TestBank psychology around us 2nd edition comer ch07

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste a

Chapter: Chapter 07: Learning

Multiple Choice

1 Which of the following can be classified as learning?

a) Development of neural connections in the brain

b) Using crutches while your broken leg heals

c) Writing with your left hand while the right hand is injured

d) Acquisition of reading skills

Ans: d

Feedback A: Occurs regardless of learning

Feedback B: Temporary condition

Feedback C: Temporary condition

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Easy

True/False

2 Behavioral scientists study learning by measuring changes in behavioral responses Ans: True

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

3 Data from learning studies allow us to gain insight into changes in performance over time This data can be depicted on a graph as a learning

Ans: curve

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

4 What does the data in a learning curve illustrate?

Ans: The rate at which learning occurs; How performance changes over time

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Hard

Essay

5 Differentiate between associative and non-associative learning

Ans: Associative learning is characterized by linking two or more environmental stimuli together whereas non-associative learning involves a change based on experiences that occurs without linking stimuli together

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

6 The first time Scarlett purchased a coffee from the local coffee shop, she noticed the warning,

“Caution! Beverage is hot!” Now, after three years of regularly stopping by that coffee shop for coffee, she no longer notices the warning message What has occurred?

Feedback C: Change based on linking two or more environmental stimuli together

Feedback D: Change that occurs without linking stimuli together

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

Kaitlyn has just finished watching a scary horror movie about a stalker This

fear-arousing experience will likely _

a) increase her sensitivity to the faint background noises around the house that

were associated with the movie

b) increase her ability to relax and fall asleep

c) have little impact on her sensitivity to her surroundings

d) be forgotten soon

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Fear will increase arousal, and thus decrease her ability to relax

Feedback C: Fear will increase her sensitivity to her surroundings

Feedback D: information that is linked to emotion is less likely to be forgotten

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Easy

True/False

8 Sensitization involves an increase in response to the presentation of a single cue

Ans: True

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Easy

True/False

9 Sensory habituation occurs outside of our awareness

Ans: True

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Feedback D: Used by many scientists

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

12 Having a brain and spinal cord is not necessary for non-associative learning to occur Ans: True

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Hard

Fill-in-the-blank

13 The vast majority of learning that occurs in complex organisms is learning Ans: associative

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

14 Name two major types of associative conditioning?

Ans: Classical and operant conditioning

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Section Ref: What is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

16 Psychologists use the term _ to refer to a lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

Feedback B: Incorrect Psychologists use the term learning, not maturation, to refer to a

lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

Feedback C: Incorrect Psychologists use the term learning, not cognition, to refer to a lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

17 Why are learning and memory treated separately in most introductory textbooks in psychology?

a) Psychologists have traditionally used animal subjects in studies of learning, but human participants in studies of memory

b) Learning and memory involve different brain mechanisms

c) Learning and memory are less related than they might seem

d) Psychologists have used experimental methods to investigate memory, but correlational research to examine memory

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect Learning and memory are treated separately because psychologists have traditionally used animal subjects in studies of learning, but human participants in studies

of memory Learning and memory involve related brain mechanisms

Feedback C: Incorrect Learning and memory are treated separately because psychologists have traditionally used animal subjects in studies of learning, but human participants in studies

of memory Learning and memory are closely related

Feedback D: Incorrect Learning and memory are treated separately because psychologists have traditionally used animal subjects in studies of learning, but human participants in studies

of memory Experimental methods are used in the study of both learning and memory Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Hard

18 A search engine company is considering two designs for its new web portal Users’ success in navigating each design is plotted as a function of time What is the resulting graph called? The company concludes that Design B is easier to navigate than Design A Which feature of the graph would support this conclusion?

a) The graph is called a practice function The company’s conclusion would be supported if the slope of the line relating success to time were steeper for Design A than for Design B

b) The graph is called a practice function The company’s conclusion would be supported if the slope of the line relating success to time were steeper for Design B than for Design A

c) The graph is called a learning curve The company’s conclusion would be supported if the slope of the line relating success to time were steeper for Design A than for Design B

d) The graph is called a learning curve The company’s conclusion would be supported if the slope of the line relating success to time were steeper for Design B than for Design A

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect The graph is called a learning curve The conclusion would be supported if the slope of the line relating success to time were steeper for Design B than for Design A

Feedback B: Incorrect The graph is called a learning curve

Feedback C: Incorrect The conclusion would be supported if the slope of the line relating success to time were steeper for Design B than for Design A

