CẤU TRÚC WRITING TASK 1 v1 2 25082017 (1)

While the percentage of households with two cars increased, there was a decrease in the proportion of families without any cars.. In contrast to + Noun thay cho cấu trúc while/whereas

CÁC CẤU TRÚC LẬP LUẬN WRITING TASK 1

OPENING (1 sentence)

The graph below gives

information about car

ownership in Britain from

1971 to 2007

(1) The line graph (2) illustrates (3) the proportion of (4) households using cars in the UK (5) during 1971

and 2007

1 The graph = the line/bar/pie graph

2 Gives = illustrates/ demonstrates/ indicates

3 Information = the proportion of (%, numbers)/ the

number of (countable nouns)/ the amount of

(uncountable nouns)/ the percentage of (%)

4 Car ownership = household using cars/ people who

used cars/ people using cars

5 1971 and 2007 = during 1971 and 2007/ over a period

of 36 years/ over a 36-year period

The graph below shows

the unemployment figures

amongst women of

different age groups

(1)The line graph (2) demonstrates (3) percentages of (4) unemployed women in (5) 8 age groups

1 As explained

2 As explained

3 As explained

4 Unemployment figures = unemployed women

5 Different age groups = 8 age groups

*age group = 20-year-old (group) = (the) group of age 20 =

the age group of 20

OVERVIEW (1-2 sentences)

Overall, car ownership in the UK increased during the

given period While the percentage of households with two cars increased, there was a decrease in the

proportion of families without any cars

1 Overall/ it can be clearly seen that … từ nối vào

overview

2 While/whereas cấu trúc câu so sánh

3 Cấu trúc There was an increase/decline in …

It can be clearly seen that age groups of 18 and of 45

have the highest unemployment rate So sánh hơn nhất the highest unemployment rate

Overall, from 2015, oil consumption in Western

Europe/Japan and also in the US is predicted to decline, in contrast to the expected increase in China and the Middle East The US will remain the major

consumer throughout the period

1 Overall từ nối

2 Is predicted to/ is anticipated to/ is expected to để chỉ

số liệu sẽ có trong tương lai

3 In contrast to + Noun (thay cho cấu trúc while/whereas)

= compared to/with + noun (there was a 20% reduction

in oil consumption in China compared with/to 2010)

4 The major consumer = the customer consumed the

most

BODY (4 SENTENCES/ PARA)

BASIC

From 1990 to 2010, there was a significant increase in

oil production in Saudi Arabia

There was a significant/dramatic/slight/sharp increase/ decline/ decrease in…

The other countries saw a slight rise in oil production

over the period

1999/China saw/witnessed/experienced a dramatic rise

in…

Over the period, the consumer price index rose

steadily from around 60 in 1979 to over 200 in 2009 The number/proportion/amount of… increased/declined…

ADVANCED

In 1971, the proportion of households without a car stood at nearly 50%, slightly higher than that of

households having one car, at just over 42%

1 Cấu trúc the proportion/ number of…

2 Cấu trúc Adj clause rút gọn which was higher than… -> ,higher than…

3 That of = the proportion of household having one car

By contrast, only nearly 9% of British households

owned 2 cars and a mere 1 % of households owned more than 3 cars, which was the lowest recorded

figure

1 By contrast/ Meanwhile so sánh

2 Cấu trúc only 9% of… verb (đưa số liệu lên đầu)

3 Dùng and để nối câu

4 Mệnh đề tính ngữ nối thêm , which was…

From 1971 onwards, while the percentage of families owning one car remained stable, that of households

without any car dropped to approximately 25% in

2007

1 So sanh while/whereas

2 That of = the figure for = the level of = the percentage of

35% of energy came from coal in Sweden in 1995, and this proportion gradually declined over the period to finish at approximately 28% in 2010, the highest of the four countries, while the percentage produced in

