Syllabus Paper background The aim of ACCA paper P1, Governance, Risk and Ethics, is to apply relevant knowledge, skills and exercise professional judgement in carrying out the role of th
Trang 1ACCA
Trang 5Paper Introduction
Introduction
Trang 6How to Use the Materials
These Kaplan Publishing learning materials have been carefully designed to make your learning experience as easy as possible and to give you the best chances of success in your examinations.
The product range contains a number of features to help you in the study process. They include:
The sections on the study guide, the syllabus objectives, the examination and study skills should all be read before you commence your studies They are designed to familiarise you with the nature and content of the examination and give you tips on how
to best to approach your learning.
The complete text or essential text comprises the main learning materials and gives guidance as to the importance of topics and where other related resources can be found. Each chapter includes:
(1) Detailed study guide and syllabus objectives(2) Description of the examination
(3) Study skills and revision guidance(4) Complete text or essential text(5) Question practice
• The learning objectives contained in each chapter, which have been carefully mapped to the examining body's own syllabus learning objectives or outcomes. You should use these to check you have a clear understanding of all the topics on which you might be assessed in the examination
• The chapter diagram provides a visual reference for the content in the chapter, giving an overview of the topics and how they link together
• The content for each topic area commences with a brief explanation or definition to put the topic into context before covering the topic in detail. You should follow your studying of the content with a review of the illustration/s. These are worked examples which will help you to understand better how to apply the content for the topic
• Test your understanding sections provide an opportunity to assess your understanding of the key topics by applying what you have learned
to short questions. Answers can be found at the back of each chapter
Trang 8(2) Online testing: provides you with additional online objective testing so you can practice what you have learned further.
(3) Online performance management: immediate access to your online testing results. Review your performance by key topics and chart your achievement through the course relative to your peer group
Syllabus
Paper background The aim of ACCA paper P1, Governance, Risk and Ethics, is to apply relevant knowledge, skills and exercise professional judgement in carrying out the role of the accountant relating to governance, internal control, compliance and the management of risk within an organisation, in the context of an overall ethical framework.
Objectives of the syllabus
Core areas of the syllabus
• Define governance and explain its function in the effective management and control of organisations and of the resources for which they are accountable
• Evaluate the professional accountant’s role in internal control, review and compliance
• Explain the role of the accountant in identifying and assessing risk
• Explain and evaluate the role of the accountant in controlling and mitigating risk
• Demonstrate the application of professional values and judgement through an ethical framework that is in the best interests of society and the profession, in compliance with relevant professional codes, laws and regulations
Trang 9Syllabus learning objectives and chapter references:
Trang 10(e) Explain and assess the major areas of organisational life affected by issues in corporate governance.[3]Ch 1
(i) duties of directors and functions of the board (including performance measurement)
(ii) the composition and balance of the board (and board committees)(iii) reliability of financial reporting and external auditing
(iv) directors’ remuneration and rewards(v) responsibility of the board for risk management systems and internal control
(vi) the rights and responsibilities of shareholders, including institutional investors
(vii) corporate social responsibility and business ethics
(f) Compare, and distinguish between public, private and non
governmental organisations (NGO) sectors regard to the issues raised
by, and scope of, governance.[3]Ch 1(g) Explain and evaluate the roles, interests and claims of, the internal parties involved in corporate governance:[3] Ch.1
(i) directors(ii) company secretaries(iii) subboard management(iv) employee representatives (e.g. trade unions)
(h) Explain and evaluate the roles, interests and claims of, the external parties involved in corporate governance:[3]Ch 1
(i) shareholders (including shareholders’ rights and responsibilities)(ii) auditors
(iii) regulators(iv) government(v) stock exchanges(vi) small investors (and minority rights)(vii) institutional investors (see also next point)
(i) Analyse and discuss the role and influence of institutional investors in corporate governance systems and structures, for example the roles and influences of pension funds, insurance companies and mutual funds.[2]Ch 5
Trang 113 The board of directors
Trang 124 Board committees
5 Directors’ remuneration
(e) Describe and analyse the general principles of legal and regulatory frameworks within which directors operate on corporate boards:[2]
Ch 3 (i) legal rights and responsibilities(ii) timelimited appointments(iii) retirement by rotation(iv) service contracts(v) removal
(vi) disqualification(vii) conflict and disclosure of interests(viii)insider dealing/trading
(f) Define, explore and compare the roles of the chief executive officer and company chairman.[3]Ch 3
(g) Describe and assess the importance and execution of, induction and continuing professional development of directors on boards of
directors.[3]Ch 3(h) Explain and analyse the frameworks for assessing the performance of boards and individual directors (including NEDs) on boards.[2]Ch 3(i) Explain the meanings of 'diversity' and critically evaluate issues of diversity on boards of directors
(a) Explain and assess the importance, roles and accountabilities of board committees in corporate governance.[3]Ch 3
(b) Explain and evaluate the role and purpose of the following committees
in effective corporate governance:[3]
(i) remuneration committeesCh 4(ii) nominations committeesCh 3(iii) risk committees.Ch 11(iv) audit committees. Ch 9
(a) Describe and assess the general principles of remuneration.[3]Ch 4 (i) purposes
(ii) components (iii) links to strategy (iv) links to labour market conditions.