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Hard

19 How does associative learning differ from non-associative learning?

a) Associative learning is studied experimentally Non-associative learning is studied using non-experimental methods

b) Associative learning applies to humans Non-associative learning applies to other animals c) Associative learning is based on connecting two or more stimuli Non-associative learning is not based on such connections

d) Non-associative learning involves memory Associative learning does not require memory Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect Associative learning differs from non-associative learning in that associative learning is based on connecting two or more stimuli, whereas non-associative learning is not Experimental methods have been used to study both associative and

non-associative learning

Feedback B: Incorrect Associative learning differs from non-associative learning in that associative learning is based on connecting two or more stimuli, whereas non-associative

learning is not Both humans and other animals learn through both associative and

non-associative mechanisms

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Associative learning differs from non-associative learning in that associative learning is based on connecting two or more stimuli, whereas non-associative learning is not Associative learning may involve memory, at least in humans

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

20 Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship among the terms

associative learning, non-associative learning, habituation, and sensitization?

a) Habituation is a type of non-associative learning, whereas sensitization is a type of associative learning

b) Habituation and sensitization are types of associative learning

c) Associative learning, non-associative learning, habituation, and sensitization are four different types of learning

d) Habituation and sensitization are types of non-associative learning

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Habituation and sensitization are types of non-associative learning Associative learning includes classical and operant conditioning

Feedback B: Incorrect Habituation and sensitization are types of non-associative learning

Associative learning includes classical and operant conditioning

Feedback C: Incorrect Habituation and sensitization are types of non-associative learning Associative learning includes classical and operant conditioning

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

21 You toss a newly-purchased felt mouse across the floor Your cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it Several tosses later, your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap The change in your cat’s behavior illustrates

Feedback A: Incorrect The change in your cat’s behavior illustrates habituation, not

adaptation Adaptation involves changes in the peripheral sensory systems, not in behavior

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: Incorrect The change in your cat’s behavior illustrates habituation, not

conditioning Conditioning is an associative learning mechanism

Feedback D: Incorrect The change in your cat’s behavior illustrates habituation, not

sensitization

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

22 Does habituation differ from adaptation? If so, how?

a) They do not differ The terms refer to the same concept

b) They are different Habituation involves neuronal changes in the central nervous system, whereas adaptation involves changes only in the peripheral sensory systems

c) They are different Adaptation involves neuronal changes in the central nervous system, whereas habituation involves changes only in the peripheral sensory systems

d) They don’t really differ The term habituation is used in the study of learning, whereas the term adaptation is used in the study of perception The terms, however, refer to the same concept

Ans: b

Feedback A: Incorrect Habituation and adaptation are different Habituation involves neuronal changes in the central nervous system, whereas adaptation involves changes only in the peripheral sensory systems

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: Incorrect Habituation – not adaptation – involves neuronal changes in the central nervous system, whereas adaptation– not habituation – involves changes only in the peripheral sensory systems

Feedback D: Incorrect Habituation and adaptation are different Habituation involves neuronal changes in the central nervous system, whereas adaptation involves changes only in the peripheral sensory systems

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

23 Habituation and sensitization both refer to a change in response as a result of learning Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between the types of changes

in response denoted by the two terms?

a) The two terms refer to the same type of change in response

b) The two terms refer to similar kinds of changes in response

c) The two terms refer to different sorts of changes in response

d) The two terms refer to opposite changes in response

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Habituation and sensitization refer to opposite changes in response

Feedback B: Incorrect Habituation and sensitization refer to opposite changes in response

Feedback C: Incorrect Habituation and sensitization refer to opposite changes in response Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Hard

24 “BANG!” “What was that?” Danielle asks in a breathless panic “That? It was just a falling pecan hitting the carport’s tin roof,” Matthew explains A scant minute later, the doorbell rings Danielle turns abruptly, still startled Danielle’s behavior reflects a) sensitization

Feedback B: Incorrect Danielle’s behavior reflects sensitization, not habituation

Habituation refers to a decrease in response following repeated stimulation

Feedback C: Incorrect Danielle’s behavior reflects sensitization, not association

Feedback D: Incorrect Danielle’s behavior reflects sensitization, not conditioning Conditioning is an associative learning mechanism

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

26 Neuroscientists have studied non-associative learning among:

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: Incorrect Neuroscientists have studied non-associative learning among sea slugs Feedback D: Incorrect Neuroscientists have studied non-associative learning among sea slugs

