ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH

 Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khư B ảng đổi động từ ng đ i đ ng t ổi động từ ộng từ ừ Direct speech Simple present Present progressive Present perfect Progressive Simple pa

ÔN TẬP THI HỌC KỲ & TỐT NGHIỆP Name :

-Structures 1 Đổi thì khi viết câu : 1.1@ Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago  Has/have+V(3/ed) +since/for+time  Has/have+been+V-ing+since/for+time 1.2 S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time  Last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago  It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O)  The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago 1.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before  This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O. 1.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N +

before This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such +

(a/an) + N. Eg : The last time I met him was two weeks ago  I

I started studying English six years ago  I have

She has never seen him before  It is the

I have never heard such a beatiful song before  This is

They have not gone on a picnic for many months  They last 2 Reported speech : Câu tường thuật 2.1 @Commands : +) : “V (bare inf)+ O…” S + asked / told + O + To Infinitive (_) : “Don’t + V (bare inf)” S + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive … 2.2 @Statements : “S + V + …” S + told / said to + O + S + V ( lùi thì ) … 2.3 @Questions : °Yes / no questions : wanted to know “ Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + If/Whether + S + V ( lùi thì ) … Wondered °Wh_ questions : wanted to know “ Why + Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác định cụ thể  không lùi thì  Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khư

B ảng đổi động từ ng đ i đ ng t ổi động từ ộng từ ừ Direct speech Simple present Present progressive Present perfect (Progressive) Simple past Will/Shall Can/May Indirect speech Simple past Past progressive Past perfect (Progressive) Past perfect Would/ Should Could/ Might B ng đ i các đ i t ch th , phĩ t ch đ a đi m và th i gian ảng đổi động từ ổi động từ ại từ chỉ thị, phĩ từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian ừ ỉ thị, phĩ từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian ị, phĩ từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian ừ ỉ thị, phĩ từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian ị, phĩ từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian ểm và thời gian ời gian Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Next + Time Last + Time Time + ago This, these Right now Here, Overhere That day The day before Two days before The next/ the following day In two days' time The following + Time The previous + Time Time + before That, those At once There, Overthere 3 Conditional clauses :

 Real condition : Có thật

If clauses

S + V(s/es) / am,is,are S + will/shall/can/may (not) + Main clauses

V(bare inf)

 Present unreal condition : Không thật ở hiện tại

If clauses

S + V(2/ed) / were(not) Didn’t + V(bare inf)

Main clauses

S + would/could/should/might (not) + V(bare inf)

Notes :

 Unless = If … not : If clauses  Unless

 V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause  If + Clause ( phủ định ) , Clause

Clause + by + V-ing  If + Clause ( khẳng định ) , Clause

Without + N / N phrase ,Clause  If there be not + N / N phrase ,

Clause

Ex: If she does not water these trees , they will die

 Unless she waters these trees , they will die

 Be calm , or you will make a wrong decision

 If you are not calm , you will make a wrong decision.

Without the sun , man would live in the darkness.

 If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness.

Wish Clauses : Mệnh đề ao ước.

@Future wish : S + wish + S + would / could + Verb ( bare inf )

@ Present wish :

S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật ).

S + wish + S + were (not) / Verb (cột 2 / ed) / didn’t verb (bare infinitive).

@ Past wish : S + wish + S + Had (not) + Verb (pp).

Eg : I can’t speak English fluently I wish I could speak English fluently

My friends don’t take part in I wish my friend took part in the game

I didn’t know that Alice was ill I wish I had known that Alice was ill

4 Active and passive voice :

Tenses Active

Simple present

Simple past

° S + V(s/es) + O

° S + V(2 / ed) + O

° S + am / is / are + V(pp)

° S + was / were + V(pp)

SO (vì vậy, cho nên)

Present continuous Past continuous

° S + AM / IS / ARE + V-ing

° S + WAS / WERE +

V-ing

° S+Am/Is/Are + Being

+V(pp)

° S+Was/Were + Being

+V(pp)

Present/past perfect ° S + HAS / HAVE + V(pp)

HAD

° S+ Has / Have + Been+

V(pp)

Had Modal verbs ° S + MODAL + V (bare

inf)

° S + MODAL + Be +V (pp)

Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to

,has to,had to…

@ Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động

là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody…

Khi đổi sang câu bị động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody

….thì bỏ đi.

@ Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi sang câu bị động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và chuyển

động từ sang ngược thể @ Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.

@ By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ

nơi chốn trong câu bị động

 Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) :

Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật ).

Passive :  S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người).

 Eg : I had him repair my bicycle yesterday > I had my bicycle

repaired ( by him ) yesterday.

Eg : I get her to make some coffe > I get some coffee made

5 Connectors: AND : She is a good and loyal wife

BOTH AND : She is both good and loyal.

AS WELL AS (Cũng như):He has experience as well as knownledge

HOWEVER He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all

the exams easily

THEREFORE ( bởi vậy, cho nên, vì thế, vì vậy)

He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished

The only person to survive the earthquake was a young girl.

If clauses

S + had (not ) + V(3/ed) S + would/could/should/might Main clauses

(not) + have + V(3/ed)

He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students

6 Relative clauses : Mệnh đề liên hệ

@ WHO : used for people ( Subject )  WHO + Verb@

WHOM : used for people ( Object )  WHOM + S + Verb

him,her,them,you,us,me…

@ WHOSE : used to show possession  WHOSE + Noun

his,her,their,your,our,my…

@ WHICH : used for things ( Subject / Object )  WHICH + ( S ) + Verb

@ WHERE : used to modify a place  At / In / On + WHICH ,

there

@ WHEN : used to modify a noun of time  At / In / On + WHICH ,

then

@ WHY : used to introduce a reason  The reason , for the

reason

Notes :

* Nếu có các cụm từ :

Neither of them , All of them , Some of them , Any of them …

 Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of … + which / whom

*Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ quan hệ:

 Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động :

Eg:1 Those people who are taking photos over there come from Sweeden.

 Those people taking photos over there come from Sweeden.

Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ độngđự ơ c rút gọn thành dạng V-

ING

Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động :

Eg:1 The boy who was given a present is my son.

The boy given a present is my son

 Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động đ ư ợc rút gọn thành dạng

Past Participle

 Rút gọn đại từ quan hệ

1 Đại từ quan hệ cĩ thể được rút gọn nếu nĩ là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ

Eg: I enjoy the book which / that you lent me yesterday

-> I enjoy the book you lent me yesterday.

Nếu danh từ dược bổ nghĩa bằng mệnh đề quan hệ dược bắt đầu bằng the

first, the second , the third, , the last , the only thì MĐQH đựoc rút gọn

bằng To- Infinitive

Ex: The only person who survived the earthquake was a young girl.

5 Must have + P.P: Ắt hẳn đã (diễn tả 1 sự suy đoán gần đúng về 1 sự

7 MODAL VERBS – MODAL PERFECT: Động từ khiếm khuyết –

khiếm khuyết hồn thành Can (có thể chỉ một khả năng): Chỉ có 2 hình thức hiện tại đơn (CAN) và

quá khứ đơn (COULD)

Can you speak any foreign languages?

When we went into the house, we could smell burning.

7 1 Must Mustn’t, Needn’t:

a Must: cần thiết phải làm

You haven’t got much time You must hurry.

b Mustn’t: cần thiết do đó không được làm

You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn’t tell anybody else

(= It is necessary that he doesn’t tell anybody else)

c Needn’t – Inf : = don’t / doesn’t need to: Không cần

You have got plenty of time You don’t need to hurry (You needn’t

hurry)

Must – Inf (ắt hẳn): tiên đoán một sự việc xảy ra ở hiện tại và thể phủ

định của nó là Can’t Inf

Eg He must be tired  He can’t be tired (not “Mustn’t”)

7.2 May / might: được dùng để nói về một sự việc hoặc hành động có thể

xảy ra trong tương lai:

Eg I’m not sure where to go for my holidays but I may go to Italy (

( = Perhaps I’ll go)

The weather forecast is not very good It might rain this

afternoon ( (Perhaps it’ll rain)

* Thể phủ định là May not hoặc might not (mightn’t)

Modal Perfect (động từ khiếm khuyết hoàn thành) là động từ khiếm

khuyết có HAVE + P.P theo sau Ta có các Modal Perfect sau đây:

1.Could have + P.P: rất có thể đã (diễn tả 1 khả năng đã có trong qua

khứ, nhưng chưa được sử dụng tới).

