin will automatically interpret environmentinformation, such as IP address, machine name, and so on.The tabs across the top allow you to view system

information and also edit MySQL configuration options Toshut down the MySQL server and/or the WinMySQLadmintool, right-click again on the Stoplight icon in your taskbarand select the appropriate choice As long as the MySQLserver is running, you can run additional applications

through a console window, such as the MySQL monitor

In the next section, you'll learn how to manually start MySQLand perform a few actions to familiarize yourself with thesystem

Testing Your MySQL Installation

In this section, you will start and work with the MySQL utilities via thecommand line in a console window When using MySQL with PHP,

yourself with the types of commands and responses you'll be workingwith later in the book

Starting MySQL

To manually start MySQL, follow the steps below

1 Open a DOS prompt or a console window (depending onyour Windows version, it may be called one or the other)

2 At the prompt, type cd c:\mysql\bin and press Enter.

Note If you installed MySQL in a different directory,

substitute that directory name in the command instep 2

3 At the prompt, type mysqld-opt and press Enter.

The MySQL process will now be running in the background.You can now connect to MySQL and create databases andtables

Creating a Test Database

Before going any further, you should know the following:

A database is a collection of tables

Each field categorizes a piece of a data

In this section, you'll conquer the first element and create a database.The utility to use is the mysqladmin program, which allows you toadminister MySQL from the command line

command line

1 At the prompt, type mysql and press Enter.

At this prompt (mysql>) you will type commands used tocreate tables, explain tables, insert data, select data, and so

on Get used to ending your commands with a semicolon (;)because it's a common instruction terminator that is used inPHP as well

Note For more information about the specifics of

creating tables, see Appendix D, "Basic MySQLReference."

5 To verify the field names and types in a specific table, use

the explain command In this case, type explain test_table;

and press Enter

The MySQL Monitor will respond with a list of all the fieldsand their types in the selected table This is a very handycommand to use to keep track of your table design

It's time to insert a few rows of data in your table, becausethis is getting pretty boring The first row will have an ID of 1,and the note will be "This is a note."

6 To insert this row, type insert into test_table values('1',

'This is a note.'); and press Enter.

The MySQL Monitor will respond with Query OK It will alsotell you how many rows were affected and how long it took

to complete the task

7 Insert another row by typing insert into test_table

values('99', 'Look! Another note.'); and pressing Enter.

Note For more information about the specifics of

inserting data into tables, see Appendix D, "BasicMySQL Reference."

Now that you have some data in your table, even if it is onlytwo rows, get familiar with selecting data Keep the MySQLMonitor open because you'll be using it in the next section

as well

Selecting Data from Your Test Table

The SELECT command is very powerful and will likely be the

command you use most often when working with PHP and MySQL.You can find more information about the SELECT command in

Appendix D, "Basic MySQL Reference," but for now, let's do somesimple data selections

1 At the prompt, type select * from test_table; and press

Enter

This command simply selects all fields from all rows (that'swhat the * does) in the table called test_table and returnsthe data to the screen in a nicely formatted table The

MySQL Monitor tells you how many rows were returned andhow long it took the query to run

Chapter 2, "Installing Apache," to install the Apache Webserver

3 At the prompt, type cd /usr/local

Note You can install MySQL in any directory If you do

not use /usr/local/ as in the example above,

be sure to modify subsequent commandsappropriately

of the MySQL manual, which is located at

http://www.mysql.com/doc/P/r/Problems.html Some common

problems include

instructions

If you see the message "Access denied" when connecting toMySQL, be sure you are using the correct username andpassword

If you see the message "Can't connect to server," make surethe MySQL daemon is running

In the next section, you'll learn how to start MySQL and perform a fewactions to familiarize yourself with the system

Testing Your MySQL Installation

In this section, you will start and work with the MySQL utilities via thecommand line, in a console window When using MySQL with PHP,you'll issue the same types of commands, only within the context ofthe PHP code Use the information in this section to familiarize

yourself with the types of commands and responses you'll be workingwith later in the book

Creating a Test Database

Before going any further, you should know the following:

A table contains a set of records, also referred to as rows.All records have the same number of fields

Each field categorizes a piece of a data

In this section, you'll conquer the first element and create a database.The utility to use is the mysqladmin program, which allows you toadminister MySQL from the command line

1 At the prompt, type /bin/mysqladmin create testDB and

press Enter

As you can see by the system response, a database calledtestDB has been created Next, you'll add a table to thatdatabase

Creating a Test Table

In this section, you'll create a table within the database you created inthe preceding section The utility to use is the mysql program, whichallows you to work within the MySQL database system from the

command line

1 At the prompt, type /bin/mysql and press Enter.

commands used to create tables, explain tables, insert data,select data, and so on Get used to ending your commandswith a semicolon (;) because it's a common instruction

Note For more information about the specifics of

creating tables, see Appendix D, "Basic MySQLReference."

to complete the task (in this case, 0.03 seconds)

4 Verify the table creation by typing show tables; and

pressing Enter

The MySQL Monitor will respond with a list of all tables inthe current database

5 To verify the field names and types in a specific table, use

the explain command In this case, type explain test table;

and press Enter

It's time to insert a few rows of data in your table becausethis is getting pretty boring The first row will have an ID of 1,and the note will be "This is a note."

6 To insert this row, type insert into test table values('1',

'This is a note.'); and press Enter.

The MySQL Monitor will respond with Query OK It will alsotell you how many rows were affected and how long it took

as well

Selecting Data from Your Test Table

The SELECT command is very powerful and will likely be the

command you use most often when working with PHP and MySQL.You can find more information about SELECT in Appendix D, "BasicMySQL Reference," but for now, we'll do some simple data selections

1 At the prompt, type select * from test_table; and press

Enter

This command simply selects all fields from all rows (that'swhat the * does) in the table called test_table and returnsthe data to the screen in a nicely formatted table The

MySQL Monitor tells you how many rows were returned andhow long it took the query to run

Add a little order to the results Try to get the results ordered

by ID number—largest number first

2 At the prompt, type select * from test_table order by

test_id desc; and press Enter.

In the next chapter, you'll install the Apache Web server and

be one step closer to developing dynamic, database-drivenWeb sites!

Chapter 2: Installing Apache