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

27 Which alternative below CORRECTLY identifies a sea slug’s behavior?

a) A sea slug withdraws its gill and siphon when it is touched Several touches later, it no longer withdraws its gill and siphon habituation

b) A sea slug withdraws its gill and siphon when it is touched Several touches later, it no longer withdraws its gill and siphon extinction

c) A sea slug withdraws its gill and siphon when it is shocked with electricity It still withdraws its gill and siphon when it is then touched lightly habituation

d) A sea slug withdraws its gill and siphon when it is shocked with electricity It still withdraws its gill and siphon when it is then touched lightly conditioning

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect Imagine that a sea slug withdraws its gill and siphon when it is touched Several touches later, though, it no longer withdraws its gill and siphon This

scenario illustrates habituation, not extinction Extinction is an associative learning mechanism

Feedback C: Incorrect Imagine that a sea slug withdraws its gill and siphon when it is shocked with electricity It still withdraws its gill and siphon when it is then touched lightly This scenario illustrates sensitization, not habituation Habituation refers to a weakening of response with continued stimulation

Feedback D: Incorrect Imagine that a sea slug withdraws its gill and siphon when it is shocked with electricity It still withdraws its gill and siphon when it is then touched lightly This scenario illustrates sensitization, not conditioning Extinction is an associative learning

mechanism

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

28 Which alternative below CORRECTLY matches a type of non-associative learning with its neuronal basis in the sea slug?

a) habituation – interneuron fatigue

b) habituation – motor neuron fatigue

c) sensitization – neurotransmitter replenishment

d) sensitization – interneuron recruitment

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Habituation in the sea slug occurs through the depletion of

neurotransmitters, not through interneuron fatigue

Feedback B: Incorrect Habituation in the sea slug occurs through the depletion of

neurotransmitters, not through motor neuron fatigue

Feedback C: Incorrect Sensitization in the sea slug occurs through the recruitment of interneurons, not through neurotransmitter replenishment

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

29 A neuroscientist applies an electric shock to sea slugs’ tails After a varying interval, she touches the slugs’ tails lightly Which of the following alternatives CORRECTLY names and identifies the variables in this experiment?

a) independent variable – length of interval; dependent variable – withdrawal response

b) dependent variable – length of interval; independent variable – withdrawal response

c) experimental variable length of interval; control variable – withdrawal response

d) control variable – length of interval; experimental variable – withdrawal response

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect The length of the interval is the independent variable and the

withdrawal response is the dependent variable, not the other way around

Feedback C: Incorrect The length of the interval is the independent variable and the

withdrawal response is the dependent variable The terms “experimental” and “control” refer to subject groups, not variables

Feedback D: Incorrect The length of the interval is the independent variable and the

withdrawal response is the dependent variable The terms “experimental” and “control” refer to subject groups, not variables

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Hard

30 Which of the following implications for human learning might one safely draw from the work on non-associative learning among sea slugs?

a) The peripheral nervous system may play an important role in some aspects of human learning b) Neurotransmitters and interneurons may be important in non-associative learning among

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Hard

31 Which of the following alternative CORRECTLY classifies the major types of learning described in your text?

a) associative learning: classical conditioning and sensitization; non-associative learning: operant conditioning and habituation

b) associative learning: classical conditioning; non-associative learning: operant conditioning c) associative learning: habituation and desensitization; non-associative learning: classical and operant conditioning

d) associative learning: classical and operant conditioning; non-associative learning:

habituation and sensitization

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Associative learning includes classical and operant conditioning Non-associative learning includes habituation and sensitization

Feedback B: Incorrect Associative learning includes classical and operant conditioning

Non-associative learning includes habituation and sensitization

Feedback C: Incorrect Associative learning includes classical and operant conditioning Non-associative learning includes habituation and sensitization

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: What Is Learning?

