Sams teach yourself PHP MySQL and apache all in one dec 2003 ISBN 0672326205

Using a straightforward, step-by-step approach, each lesson in this book builds on the previous ones, enabling you to learn the essentials of PHP scripting, MySQL databases, and the Apac

applications using the three leading open-source Web development technologies.

Using a straightforward, step-by-step

approach, each lesson in this book builds on the previous ones, enabling you to learn the essentials of PHP scripting, MySQL databases, and the Apache Web server from the ground

up.

• Table of Contents

• Index

Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One

Basic Security Guidelines

Introducing the MySQL Privilege System Working with User Privileges

Summary

Q&A

Workshop

Chapter 2 Installing and Configuring Apache Current and Future Versions of Apache Choosing an Installation Method

Building PHP on Linux/Unix with Apache Installing PHP Files on Windows

Chapter 9 Working with Forms

Creating a Simple Input Form

Accessing Form Input with User-Defined Arrays Combining HTML and PHP Code on a Single Page Using Hidden Fields to Save State

Understanding the Image-Creation Process Necessary Modifications to PHP

Using the INSERT Command

Using the SELECT Command

Using WHERE in Your Queries

Summary

Q&A

Workshop

Chapter 16 Interacting with MySQL Using PHP Connecting to MySQL with PHP

Working with MySQL Data

Summary

Workshop

Part V Basic Projects

Chapter 17 Managing a Simple Mailing List Developing the Subscription Mechanism

Displaying Items

Summary

Workshop

Chapter 21 Creating a Shopping Cart Mechanism Planning and Creating the Database Tables Integrating the Cart with Your Storefront

Payment Methods and the Checkout Sequence Summary

Part VI Administration and Fine Tuning

Chapter 26 Apache Performance Tuning and Virtual Hosting Scalability Issues

Using the FLUSH Command

Using the SHOW Command

Windows Installation

Troubleshooting

Index

Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing

All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without written permission from the publisher No patent

liability is assumed with respect to the use of the informationcontained herein Although every precaution has been taken inthe preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume

no responsibility for errors or omissions Nor is any liabilityassumed for damages resulting from the use of the informationcontained herein

regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or servicemark

Warning and Disclaimer

as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.The information provided is on an "as is" basis The author andthe publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to anyperson or entity with respect to any loss or damages arisingfrom the information contained in this book or from the use ofthe CD or programs accompanying it

Bulk Sales

Sams Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book whenordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales For

Lead author

Contributing authors

Julie C Meloni is the technical director for i2i Interactive

(http://www.i2ii.com), a multimedia company located in LosAltos, California She's been developing Web-based applicationssince the Web first saw the light of day and remembers the

excitement surrounding the first GUI Web browser She has

authored several books and articles on Web-based

programming languages and database topics, and you can findtranslations of her work in several languages, including Chinese,Italian, Portuguese, Polish, and even Serbian

Matt Zandstra is a writer and consultant specializing in server

programming With his business partner, Max Guglielmino, heruns Corrosive (http://www.corrosive.co.uk), a technical agencythat plans, designs and builds Internet applications Matt is

interested in all aspects of object-oriented programming, and iscurrently exploring enterprise design patterns for PHP 5 When

he is not reading, writing, or thinking about coding in PHP andJava, Matt shoots alien invaders in the park with his four-year-old daughter, Holly He lives by the sea in Brighton, Great

Britain, with his partner Louise McDougall, and their childrenHolly and Jake

Daniel López Ridruejo is the founder of BitRock, a technology

company providing multiplatform installation and managementtools for a variety of commercial and open source software

products Previously, he was part of the original engineeringteam at Covalent Technologies, Inc., which provides Apachesoftware, support, and services for the enterprise He is theauthor of several popular Apache and Linux guides, the

Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Daniel is a member of the

Apache Software Foundation

The Apache Foundation, the PHP Group, and MySQL AB deservemuch more recognition than they ever get for creating thesesuper products that drive a great portion of the Web

in seeing this through! Thanks as always to everyone at i2i

Interactive for their never-ending support and encouragement

As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic

and commentator We value your opinion and want to know

what we're doing right, what we could do better, what areasyou'd like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdomyou're willing to pass our way

You can email or write me directly to let me know what you did

or didn't like about this bookas well as what we can do to makeour books stronger

Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems

related to the topic of this book, and that due to the high

volume of mail I receive, I might not be able to reply to every message.