Trang 136 Different approaches to corporate governance
(2005)
Trang 147 Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility
8 Governance: reporting and disclosure
9 Public sector governance
(a) Explain and explore social responsibility in the context of corporate governance.[2]Ch 7
(b) Discuss and critically assess the concept of stakeholder power and interest using the Mendelow model and how this can affect strategy and corporate governance.[3] Ch 7
(c) Analyse and evaluate issues of ‘ownership,’ ‘property’ and the responsibilities of ownership in the context of shareholding.[3]Ch 7 (d) Explain the concept of the organisation as a corporate citizen of society with rights and responsibilities.[3]Ch 7
(a) Explain and assess the general principles of disclosure and communication with shareholders.[3]Ch 5
(b) Explain and analyse ‘best practice’ corporate governance disclosure requirements.[2]Ch 5
(c) Define and distinguish between mandatory and voluntary disclosure of corporate information in the normal reporting cycle.[2]Ch 5
(d) Explain and explore the nature of, and reasons and motivations for, voluntary disclosure in a principlesbased reporting environment (compared to, for example, the reporting regime in the USA).[3]Ch 5(e) Explain and analyse the purposes of the annual general meeting and extraordinary general meetings for information exchange between board and shareholders.[2]Ch 5
(f) Describe and assess the role of proxy voting in corporate governance.[3]Ch 5
(a) Describe, compare and contrast public sector, private sector, charitable status and nongovernmental (NGO and quasiNGOs) forms
of organisation, including purposes and objectives, performance, ownership and stakeholders (including lobby groups) [2] Ch.1(b) Describe, compare and contrast the different types of public sector organisations at subnational, national and supranational level [2]Ch.1(c) Assess and evaluate, against the criteria of economy, efficiency and effectiveness, the strategic objectives, leadership and governance arrangements specific to public sector organisations as contrasted with private sector [3]. Ch.1
(d) Discuss and assess the nature of democratic control, political influence and policy implementation in public sector organisations including the contestable nature of public sector policy [3]. Ch.1
Trang 15B INTERNAL CONTROL AND REVIEW
1 Management control systems in corporate governance
2 Internal control, audit and compliance in corporate governance
3 Internal control and reporting
Trang 164 Management information in audit and internal control
C IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING RISK
1 Risk and the risk management process
2 Categories of risk
(a) Explain and assess the need for adequate information flows to management for the purposes of the management of internal control and risk.[3] Ch 8
(b) Evaluate the qualities and characteristics of information required in internal control and risk management and monitoring.[3] Ch 8
(a) Define and explain risk in the context of corporate governance.[2]
Ch 10(b) Define and describe management responsibilities in risk management.[2]Ch 11
(c) Explain the dynamic nature of risk assessment.[2]Ch 10(d) Explain the importance and nature of management responses to changing risk assessments.[2]Ch 10
(e) Explain risk appetite and how this affects risk policy.[2]Ch 11
(a) Define and compare (distinguish between) strategic and operational risks.[2] Ch 10
(b) Define and explain the sources and impacts of common business risks:[2]Ch 10
(i) market(ii) credit(iii) liquidity(iv) technological(v) legal
(vi) health, safety and environmental(vii) reputation
(viii)business probity(ix) derivatives
(c) Describe and evaluate the nature and importance of business and financial risks.[3]Ch 10
(d) Recognise and analyse the sector or industryspecific nature of many business risks.[2]Ch 10
Trang 17D CONTROLLING AND MANAGING RISK
1 Targeting and monitoring of risk
2 Methods of controlling and reducing risk
Trang 183 Risk avoidance, retention and modelling
E PROFESSIONAL VALUES, ETHICS AND SOCIAL
1 Ethical theories
2 Different approaches to ethics and social responsibility
(a) Explain, and assess the importance of, risk transference, avoidance reduction and acceptance.[3]Ch 11
(b) Explain and evaluate the different attitudes to risk and how these can affect strategy.[3]Ch 11
(c) Explain and assess the necessity of incurring risk as part of competitively managing a business organisation.[3]Ch 10 (d) Explain and assess attitudes towards risk and the ways in which risk varies in relation to the size, structure and development of an
organisation [3]Ch 11
(a) Explain and distinguish between the ethical theories of relativism and absolutism.[2]Ch 12
(b) Explain, in an accounting and governance context, Kohlberg’s stages of human moral development.[3]Ch 12
(c) Describe and distinguish between deontological and teleological/consequentialist approaches to ethics.[2]Ch 12(d) Apply commonly used ethical decisionmaking models in accounting and professional contexts:[2]Ch 14
(i) American Accounting Association model(ii) Tucker’s 5question model
(a) Describe and evaluate Gray, Owen & Adams (1996) seven positions
on social responsibility.[2]Ch 12 (b) Describe and evaluate other constructions of corporate and personal ethical stance:[2]Ch 12
(i) shortterm shareholder interests (ii) longterm shareholder interests (iii) multiple stakeholder obligations (iv) shaper of society.