France remained just under that of Sweden over the

15-year period

1 35% of energy – số liệu lên đầu

2 And this proportion = energy came from coal in Sweden

Có thể thay bằng cấu trúc but this then fell/declined

to…

3 To finish at… dùng để nói số liệu nằm ở đâu, thường là

những năm cuối biểu đồ

4 Cấu trúc rút gọn the highest of the four countries

5 Cấu trúc while và that of

Energy production from coal in Germany followed a

similar pattern, beginning the period at just under

60% and falling significantly, though unlike Denmark it

fell to a low of only 5% in 2007 and then increased

again to approximately 18%

1 To follow a similar pattern khi nói về số liệu nào có xu hướng giống nhau

2 Beginning – rút ngọn adj clause = which began

3 Falling – cấu trúc đồng dạng với beginning

4 Though unlike + Noun = while/whereas

5 It = the proportion of Denmark = energy production of Denmark

6 And then từ nối

7 Fell – increased cấu trúc đồng dạng

At 25.7%, nursing was the second most popular

subject to study, but this fell significantly to only 14%

two years later

1 At 25.7% đưa số liệu lên đầu làm trạng ngữ

2 Noun was the most popular subject … so sánh nhất

3 But nối câu

4 This thay cho nursing

In terms of food, the figures for both countries were

similar, at 27% and 24% for Malaysia and Japan

respectively

1 In terms of = Regarding = with regard to = about

2 Cấu trúc the figures for …

3 24% for Malaysia – số liệu của Malaysia đưa lên đầu và chú ý FOR k phải OF

In Japan, this accounted for 6% of the total, while 20%

of household spending went on transport

1 To account for = to make up = to constitute

2 While cấu trúc so sánh

White, which constituted 26%, is about four times as

popular as blue, which made up 8%

1 Which constitutes 26%, which made up 8% - mệnh đề quan hệ

2 So sánh bằng ‘is four times as adj as’

*So sánh bằng:

- Company A has nearly (twice/half/a quarter) as many

employees as company B

- The number of employees doubled/ increased twofold

from March to May

Theft, of which there were 94 cases per 10,000 people, is just under four times more common than

other crimes, 25 cases

1 Of which cấu trúc mệnh đề quan hệ theo sau là there

were

2 So sánh hơn gấp 4 lần, four times more common than

PRACTICE EXERCISE WRITING TASK 1

NGUỒN: TỔNG HỢP

Line graph

1 The graph below gives information about car ownership in Britain from 1971 to 2007

The graph illustrates the proportion of households using cars in the UK during 1971 and 2007

It is noticeable that car ownership in the UK increased during the given period While the percentage of households with two cars increased, there was a decrease

in the proportion of families without any cars

In 1971, the proportion of households without a car stood

at nearly 50%, slightly higher than that of households having one car, at just over 42% By contrast, only nearly 9% of British households owned 2 cars and a mere 1 % of households owned more than 3 cars, which was the lowest recorded figure

From 1971 onwards, while the percentage of families owning one car remained stable, that of households without any car dropped to approximately 25% in 2007 By contrast, the proportion of families in the UK who owned two cars increased slightly to nearly 26% and the figure for families with more than two cars rose by almost 5%

2 The graph shows the amounts spent on apparel on the internet in USA and Japan between 1999 and 2003

The graph compares amounts of money spent online on apparel in USA and Japan starting from 1999 and 2003 It is clear that

although at first Japanese buyers were spending much more money than Americans did; as the years went by the spending habits of 2 countries became almost identical

In 1999 Japan was spending on apparel almost twice as much as USA (10 versus 5 Millions of dollars) In the following year apparel expenses of both Japan and USA grew even bigger to 12 and 10 million respectively The only year when expenses plunged in both countries was 2001, when USA spent only 8 and Japan reached the bottom of 7 million

Two following year, 2002 and 2003 showed rapid increase in apparel sales in both countries In 2002 USA spent about 10 million and Japan’s numbers were very close (18 millions) Online apparel sales became even more popular in 2003, pushing the figures to the peak of 20 million in both Japan and USA

Bar graph

1 The bar chart shows figures of annual coffee and meat consumption

The bar chart compares the amounts of coffee and meat consumed every year in Norway, France, Germany, USA, Russia, China and Japan Overall, Asian group of countries has similar consumption numbers of both coffee and meat The lowest rates of coffee consumption are recorded in China and Japan (2 and 3 kg per person respectively) The next three countries have higher rates, consumption of coffee in USA totals in 4 kg per person, while France and Russia have equal consumption rates of 5 kg per person The highest numbers belonged to Germany and Norway,