When you write, please be sure to include this book's title andauthor as well as your name and phone or email address I willcarefully review your comments and share them with the authorand editors who worked on the book

Email: opensource@samspublishing.com

Mail: Mark Taber

Associate Publisher Sams Publishing

800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA

For more information about this book or others from Sams

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Welcome to Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL, and Apache All

in One! This book combines the lessons found in Sams Teach Yourself Apache 2 in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself PHP in 24 Hours, and Sams Teach Yourself MySQL in 24 Hours, along with

administering the MySQL relational database system The

overall goal of the book is to provide you with the foundationyou need to understand how seamlessly these technologiesintegrate with one another, and to give you practical knowledge

of how to integrate them

This book is geared toward individuals who possess a generalunderstanding of the concepts of working in a Web-based

development environment, be it Linux/Unix or Windows

Installation and configuration lessons assume that you havefamiliarity with your operating system and the basic methods ofbuilding (on Linux/Unix systems) or installing (on Windows

systems) software

The lessons that delve into programming with PHP assume noprevious knowledge of the language, but if you have experiencewith other programming languages, such as C or Perl, you willfind the going much easier Similarly, if you have worked withother databases, such as Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server, youwill have a good foundation for working through the MySQL-related lessons

The only real requirement is that you understand static Webcontent creation with HTML If you are just starting out in theworld of Web development, you will still be able to use this

book, although you should consider working through an HTMLtutorial If you are comfortable creating basic documents andcan build a basic HTML table, you will be fine

This book is divided into seven parts, corresponding to

particular topic groups The lessons within each part should beread one right after another, with each lesson building on theinformation found in those before it:

Part I, "Laying the Groundwork," walks you through the

installation and configuration of MySQL, Apache, and PHP.You'll need to complete the lessons in Part I before moving

on, unless you already have access to a working installation

of these technologies Even if you don't need to install andconfigure MySQL, Apache, and PHP in your environment,you should still skim these lessons so that you understandthe basics

Part II, "PHP Language Structure," is devoted to teachingyou the basics of the PHP language, including structural

elements such as arrays and objects The examples will getyou in the habit of writing code, uploading it to your server,and testing the results

Part III, "Getting Involved with the Code," consists of

lessons that cover intermediate-level application-development topics, including working with forms and files,restricting access, and completing other small projects

designed to introduce a specific concept

Part IV, "PHP and MySQL Integration," contains lessons

devoted to working with databases in general, such as

database normalization, as well as using PHP to connect toand work with MySQL Included is a basic SQL primer, whichalso includes MySQL-specific functions and other

information

performing a particular task using PHP and MySQL,

integrating all the knowledge gained so far Projects include

an address book, a discussion forum, and a basic onlinestorefront, among others

MySQL 4.1

If you find that you are already familiar with a topic, you canskip ahead to the next lesson However, in some instances,

lessons refer to specific concepts learned in previous chapters,

so be aware that you might have to skim a skipped lesson sothat your development environment remains consistent with thebook

At the end of each chapter, a few quiz questions test how wellyou've learned the material Additional activities provide

another way to apply the information learned in the lesson andguide you toward using this newfound knowledge in the nextchapter

This book uses different typefaces to differentiate between codeand plain English, and also to help you identify important

concepts Throughout the lessons, code, commands, and textyou type or see onscreen appear in a computer typeface New

terms appear in italics at the point in the text where they are

defined Additionally, icons accompany special blocks of

information:

A "By the Way" presents an interesting piece of information related to the current topic.