(c) Describe and analyse the variables determining the cultural context of ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR).[2]Ch 12
(d) Explain and evaluate the concepts of 'CSR strategy' and 'strategic CSR'. [2] Ch.7
Trang 194 Professional practice and codes of ethics
5 Conflicts of interest and the consequences of unethical behaviour
6 Ethical characteristics of professionalism
Trang 207 Integrated reporting and sustainability issues in the conduct of business
The superscript numbers in square brackets indicate the intellectual depth
at which the subject area could be assessed within the examination. Level 1 (knowledge and comprehension) broadly equates with the Knowledge module, Level 2 (application and analysis) with the Skills module and Level
3 (synthesis and evaluation) to the Professional level. However, lower level skills can continue to be assessed as you progress through each module and level.
(a) Explain and assess the concept of integrated reporting and evaluate the issues concerning accounting for sustainability (including the alternative definitions of capital.[3] Ch.15
(i) Financial(ii) Manufactured(iii) Intellectual(iv) Human(v) Social and relationship(vi) Natural
(b) Describe and assess the social and environmental impacts that economic activity can have (in terms of social and environmental
‘footprints’ and environmental reporting).[3] Ch.15(c) Describe the main features of internal management systems for underpinning environmental and sustainability accounting such as EMAS and ISO 14000.[1] Ch.15
(d) Explain and assess the typical content elements and guiding principles
of an integrated l report, and discuss the usefulness of this information
to stakeholders.[3] Ch.15(e) Explain the nature of social and environmental audit and evaluate the contribution it can make to the assurance of integrated reports
[3]Ch.15
The Examination
The syllabus will be assessed by a threehour paperbased examination. The examination paper will be structured in two sections. Section A will be based on a case study style question comprising a compulsory 50 mark question, with requirements based on several parts with all parts relating to the same case information. The case study will usually assess a range of subject areas across the syllabus and will require the candidate to
demonstrate high level capabilities to evaluate, relate and apply the information in the case study to several of the requirements. The requirements will always have an ethics element (section E of the syllabus) and generally include a significant amount of corporate governance marks.
Trang 21Divide the time you spend on questions in proportion to the marks on offer.
One suggestion for this examination is to allocate 1 and 4/5 minutes to
Trang 22Multiplechoice questions: don’t treat these as an easy option – you could lose marks by rushing into your answer. Read the questions carefully and work through any calculations required. If you don’t know the answer, eliminate those options you know are incorrect and see if the answer becomes more obvious.
Objective test questions: might ask for numerical answers, but could also involve paragraphs of text which require you to fill in a number of missing blanks, or for you to write a definition of a word or phrase. Others may give a definition followed by a list of possible key words relating to that description. Whatever the format, these questions require that you have learnt
definitions, know key words and their meanings and importance, and understand the names and meanings of rules, concepts and theories.
Computations: It is essential to include all your workings in your answers. Many computational questions require the use of a standard format. Be sure you know these formats thoroughly before the exam and use the layouts that you see in the answers given in this book and in model answers.
Case studies: to write a good case study, first identify the area in which there is a problem, outline the main principles/theories you are going to use
to answer the question, and then apply the principles/theories to the case. Reports, memos and other documents: some questions ask you to present your answer in the form of a report or a memo or other document.
So use the correct format – there could be easy marks to gain here.
Study skills and revision guidance
This section aims to give guidance on how to study for your ACCA exams and to give ideas on how to improve your existing study techniques.