2 Couldn’t have + P.P: Tất nhiên đã không thể (diễn tả 1 hành động

hiển nhiên không thể làm được)

3 Should have + P.P: Đáng lẽ phải (diễn tả 1 lời khiển trách đối với

1 hành động quá khứ đáng lẽ nên làm mà lại không làm)

4 Shouldn’t have + P.P: Lẽ ra không nên (diễn tả 1 lời khiển trách đối

với 1 hành động quá khứ đáng lẽ không nên làm mà lại làm).

đích.

kiện ở quá khứ:

6 Can’t have + P.P: Có lẽ đã không (diễn tả 1 sự suy đoán không chắc

chắn về 1 sự kiện ở quá khứ)

infinitive )

7 May/ might (not) have P.P: Có thể, có lẽ (diễn tả những gì có thể

(hoặc không) xảy ra ở quá khứ)

8 Needn’t have P.P: Không cần biết( Diễn tả một sự việc không cần thiết

phải biết rõ sự việc hoặc thời gian)

9 Would have + P.P: Có lẽ đã (dùng trong câu điều kiện loại 3)

8.Clauses and phrases of reason /concession : Mệnh đề&cụm từ chỉ

lí do/ sự nhượng bộ

Because / although / though …  Because of / In spite of / despite

1 S + be + adj Possessive + noun

2 The / possessive +N+ be + adj The / possessive + adj + N

3 S + V (tenses ) + … ( Possessive ) + ( not ) + V-ing

@Nếu 2 mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng “BUT” Khi viết lại câu với

Although / though , ta chỉ cần bỏ “BUT” rồi đưa although / though vào

mệnh đề đầu.

Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks

 Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks

Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her

 In spite of her not asking him , he helped her.

@ It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football.

Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing

football

Clauses and phrases of result : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả

1 @ Clauses of result :

* S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause.( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb

(bare infinitive))

* S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause

2 @ Phrases of result :

* S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive

* S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive

* S + V + + Enough + Noun + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive

9 Clauses and phrases of purpose : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục

@ Phrases of Purpose :  Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive )

Main clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare

@ Clauses of Purpose : Main clause + so that / in order that + S + can / could (not)+

will / would

Verb (bare infinitive)

10 Comparision of Adjectives and Adverbs : Câu so sánh

@ Equal Comparisions :

S + V + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun.

@ Unequal Comparisions :

Short adj / adv

S + V + More + long adj / adv+ + than + noun / pronoun.

@ Superlatives : Short adj / adv

S + V + the + Most + long adj / adv + ( prepositional

phrase )

@ Double comparations: so sánh kép : Càng … càng

°The + short adj / adv + er + S + V , The + short adj / adv + er +

S + V.

°The more + long adj / adv + S + V , The more + long adj / adv +

S + V.

11 CÁC HÌNH THỨC CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ :

Trong câu, cĩ thể cĩ nhiều động từ Trong đĩ cĩ 1 động từ chính phải

được chia đúng thì, cịn những động từ khác thì được sử dụng 1 trong 3 dạng :

V-ing, V(inf), hoặc to-V(inf)

Có thật

1 Eg : She walks to school in thirty minutes

PHRASA

L VERBS

to – V(inf) She enjoys

The news made You had better They decide

He advises John regretted

her me

not

not not

dancing cry come late

to go to the beach

to smoke buying the car

13 PREPOSITIONS:

1 At At 4 o’clock , at 5 p.m , at night ,

at Christmas , at once ,at last ,

at the moment = at present , at

weekends

At the end of , ( arrive ) at

the airport, at home , at the theatre , at school , at the top / bottom , at the beginning , at the shop , ,

station …

2 In In + năm / tháng / mùa / buổi

In 1980 , in June , in Spring/

summer / autumn / winter ,in the morning / afternoon / evening

Note : at night

In (ở trong ) : in the

dinning - room , in the desk , in the box

In + thành phố , đất nước ,

miền như in London , in

Vietnam, in the South, , in the east , in the north …

3 On On + ngày trong tuần ( on

Monday , …On Sunday )

On + ngày tháng (on June 10th)

On : ở trên ( on the table ,

on the floor , on TV/ radio ,

on the beach , on foot (đi bộ )

.Prepositions + Noun

1.in time ( for sth / to do sth ) = early enough for sth / to do sth : đủ

thời gian

on time = punctual , not late : đúng giờ, không trễ

by the time : trước khi

2.on business = go on business : đang kinh doanh In business = be

a businessman : là doanh nhân

3.at the end of sth = at the last point of sth ( phần cuối của ) In

the end = at last , finally ( cuối cùng )