Learning Objective: Define learning, and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

32 What phenomenon did Ivan Pavlov initially set out to study?

a) Canine audition

b) Canine vision

c) Associative learning

d) Salivary reflex in digestion

Ans: d

Feedback A: Using sound as a stimulus

Feedback B: Using the sight of food as a stimulus

Feedback C: Not initially interested in learning

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

33 Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist

Ans: False

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

34 In classical conditioning, a previously stimulus is associated with an

unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits some response

Ans: neutral

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

35 What does the term “unconditioned” refer to in the context of classical conditioning?

Ans: Not learned

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

36 Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR of Pavlov’s initial study with the lab assistant

Ans: Food was the unconditioned stimulus (US) which produced salivation as the unconditioned response (UR) Initially the sight of the lab assistant was neutral but the mere sight of the assistant paired with food (CS) eventually led to salivation (CR)

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

38 Extinction does not represent “unlearning”

Ans: True

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

39 Evidence that the CS-US pairing still exists after extinction training can be recognized when the CR re-emerges at a later date in a phenomenon known as

Ans: spontaneous recovery

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Ans: Spontaneous recovery

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical

conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

41 Describe how extinction occurs in the context of classical conditioning

Ans: Extinction occurs after repeated presentation of the CS without the UC For example, in Pavlov’s studies, the lab assistant would appear, but not provide the dogs with food Eventually, the salivation at the sight of the assistant stopped

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Feedback C: Skinner studied humans, but not “little Albert.”

Feedback D: Chomsky is a psycholinguist

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

43 Classical conditioning works with animals, but not humans

Ans: False

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

45 In Watson’s studies, what initially neutral stimulus did “little Albert” eventually come to fear?

Ans: White rat

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

46 Define stimulus generalization and describe how “little Albert’s” fears became generalized

Ans: Similar stimuli elicit the same response as the CS Albert’s fear of white rats generalized to fear of other white stimuli such as people with white beards

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

47 While on a recent combat tour in Afghanistan, Regina learned to dive for cover at the sounds

of gunfire When she returned home, she found herself diving for cover when her husband accidently slammed a door What learning process is illustrated by this example?

Feedback A: Decreased responding

Feedback B: Method that could be used to treat Regina

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: If treatment was successful, extinction would occur

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

48 Phobias are classified as an anxiety disorders associated with particular stimuli

Ans: True

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

49 One approach to treating phobias is the presentation of a series of extinction trials in a process known as

Ans: systematic desensitization

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

50 How do phobias develop?

Ans: Learning associations between a neutral and a dangerous stimulus so that they come to fear

a relatively harmless cue

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

52 Mario ate leftover food on Saturday morning that had not been refrigerated properly the night before Later that day, he became ill To this day, many years later, Mario refuses to eat leftover food Which term describes his condition?

Feedback A: Increased attention to stimuli

Feedback B: Type of anxiety disorder

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Decreased attention to stimuli

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

53 Producing taste aversion requires several pairings of the US and CS

Ans: False

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

54 Scientists suggest that the link between stomach illness and taste represents a biological propensity to learn taste aversion

Ans: True

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

55 What 2 groups of individuals may be especially vulnerable to conditioned taste aversion? Ans: Pregnant people and those undergoing chemotherapy

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

56 Explain how a conditioned taste aversion occurs by identifying the US, UR, CS, and CR Ans: True cause of illness (US) and sickness (UR); food (CS) and resulting nausea (CR) Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Feedback B: Incorrect Pavlov, not Skinner, is credited with laying the foundation for the

study of classical conditioning in psychology

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Pavlov, not Watson, is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Easy

58 Your text states that, “[Pavlov’s] dogs had learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistance of a lab assistant with getting food.” This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between:

a) a stimulus and either another stimulus, or a response

b) a stimulus and a response

c) two responses

d) two stimuli

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Classical conditioning involves an association between two stimuli

Feedback B: Incorrect Classical conditioning involves an association between two stimuli

Feedback C: Incorrect Classical conditioning involves an association between two stimuli Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

59 _ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect Classical, not operant, conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the

same response naturally

Feedback C: Incorrect Classical conditioning, not observational learning, is a type of learning

in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally

Feedback D: Incorrect Classical, not instrumental, conditioning is a type of learning in which

a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

60 In Pavlov’s study, the US was _; the neutral stimulus was _; and, finally, the CS was _

a) meat; the assistant; meat

b) meat; the assistant; the assistant

c) the assistant; meat; meat

d) meat; meat; the assistant

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

61 In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?

a) They are not related; they are completely different stimuli

b) They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable

c) The neutral stimulus becomes the CS

d) The CS becomes a neutral stimulus

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect The neutral stimulus and the CS are related: The neutral stimulus becomes the CS

Feedback B: Incorrect The neutral stimulus and the CS are related but not the same: The

neutral stimulus becomes the CS

Difficulty Level: Medium

62 Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the US?