Preparing to study Set your objectives Before starting to study decide what you want to achieve – the type of pass you wish to obtain. This will decide the level of commitment and time you need to dedicate to your studies.
Devise a study plan Determine which times of the week you will study.
Split these times into sessions of at least one hour for study of new material. Any shorter periods could be used for revision or practice.
Put the times you plan to study onto a study plan for the weeks from now until the exam and set yourself targets for each period of study – in your sessions make sure you cover the course, course assignments and revision.
Trang 24Three ways of taking notes:
Summarise the key points of a chapter.
Make linear notes – a list of headings, divided up with subheadings listing the key points. If you use linear notes, you can use different colours to highlight key points and keep topic areas together. Use plenty of space to make your notes easy to use.
Try a diagrammatic form – the most common of which is a mindmap. To make a mindmap, put the main heading in the centre of the paper and put a circle around it. Then draw short lines radiating from this to the main subheadings, which again have circles around them. Then continue the process from the subheadings to subsubheadings, advantages, disadvantages, etc.
Highlighting and underlining You may find it useful to underline or highlight key points in your study text – but do be selective. You may also wish to make notes in the margins.
Revision
The best approach to revision is to revise the course as you work through it. Also try to leave four to six weeks before the exam for final revision. Make sure you cover the whole syllabus and pay special attention to those areas where your knowledge is weak. Here are some recommendations:
Read through the text and your notes again and condense your notes into key phrases. It may help to put key revision points onto index cards to look
at when you have a few minutes to spare.
Review any assignments you have completed and look at where you lost marks – put more work into those areas where you were weak.
Practise exam standard questions under timed conditions. If you are short of time, list the points that you would cover in your answer and then read the model answer, but do try to complete at least a few questions under exam conditions.
Also practise producing answer plans and comparing them to the model answer.
If you are stuck on a topic find somebody (a tutor) to explain it to you.
Read good newspapers and professional journals, especially ACCA's Student Accountant – this can give you an advantage in the exam.
Trang 27Theory of governance
Chapter learning objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:
• define and explain the meaning of corporate governance
• explain, and analyse, the issues raised by the development of the joint stock company as the dominant form of business
organisation and the separation of ownership and control over business activity
• analyse the purposes and objectives of corporate governance
• explain, and apply in the context of corporate governance, the key underpinning concepts
• explain and assess the major areas of organisational life affected
by issues in corporate governance
• compare, and distinguish between public, private and non
governmental organisation (NGO) sectors with regard to the issues raised by, and scope of, governance
• explain and evaluate the roles, interests and claims of the internal parties involved in corporate governance
• explain and evaluate the roles, interests and claims of the external parties involved in corporate governance
1
Trang 28• describe, compare and contrast public sector, private sector, charitable status and nongovernmental (NGO and quasiNGOs) forms of organisation, including purposes and objectives,
performance, ownership and stakeholders (including lobby groups)
• describe, compare and contrast the different types of public sector organisations at subnational, national and supranational level
• assess and evaluate, against the criteria of economy, efficiency and effectiveness, the strategic objectives, leadership and governance arrangements specific to public sector organisations
as contrasted with private sector
• discuss and assess the nature of democratic control, political influence and policy implementation in public sector
organisations including the contestable nature of public sector policy
Trang 291 Company ownership and control
Trang 30
• A ‘joint stock company’ is a company which has issued shares.
• Since the formation of joint stock companies in the 19th century, they have become the dominant form of business organisation within the UK
• Companies that are quoted on a stock market such as the London Stock Exchange are often extremely complex and require a substantial investment in equity to fund them, i.e. they often have large numbers of shareholders
• Shareholders delegate control to professional managers (the board of directors) to run the company on their behalf. The board act as agents (see later)
• Shareholders normally play a passive role in the daytoday management of the company
• Directors own less than 1% of the shares of most of the UK’s 100 largest quoted companies and only four out of ten directors of listed companies own any shares in their business
• Separation of ownership and control leads to a potential conflict of interests between directors and shareholders
• This conflict is an example of the principalagent (discussed later in this chapter)