4.between : giữa 2 ( A and B ) # 5 among = giữa nhiều

6 across the bridge / the street /… : ngang qua

7 opposite : đối diện

- apply to sb for sth: nộp đđơn đđến

xin

- ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu ai về

- call back: gọi lại

- call up : goi dien

- catch up ( with) :đđuổi kịp, bắt kịp

- come up : xay ra, phat sinh

- drop in: ghe tham

- explain sth to sb: giải thích

- fall behind: bị tụt đđằng sau

- fill in : đđiền vào ( mẫu đđơn)

- fill up: đổ đầy

- find out: discover information

- get along (with): hồ thuận với

- get in / on : buoc len

- get off: buoc xuong

- get over : recover : bình phục

- get through (with): ket thuc

- get up: thức dậy

- give back: tra lai

- give in: nhượng bộ, chịu thua

- give up: stop doing / having sth: ngưng,

từ bỏ

- glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at:

liếc nhìn

- go away: đđi khỏi

- go by : trôi qua ( time

) go off: nổ ( bomb ), bắn ( gun), gõ

- go on : tiếp tục

- go out: : tắt

- grown up: become an adult

- hurry up: làm nhanh

- keep on = continue : tiep tuc

- laugh at : chế nhạo

- leave off: dừng lại

D Verb + Noun + prepositions

- leave out : bỏ sĩt

- leave somewhere for .: rời

- look after : chăm sóc, trông nom

- look out : be careful

- look sth up: tra cứu

- look forward to : trơng chờ

- make up :bịa ra

- make up of : chiếm, tạo thành

- make use of : su dung

- pick up : nhat, don

- point at/ to sb/ sth: chỉ

- put away: dat cho khac

- put back: dat tro lai

- put off = call off : hỗn lại

- put on: mặc vào -run into = come across : tinh co gap

- search sb/ sth for sb/ sth: khám, xét,

tìm

-take after: resemble: trông giống như

- take off : cất cánh, cởi ra

- throw sth at sb/ sth: ném, chọi vào

- throw away: vứt, ném, liệng

- try out : test : thử nghiệm

- turn down: giam, khong chap nhan

- turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt ),

shut off

- turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt )

- turn round: quay lại

- turn up : đđến

- wash up: rửa chén

- watch out (for): be careful

- hold up : làm trở ngại-

- jot down = note down : ghi tom tat

4 take notice of : lưu ý

12 Hình th ứ c V-ing theo sau:

- enjoy - look forward to

- finish - be / get used to

- practise - suggest

Hình th ứ c V (Bare Infinitive)

theo sau:

- make + O

- let + O

- had better

- would rather

 Be + Adj + Pre

1 be involved in : liên quan

2 ( be ) keen on : hăng hái

3 be helpful / useful / harmful to

4 be occupied … with : b rộn = be

busy

5 be disappointed with: thất vọng

6.be interested in

7.be bored with = fed up with = be

tired of : chán # be tired from : mệt

vì

8 be absorbed in: say

9.be fond of

10.be crowded with

12.be afraid of 13.S-người + be good at # S-vật +

be good for 14.be different from 15.be successful in

16.at the age of 17.be famous for : nổi tiếng về 18.be nice / polite / rude / … to

19 be obliged to-Vo : buoc phai lam

20 be concerned with : quan tam

 Verb + Pre

1 is spoken / used / known as

2 to regard … as : coi như

3 belong to = have ( whose

4 provide … with : cung cấp

5 to apply …… for : xin viec

6 to protect/prevent … from : bảo

vệ

7 to account for : chịu trách nhiệm

8 depend on = be up to : lệ thuộc

9.die of : chết do (an illness /

hunger )