a) neutral stimulus – knock on the door; CS – cocaine; US cocaine

b) neutral stimulus – knock on the door; CS – knock on the door; US – pounding heart c) neutral stimulus – knock on the door; CS – knock on the door; US cocaine

d) neutral stimulus – cocaine; CS – knock on the door; US cocaine

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect The neutral stimulus is the knock on the door The CS is also the knock on the door The US is cocaine

Feedback B: Incorrect The neutral stimulus is the knock on the door The CS is also the

knock on the door The US is cocaine

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect The neutral stimulus is the knock on the door The CS is also the knock on the door The US is cocaine

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Hard

63 Classical conditioning is most effective when the neutral stimulus begins:

a) just before the US begins

b) at exactly the same time that the US begins

c) a while before the US begins

d) immediately after the US begins

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect Classical conditioning is most effective when the neutral stimulus

begins just before the US begins

Feedback C: Incorrect Classical conditioning is most effective when the neutral stimulus begins just before the US begins

Feedback D: Incorrect Classical conditioning is most effective when the neutral stimulus begins just before the US begins

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

64 _ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US

Feedback B: Incorrect Extinction, not habituation, occurs when a previously conditioned

response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented without the US

Feedback C: Incorrect Extinction, not adaptation, occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented without the US

Feedback D: Incorrect Extinction occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented without the US “Deconditioning” is not a term used in your text

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Easy

65 Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

a) Alexis is a former cocaine user Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway, like her dealer used to do

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect This scenario illustrates tolerance, not extinction

Feedback C: Incorrect This scenario illustrates spontaneous recovery, not extinction Feedback D: Incorrect This scenario illustrates sensitization, not extinction

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Hard

66 Which of the following scenarios exemplifies spontaneous recovery?

a) Alexis is a former cocaine user Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car

b) Alexis uses cocaine She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she fist started using

c) Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car d) Alexis has relapsed on cocaine She finds that she doesn’t need quite as much of the drug to feel its effects as she did immediately before she stopped using the last time

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect This scenario illustrates extinction, not spontaneous recovery

Feedback B: Incorrect This scenario illustrates tolerance, not spontaneous recovery

Difficulty Level: Medium

67 In studies examining the conditioning of the eye blink reflex, the US is a(n) _ The

CS is a(n) _

a) tone; puff of air

b) tone; tone, also

c) puff of air; puff of air, also

d) puff of air; tone

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect In eye blink reflex studies, the US is a puff of air, not a tone The CS

is a tone, not a puff of air

Feedback B: Incorrect In eye blink reflex studies, the US is a puff of air, not a tone

Feedback C: Incorrect In eye blink reflex studies, the CS is a tone, not a puff of air

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

68 Research investigating conditioning of the eye blink reflex that one brain structure especially important to the formation of US-CS associations is the

Feedback B: Incorrect Eye blink reflex research indicates that the cerebellum, not the corpus

callosum, is especially important to the formation of US-CS associations

Feedback C: Incorrect Eye blink reflex research indicates that the cerebellum, not the striatum, is especially important to the formation of US-CS associations

Feedback D: Incorrect Eye blink reflex research indicates that the cerebellum, not the hippocampus, is especially important to the formation of US-CS associations

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Easy

69 Each pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner’s

“Little Albert” study EXCEPT:

a) neutral stimulus – noise

b) conditioned stimulus – rat

c) unconditioned response – fear

d) unconditioned stimulus – noise

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect The CS in the “Little Albert” study was the rat

Feedback C: Incorrect The UR in the “Little Albert” study was fear

Feedback D: Incorrect The US in the “Little Albert” study was noise

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

John Watson conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats According to the principle

of generalization Albert most likely also feared

Feedback D: Albert likely generalized his fear to objects that were white like the rat

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Hard

According to the principles of classical conditioning, which of the forms of therapy

would be most effective at treating Little Albert’s conditioned phobia?

a) The therapist should have Albert talk about the unconscious conflicts that are

contributing to his fears

b) The therapist should place little Albert in a peaceful and pleasant situation with a white rat several times until he no longer shows fear of the rat

c) The therapist should find out if Albert has received unconditional positive regard from his adopted family

d) The therapist should use herself as a role model and have Albert observe her

sitting pleasantly with a white rat

Ans: b

Feedback A: This describes the psychoanalytic approach to the treatment of phobias

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: This describes the humanistic approach to the treatment of phobias

Feedback D: This describes the observational learning approach to the treatment of phobias Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty: Medium

70 A space-time anomaly strands several early psychologists in the 21st century With no way back, the psychologists attempt to continue their work in the present day Watson proposes

a ‘Little Albert’ study to a contemporary research ethics committee Which of the following reflects the LEAST likely response of the committee?

a) “Congratulations! Your proposal has been approved! You may begin collecting data.” b) “The investigator fails to make adequate provision for the collection of informed consent from the infant’s parent or guardian.”

c) “No discussion of debriefing or potential follow-up is included.”

d) “The committee is concerned that the risk to the participant may outweigh the scientific benefit of the proposed work.”