2 What is ‘corporate governance’?
The Cadbury Report 1992 provides a useful definition:
Governance could therefore be described as:
• 'the system by which companies are directed and controlled in the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders'
Trang 31company. Good governance requires the following to be considered:
Direction from within:
Control from outside:
Trang 32• In the UK medieval guild membership could be bought meaning that individuals had a share in an organisation
• Internationalisation, particularly through the East India Company, led
to the granting of a royal charter (like registering a company) in
1600 and the issuing of joint stock
• The South Sea Bubble of 1720 involved massive share trading in the Company of Merchants of Great Britain trading in the South Seas. At its height the total invested in companies trading on the stock exchange in South Seas stock reached £500 million, twice the value of all the land in England. The subsequent crash launched governance as an issue. Joint stock companies were banned unless authorised by Act of Parliament (for specific projects such as building a bridge)
• The 1800s saw the railway boom and the need to raise huge amounts of cash. This also occurred in the US
• In 1844, 910 companies were incorporated under the Joint Stock Companies Act, with unlimited liability
• In 1855, the Limited Liability Act was passed in the UK to stop movement of capital to the US where limited liability already existed
to fund growth
• In 1865, the 14th amendment to the US Constitution provided corporations with the same rights as human beings (separate legal entity)
• In 1897, Salomon v Salomon in the UK declared the body corporate
to be a separate legal being
• In 1932, Bearle and Means talked about corporate malaise and the separation of ownership and control where shareholders exit rather than use their voice
• In 1950s and 1960s, there was growth of the corporation and globalisation
• In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a decline in social cohesion, and the sense of community and trust in institutions from church to state
to corporations
Trang 333 The business case for governance
Trang 34• Economy – a measure of inputs to achieve a certain service or level of service
• Effectiveness – a measure of outputs, i.e. services/facilities
• Efficiency – the optimum of economy and effectiveness, i.e. the measure of outputs over inputs. These concepts will be discussed in greater detail in section 6 of this chapter
Briefly describe the role of corporate governance.
5 Key concepts
The foundation to governance is the action of the individual. These actions are guided by a person’s moral stance.
Test your understanding 1
Trang 36Scepticism
Independence
• Innovation occurs when a firm “transforms knowledge and ideas into new products, processes and systems for the benefit of the firm and its stakeholders.”
• In the context of corporate governance, this covers innovation and experimentation in reporting, allowing the business to move away from rigid compliance, and towards the better communication of its individual value creation story for its providers of financial capital
• Ultimately, innovation improves a firm’s reporting performance to the benefit of investors and consumers
• Much of the knowledge from which innovation stems is tacit and "local," meaning that such knowledge is unique to the company and the
environment in which the knowledge arises
• In addition, the capacity of a firm to integrate external knowledge is crucial for successful innovation
• Scepticism (often referred to as professional scepticism) is an attitude which includes a questioning mind, being alert to conditions which may indicate possible misstatement due to error or fraud. To provide a critical assessment of evidence
• For example, The UK Corporate Governance Code provisions advocate for nonexecutives to apply scepticism in order to challenge and scrutinise management effectively
• Independence from personal influence of senior management for nonexecutive directors (NEDs)
• Independence of the board from operational involvement
• Independence of directorships from overt personal motivation since the organisation should be run for the benefit of its owners
• A quality possessed by individuals and refers to the avoidance of being unduly influenced by a vested interest
• This freedom enables a more objective position to be taken on issues compared to those who consider vested interests or other loyalties
Trang 38• Developing and sustaining personal reputation through other moral virtues
• Developing and sustaining the moral stance of the organisation
• Developing and sustaining the moral stance of the accounting profession
Lord Browne resigned from his position as CEO of oil giant BP in May
2007 due to media stories regarding his private life.
His resignation was to save BP from embarrassment after a newspaper had won a court battle to print details of his private life. Lord Browne apologised for statements made in court regarding a four year relationship with Jeff Chevalier that he described as being ‘untruthful’ (he had actually lied, this relationship had existed)
Due to this ‘untruthfulness’ Lord Browne gave up a formidable distinguished 41 year career with BP, and did the honourable thing by resigning as the damage to his reputation would have impacted adversely on BP.
• A steadfast adherence to strict ethical standards despite any other pressures to act otherwise
• Integrity describes the personal ethical position of the highest standards
of professionalism and probity
• It is an underlying and underpinning principle of corporate governance and it is required that all those representing shareholder interests in agency relationships both possess and exercise absolute integrity at all times
Illustration 2 – BP Chief Executive
Trang 406 Operational areas affected by issues in corporate governance
Further detail of the impact on these areas will be covered in later chapters.
Issues in corporate governance relate to companies, and in particular listed companies whose shares are traded on major stock markets.
However, similar issues might apply to smaller companies, and certainly
to many large notforprofit organisations.
Large listed company Private company Notforprofit organisation Primary
accountability Shareholders and regulators
Shareholders Fund providers,
regulators, general public, members (where applicable). Principal
stakeholders Shareholders Shareholders Donors, grant providers,
regulators, general public, service users, members (if applicable).
Is governance relevant to all companies?