A "Did You Know" offers advice or teaches an easier method for performing a task.

A "Watch Out" warns you about potential pitfalls and explains how

to avoid them.

CHAPTER 1 Installing and Configuring MySQL

CHAPTER 2 Installing and Configuring Apache

CHAPTER 3 Installing and Configuring PHP

How to install MySQL

Basic security guidelines for running MySQL

How to work with the MySQL user privilege system

The installation instructions in this chapter refer to MySQL

4.0.15, which is the current production version of the software.This version number can be read as minor release number 15 ofthe major version 4.0 software MySQL AB, the company

responsible for creating and distributing MySQL, uses minorrelease numbers for updates containing security enhancements

or bug fixes Minor releases do not follow a set release

schedule; when enhancements or fixes are added to the codeand thoroughly tested, MySQL AB releases a new version, with

a new minor version number

It is possible that by the time you purchase this book, the minorversion number will have changed, to 4.0.16 or beyond If that

during the time you are reading this book, but no installationchanges are noted in the changelog, simply make a mental noteand substitute the new version number wherever it appears inthe installation instructions and accompanying figures

For instructions on installing MySQL from the CD, please refer to Appendix A, "Installing MySQL, Apache, and PHP from the CD- ROM."

binary distribution This method requires gunzip and tar to

uncompress and unpack the distribution, and also requires the

ability to create groups and users on the system The first

process has you adding a group and a user and unpacking thedistribution, as follows:

Replace VERSION-OS in the filename with the actual version you downloaded For example, the current MySQL 4.0 Linux/i386 binary is called mysql-max-4.0.15-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz

Installation" section

personal Windows machines just to get a feel for working withthe database before deploying MySQL in a production

environment

If you have the tools and skills to compile your own Windows binary files, the Cygwin source code is also available from MySQL

AB Follow the instructions contained in the source distribution, to build your own executable files.

Jumping right into the installation sequence, assuming you havedownload the Windows installer from the MySQL AB Web site,follow these steps:

1 Extract the contents of the zip file into a temporary directory and find the setup.exe file, and then double- click it to start the installation You will see the first

screen of the installation wizard, as shown in Figure 1.1 Click Next to continue.

information and note anything relevant to your situation, andthen click Next to continue

Figure 1.2 Step 2 of the MySQL installation wizard Note any relevant information before

continuing.

MySQL in the default location, click Next to continue Otherwise,click Browse and navigate to the location of your choice, andthen click Next to continue

Figure 1.3 Step 3 of the MySQL installation wizard Select an installation location.

methodTypical, Compact, or Custom (see Figure 1.4) TheCustom option allows you to select elements of MySQL to

install, such as documentation and help files Select Typical asthe installation method, and click Next to continue

Figure 1.4 Step 4 of the MySQL installation

wizard Select an installation type.

a confirmation of completion, as in Figure 1.5 Click Finish tocomplete the setup process

Figure 1.5 MySQL has been installed.

Figure 1.6 A directory listing of MySQL

applications.

Windows users who are just getting started with MySQL If youdouble-click this file, it will start the MySQL server and place astoplight icon in your taskbar

When you start WinMySQLadmin for the first time, you will beprompted for a username and password (see Figure 1.7) Theapplication will create the initial MySQL user account on a

Windows system

Figure 1.7 Creating the initial MySQL account.

provides an easy way to maintain and monitor your new server

Figure 1.8 WinMySQLadmin started and ready for

action.

information, such as IP address and machine name The tabsacross the top allow you to view system information and editMySQL configuration options

For example, if you select the Variables tab, as shown in Figure1.9, you can also view server configuration information Thisinformation is similar to the output of the MySQL SHOW

VARIABLES command

Figure 1.9 Server configuration information.

To shut down the MySQL server and/or the WinMySQLadmintool, right-click again on the stoplight icon in your taskbar andselect the appropriate option (stop or start) As long as theMySQL server is running, you can run additional applicationsthrough a console window, such as the MySQL monitor