10.die for : chết cho

11.believe in sb = trust sb : tin tuong

12.get married to

13.warn sb about sth : canh cao

14.apologize ( to sb ) for

15.accuse sb of sth ; buoc toi

16.blame sb for : phien trach

17.congratulate sb on sth : chuc mung

18.introduce / explain to sb 19.object to : chong lai

20 participate in = take part in

22 response to : phan ung

23 confide in : tam su

25 share with : chia se

26 complment on : khen ngoi

27 consist of : bao gom, gom co

be divided into : duoc chia thanh

28 be based on : dua tren

29 concentrate on : tap trung

30 speak to sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói với ai về

32 talk to / with sb about/ of sb/ sth:

nói, bàn, thảo luận 33.write to sb: viết thư gởi ai

34 invite sb to/ for sth: mời

35 discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo luận về

1 catch sight of : thấy, gặp

2 lose touch with : mất liên lạc

3 keep pace with : theo kịp

5 in danger of

6 on behalf of : nhan danh, dai dien

14 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

5 Simple Present

6 Past Tenses

7 Present Perfect

8 Future Tenses

Present Tenses Past Tenses Present Perfect / Past Simple Present Tenses

It takes her thirty minutes to walk to school

) 24 confide in : tam su

4 provide … with : cung cấp

5 to appy …… for : xin viec 6 to

protect / prevent … from : bảo vệ

11 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

2 Eg : Translating into Vietnamese is a good method

I think It a good method to translate into Vietnamese.

3 Eg : 3.4@Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe

3.1 To keep people’s money safe , Banks are developed 3.4@The farmer built a high wall around the garden in order that the fruits would not be stolen

3.3 In order for the fruits not to be stolen , The farmer built a high wall around the garden

3.2@My father drove carefully in order not to cause accidents

3.4 My father drove carefully so that he would not cause accidents.

Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính

4 Eg : @The exercises were so difficult that the students can’t finish them.

 They were such difficult exercises that the students can’t finish them.

 The exercises were too difficult for the students to finish them

 The exercises were not easy enough for the students to finish them

@The tea was too hot for him to drink  The tea was so hot that he could not drink it.

 It was such hot tea that he could not drink it.

 The tea was not cold enough for him to drink.

5 Eg : 5.1 I can’t speak English fluently I wish I could speak English fluently 5.2 My friends don’t take part in the game I wish my friend took part in the game 5.3 I didn’t know that Alice was ill I wish I had known that Alice was ill

6 Eg :

6.1 Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks  Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks 6.2 Because the husbands were absent ,women went to work in factories.

Because of the absent husbands ,women went to work in factories.

Because of the husbands’ absence , women went to work in factories.

6.3 Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her

 In spite of her not asking him , he helped her.

@ It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football.

Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing football Trang 1

7 Eg : @Mary is certainly more intelligent than her sister Mary’s sister is certainly not so intelligent as Mary / her.

@You don’t speak English as fluently as she She speaks English more fluently than you (do).

@Today is not sunny as yesterday

- interested in - fed up with

- bored with -different from

- tired of - crowded with

- surprised at - similar to

- afraid of - frightened of

- capable of

- responsible for

- composed of

-suitable for / to

- give up - influence on

- take care of - apply for

- grow up - depend on / upon

- carry out - look for / after / at

- get rid of - agree with

- succeed in - consist of

- attempt at - confide in

- wipe out - result in

8.1 @Commands :

(+) : “V (bare inf)+ O…” S + asked / told + O + To Infinitive + O…

(_) : “Don’t + V (bare inf) ” S + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive …

8.2 @Statements :“S + V + …” S + told / said to + O + S + V ( lùi thì ) …

8.3 @Questions :

°Yes / no questions : wanted to know

“ Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + If/Whether + S + V ( lùi thì ) …

wondered

°Wh_ questions : wanted to know

“ Why + Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V ( lùi thì ) …

wondered

Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác định cụ thể không lùi thì

9 Đổi thì khi viết câu :

Has/have+been+V-ing+since/for+time.

9.2 @ S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time.

Last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago.

It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).

The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago.

9.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before

This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O.

9.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before.

This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N.

This / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed )

the short adj + EST + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed )

10 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến “USE” :

10.1 @Be used to / get used to + V-ing / Noun : Quen với

10.2 @ Be used to + V (bare inf)/ Be used for + V-ing : Được dùng để

10.3 @Used to + V (bare inf) : Đã từng

10.4 @Use sth up / Be used up : Sử dụng / được sử dụng hết

10.5 @Use sth + To infinitive : Sử dụng để

11 Inversion : Cấu trúc đảo ngữ.

Khi các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly ,

Not until , No longer … ) được đặt ở đầu câu Phải đảo ngữ trợ từ

12 Subject and Verb agreement :

12.1  Singular subjects  Singular verbs

 Plural subjects  Plural verbs Yesterday is sunnier than today @I know him better than you You don’t know him so well as me