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect Watson is unlikely to have obtained informed consent from anyone

before beginning the “Little Albert” study

Feedback C: Incorrect Watson is unlikely to have made provision for the potential effects on

“Little Albert” of his participation in the study

Feedback D: Incorrect The risk to “Little Albert” of Watson’s study was greater than would normally be permitted today

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

71 Aaron has a needle phobia Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in the conditioning of his phobia?

a) conditioned stimulus – pain; tissue damage

b) unconditioned stimulus – anxiety; fear

c) neutral stimulus – the needle itself

d) unconditioned stimulus – the needle

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect The CS is the needle Pain or tissue damage is the US

Feedback B: Incorrect The US is pain or tissue damage Anxiety or fear is the UR or the

CR

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect The US is pain or tissue damage The needle is the neutral stimulus

or the CS

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Hard

72 Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but also by a similar one This is known as stimulus _

Feedback A: Incorrect Stimulus generalization, not stimulus control, occurs when a

conditioned response is elicited not only by the original CS, but also by a similar one

Feedback B: Incorrect Stimulus generalization, not stimulus discrimination, occurs when a

conditioned response is elicited not only by the original CS, but also by a similar one

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited not only by the original CS, but also by a similar one “Stimulus diffusion” is not aterm used in your text

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Easy

73 June’s cat runs to the kitchen not only at the sound of the electric can opener, but also when

a similar-sounding blender is used June’s cat is demonstrating stimulus

Feedback B: Incorrect June’s cat is demonstrating stimulus generalization, not stimulus

association “Stimulus association” is not a term used in your text

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect June’s cat is demonstrating stimulus generalization, not stimulus diffusion “Stimulus diffusion” is not a term used in your text

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Easy

74 Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a blood

test She also squirms when she views injections on television This paragraph illustrates: a) non-associative learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

75 Adam was badly stung by a bee once Now he has an exaggerated fear not only of bees but also of all flying insects In part through stimulus , Adam has developed a(n)

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

76 An exaggerated or irrational fear of a stimulus is termed a(n) It is associated with increased brain activity in the _

a) neurosis; amygdala

b) neurosis; hypothalamus

Feedback B: Incorrect An exaggerated or irrational fear of a stimulus is termed a phobia, not

a neurosis It is associated with increased activity in the amygdala, not the hypothalamus

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Phobias are associated with increased activity in the amygdala, not the hypothalamus

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

77 In a process known as systematic , phobic individuals are exposed repeatedly to the feared object or situation in the absence of the US

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: Incorrect The process in which phobic individuals are exposed repeatedly to the feared object or situation in the absence of the US is called systematic desensitization, not systematic adaptation

Feedback D: Incorrect The process in which phobic individuals are exposed repeatedly to the feared object or situation in the absence of the US is called systematic desensitization, not systematic relaxation

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Easy

78 Dr Cortese conducts a neuroimaging study of patients undergoing systematic

desensitization to treat a fear of high places The images should show that activity in the _ occurs when patients are

a) hypothalamus; experiencing fear

b) prefrontal cortex; experiencing fear

c) amygdala; undergoing extinction

d) prefrontal cortex; undergoing extinction

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect The images should show that activity in the amygdala occurs when patients are experiencing fear When they are undergoing extinction, activity should occur in the prefrontal cortex

Feedback B: Incorrect Activity should occur in the prefrontal cortex when patients are

undergoing extinction When they are experiencing fear, activity should occur in the amygdala

Feedback C: Incorrect Activity should occur in the amygdala when patients are experiencing fear When they are undergoing extinction, activity should occur in the prefrontal cortex Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Hard