@Nobody in the team plays football so well as Tom Tom is the best football player in the team @The sooner you leave , the earlier you will arrive The hotter it is , the more miserable I feel Notes : 1 Good / well better  the best 2 Bad / badly worse  the worst 3 Many / much more  the most 4 Little less  the least 5 Far further/farther  the further/farther 8 Eg : @“Hurry up , Lan” He told Lan To hurry up @“Don’t leave the room” He ordered them Not to leave the room @"I ‘ll take these with me”,he said. He said he would take those with him. @"Did you phone me yesterday ?”Peter asked Mary. Peter asked Mary If/Whether she had phoned her the day before / the previous day. @The teacher asked “Which book are you taking , John?” The teacher wanted to know which book John was taking @"Be modest if you are a good pupil”,said my father My father told me to be modest if I was a good pupil Thay đổi trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian cho phù hợp.  This  That  These  Those  Here  There

 Now  Then  Today  That day  Ago  Before

 Tonight  That night  Yesterday  The day before / The previous day

 Tomorrow  The day after / The following day  Next week  The week after / The following week 9 Eg : The last time I met him was two weeks ago  I ………

I started studying English six years ago  I have ………

She has never seen him before  It is the ………

I have never heard such a beatiful song before  This is ………

They have not gone on a picnic for many months  They last ……… Trang 2

10 Eg: He gets up early in the morning and he is used to it

10.1  He is used to getting up in the morning.

Originally, tennis was an indoor game

10.3  Tennis used to be an indoor game.

English coversation in class

12.2 @ Chủ ngữ số ít :

 Các danh từ chỉ : tiền , khoảng cách , thời gian , bệnh tật

( measles ,mumps ,rickets…) , môn học ( physics , mathematics , economics , politics ,

statistics ,linguistics , athletics …) , danh từ riêng (Athens, the Philippines, Wales , the

United Nations , the United States, Brussels …) ,tựa đề của sách/truyện ( TOM and

JERRY ) ,các danh từ không đếm được , V-ing / To infinitive phrases , mệnh đề , Each /

every… / no… / one …

Động từ chia số ít : is , was , has , does not , V s/es

12.3 @ Chủ ngữ số nhiều :

 Các danh từ tận cùng bằng“S”(trừ những trường hợp trên ) :

clothes-trousers-jeans… , the+Adj (the deaf ,the rich , the poor …) , People / police / poultry / cattle /

team / staff / chilren / women / public / audience … , Both / many / several / few / some /

a large number - a mount of …

Động từ chia số nhiều : are , were , have , do not , V (inf.)

12.4 @ Các trường hợp dùng từ nối :

 Either or

Neither + S 1 + nor + S 2 V depends on S 2

Not only but also

S 1+ with / together with + S 2 V depends on S 1

as well as / along with

 N1 / Pronoun1 + in / on / of + N2 / Pronoun2 V depends on N 1

 A number of + Noun  Plural verb

The number of + Noun  Singular verb

 There + be + Noun  Be phụ thuộc vào Noun

 All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Plural noun

 Plural verb

All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Singular noun

 Singular verb

13 Active and passive voice :

Tenses Active  Passive

Simple present

Simple past ° S + V° S + V(s/es) + O

( 2 / ed ) + O

° S + am / is / are + V( pp )

° S + was / were + V( pp )

Present continuous

Past continuous ° S + AM / IS / ARE + V-° S + WAS / WERE + V-inging ° S+Am/Is/Are + Being +V ° S+Was/Were + Being +V(pp)

( pp )

Present/past perfect ° S + HAS / HAVE + V(pp)

HAD

° S+ Has / Have + Been+ V( pp )

Had Modal verbs ° S + MODAL + V (bare inf) ° S + MODAL + Be +V (pp)

Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to,has to,had

to…

@ Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody…

10.1  Those students are used to English coversation in class.

People use gold for guaranteeing the value of the paper money

10.2  Gold is used for guaranteeing the value of the paper money.

10.4  Some people believed that the world’s resources could be used up

10.5  We can use this knife to cut …

11 Eg : I seldom come there at night.

Seldom do I come there at night

People didn’t discover Aids until 1981

Not until 1981 did people discover Aids.

We have never seen such a wonderful sight before.

Never have we seen such a wonderful sight before.

She had not gone to bed until her father got home from work

Not until her father got home from work had she gone to bed.