79 Carlotta consumed some poorly-stored sushi on a hot day; she became violently ill Now Carlotta can’t stand the sight of sushi She has developed a(n) _

a) phobia

b) aversive taste association

c) aversive taste sensitization

d) conditioned taste aversion

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Easy

80 Effie no longer eats egg salad sandwiches – some time ago, she found herself “praying to the porcelain God” after consuming a sandwich in which the mayonnaise must have spoiled Which alternative below correctly identifies a stimulus in this situation?

a) US – bacteria

Feedback B: Incorrect The CS is the food Nausea is a UR or CR

Feedback C: Incorrect The US is the bacteria Food is the CS

Feedback D: Incorrect The CS is the food Bacteria is the US

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Medium

81 Is conditioned taste aversion in any way an exception of sorts to the general principles of classical conditioning? If so, how?

a) No, it is not an exception – it is simply another illustration of the generality of the principles of classical conditioning

b) Yes, it is an exception – conditioned taste aversions require more trials to acquire than do most CRs

c) Yes, it is an exception – conditioned taste aversions require a shorter interval between the CS and the response for their acquisition than do most CRs

d) Yes, it is an exception conditioned taste aversions often require only a single CS-UCS pairing, rather than several pairings, for their acquisition

also require fewer, not more, pairings for their acquisition than do most CRs

Feedback C: Incorrect Conditioned taste aversions are an exception, because they often require only a single CS-UCS pairing, rather than several pairings, for their acquisition They can also withstand a longer interval between the CS and the response

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Hard

82 Which of these findings is LEAST relevant to the notion that conditioned taste aversions suggest that we are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations?

a) The cues an organism learns to associate with illness depend on how members of its species detect food in the first place

b) Conditioned taste aversions may be acquired even when several hours intervene between the

CS and the response

c) Individuals predisposed to nausea, like chemotherapy patients and pregnant women, are especially prone to acquire conditioned taste aversions

d) Conditioned taste aversions may be learned following a single trial

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect The notion that we are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations is supported by the fact that the cues an organism learns to associate with illness depend on how members of its species detect food in the first place

Feedback B: Incorrect The notion that we are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations is supported by the fact that conditioned taste aversions may be acquired even when

several hours intervene between the CS and the response

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect The notion that we are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations is supported by the fact that conditioned taste aversions may be learned following a single trial

Section Ref: Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning, and tell how classical conditioning is relevant to human fears and taste aversions

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

83 According to Thorndike’s law of effect, behaviors that result in unpleasantness are more likely to occur again

Ans: False

Section Ref: Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviors

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

84 Operant and instrumental conditioning refer to the same concept

Ans: True

Section Ref: Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviors

Difficulty: Easy

True/False

85 The majority of learning in our everyday life is active

Ans: True

Section Ref: Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviors

Section Ref: Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviors

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

87 Describe Thorndike’s “puzzle box” experiment

Ans: Thorndike placed cats inside a box where they had to press a pedal to escape Escape led to

a food reward The first escape was due to random behavior of stepping on the pedal, but later

escapes occurred more quickly when cats would immediately press the pedal to escape and get the food reward

Section Ref: Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviors

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

88 Rachana was annoyed by the dinging sound her car made when her seatbelt was not fastened,

so she decided to fasten her seatbelt before she started the car to avoid hearing the dinging sound What learning phenomenon is associated with the removal of such an aversive stimulus? a) Positive reinforcement

Feedback C: Provides an unpleasant consequence

Feedback D: Removes something pleasant

Section Ref: Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviors

Difficulty: Medium

Cesar Milan is famous for rehabilitating dogs who display problem behavior Milan

is currently working with Daisy, a four-year old terrier, who attacks other dogs He

takes Daisy for a walk several times over the course of the next week Every time

Daisy tries to bark at another dog, Milan pulls on the leash abruptly and shouts “no” Once Daisy is able to pass another dog without barking, Milan praises her and gives her a treat Which of the following principles of learning is Milan practicing?

Feedback B: Insight learning is not used in this example

Feedback C: Discovery learning is not used in this example

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective: Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviors

Difficulty: Medium

Three year-old Kate is an extremely finicky eater Her mother is concerned that Kate’s unwillingness to try new fruits and vegetables will negatively impact her growth and development According to the textbook, which of the following

techniques is the best motivator for behavioral change?

Feedback A: Positive punishment is less effective than positive reinforcement

Feedback B: Negative punishment is less effective than positive reinforcement

Michael was pulled over by the police for driving by himself in the carpool lane He has

to pay a $400 ticket for this moving violation This is an example of _