12 Eg :  A box of cigarettes (contain) - 20 pipes

 There (be) - very few cultural activites here

 My trousers (be) - too long

 None of the students (finish) - the exam yet

 Physics (study) - mechanics,heat,light,sound and electricity

 That you like the food I cook (encourage) - me very much

 A number of the students (fail) - in the exam

 The United States (have) - the population of 250 million

 Collecting stamps (be) - my brother’s hobby

 The singer , along with her manager (be) - going to the party tonight

 Cattle (be) - allowed to graze on the village common

 Two years (be) - a long time to be without a job

 Neither his parents nor his teacher (be) - satisfied with his result

 Three miles (be) - too much to run in a day

 Writing letter (make) - her happy

 “Romeo and Juliet” (be) - shown at Dong Khoi Cinema last month.

 Not only my brother but also my sisters (be) - here

 Nobody (have) - cleaned the floor for months

 The production of dyes,perfumes and explosives (have) - made a lot of progress

 Every boy and girl in this room (know) - the answer

 The news that I listened to on the radio last night (be) - very interesting

Trang 3

13 Eg : @ People speak Enghish all over the world

 Enghish is spoken all over the world.

@ Is she making a new dress for her mother ?

 Is a new dress being made for her mother ?

@ The boys broke the window and took away some pictures

 The window was broken and somes pictures were taken away by the boys

Khi đổi sang câu bị động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody….thì bỏ đi.

@ Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi sang câu bị động

phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và chuyển động từ sang ngược thể

@ Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong

câu bị động

@ By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong

câu bị động

@ Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ “with” thay cho

“by” trước tân ngữ đó

 Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) :

Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật )

S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật )

Passive :  S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người)

14 Relative clauses : Mệnh đề liên hệ

14.1 @ WHO : used for people ( Subject )  WHO + Verb

14.2 @ WHOM : used for people ( Object )  WHOM + S + Verb

him,her,them,you,us,me…

14.3 @ WHOSE : used to show possession  WHOSE + Noun

his,her,their,your,our,my…

14.4 @ WHICH : used for things ( Subject / Object )  WHICH + ( S ) + Verb

14.5 @ WHERE : used to modify a place  At / In / On + WHICH ,

there

14.6 @ WHEN : used to modify a noun of time  At / In / On + WHICH ,

then

14.7 @ WHY : used to introduce a reason  The reason , for the reason

Notes :

 Nếu có các cụm từ :

Neither of them , All of them , Some of them , Any of them …

 Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of … + which / whom



15 Conditional clauses : If clauses Main clauses

 Real condition : Có thật

S + V(s/es) / am,is,are S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V(bare inf)

Present unreal condition : Không thật ở hiện tại

S + V(2/ed) / were(not) S + would/could/should/might (not) + V(bare inf)

Didn’t + V(bare inf)

Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khứ

@ You must clean the wall before you paint it

 The wall must be cleaned before it is painted

Eg: He can’t see anything > Nothing can be seen ( by him )

Eg: John gave me a present > I was given a present by John

> A present was given for me by John

Eg: Alice saw Ann last week > Ann was seen by Alice last week.

Mr Smith found the boy in the park > The boy was found in the park by Mr Smith.

Eg : Smoke filled the room > The room was filled with smoke

 Eg : I had him repair my bicycle yesterday > I had my bicycle repaired ( by him ) yesterday

Eg : I get her to make some coffee > I get some coffee made ( by her ).

14 Eg : @ I don’t know the reason She left school fot it.

 I don’t know the reason ( for Which ) Why she left school

@ This is the house We often stay in this house in the summer.

 This is the house ( in WHICH ) Where we often stay in the summer

@ Can you arrange the time ? We can have another discussion at that time.

 Can you arrange the time ( at WHICH ) When we can have another discussion ?

@ The man is my father I respect his opinion best.

 The man Whose opinion I respect most is my father

@ The taxi driver is friendly He took me to yhe airport.

 The taxi driver Who took me to the airport is friendly

@ Mary and Margaret are twins You met them yesterday

 Mary and Margaret , Whom you met yesterday , are twins

@ I look at the moon It was very bright that evening.

 I look at the moon Which was very bright that evening

15 Eg :  If you are not careful , you will cut yourself with that knife

Trang 4

 If I knew the answer , I would tell you  If we had had a map , we would not have got lost

 If you had learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year