7 and 9 kg per person respectively

Meat consumption numbers were much higher in all countries; the highest numbers were recorded in USA (122

kg per person) and the lowest in Japan Meat consumption in Russia (45) and China (47) is similar to that of Japan (42) Three other countries have much higher numbers, starting with Norway (60) and progressing through France (72) to Germany which consumes about twice as much as Japan (87 kg per person)

2 The bar chart compares consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy, France and Britain

The bar chart compares consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy, France and Britain

It is noticeable that people in Britain spent considerably more money than people living in the other three nations on all six products Of the six items, photographic film was spent the most money on

People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which was the highest recorded figure on the chart By contrast, the lowest overall spenders were German, with roughly the same figures (just under £150,000) for each of the six items

Levels of spending on toys were similar/equal

in France and Italy, at nearly £160,000

However, the amount spent by French on photographic film and CDs was at £165,000 and nearly £158,000 respectively, slightly higher than that of Italians By contrast, people

in Italy paid out more for personal stereos, tennis racquets and perfumes French people spent around £145,000 on tennis racquet, which was the lowest figure shown on the chart

3 The graph shows the percentage of population in urban areas around the world from 1950 and 2030

The bar chart compares the rates of people living in cities around the world in the years

1950, 2007 and projections in 2030

It is noticeable that the proportions of city

dwellers increase around the world between

1950 and 2030 North America is expected to

see the most significant changes in its urban

population

In 1950, the percentage of city dwellers in

North America doubled the world average (at 64% and 29% respectively), followed by

Europe (52%) and Latin America Caribbean

(42%) By contrast, much lower proportions of Asians and Africans were living in the inner city, at around 16%

In the next 56 years, while there was a steady increase in the figures for North America and Europe, rising to 79% and 72%

respectively, urban population in Latin America Caribean doubled to 76% Similarly, Asia and Africa had a twofold increase in the

percentage of city dwellers, at about 40%

Looking into the future, the percentage of population living in the city in North America is predicted to reach a peak of 87% in 2030,

whereas that of the world will increase by 11% to 60% Around half of Asian and African population is anticipated to live in urban

areas

Table

1 The table below shows the monthly expenditure of an average Australian family in 1991 and 2001

The table illustrates the amount of monthly spending of Australian households on six different types of goods for the years 1991 and 2001

It is noticeable that there was an overall increase in monthly spending of Australian households These families spent more money on Food, Electricity and Water, Housing and Other goods and services

In 2001, expenditure on Non-essential goods and services was highest among six types of goods, with a rise of 20 Australian Dollars (AUD) Similarly, Australian

household spending on Food, the second most popular item, rose from 155 AUD to 160 AUD It was considerably higher than those for Electricity and Water and Housing, at

120 AUD and 100 AUD respectively

In stark contrast, the amount of money spent on the remaining two items declined Monthly spending on Transport witnessed a dramatic fall from 70 AUD in 1991 to 45 AUD in 2001 Spending on Clothing was lowest, which declined from 30 AUD to 20 AUD

2 The table below gives information about Favorite Pastimes in different countries (unit: %)

The table illustrates seven different types of activities that are preferred in pastimes with residents aged between 30 and 50 from different nations

It is noticeable that Reading, Hobbies and TV are three most popular recreational activities among all countries By contrast, the least common recreations are Sport, Beach, Music and Sleep

Of the most common categories, the percentages

of middle-aged people choosing reading are similar among Japanese, Koreans and Chinese people, at around 60% While about 60% of Canadians, Australians and Americans spend freetime watching TV, the figure for China is considerably lower, at 15% By contrast, China has the highest level of people enjoying hobbies, at 50%, compared to only 20% of France and England

With regard to the less common categories, there are around 21% -30% of people in 30-50 age group being involved in sports in each country, except for France, England and Japan as there are no figures recorded The percentages of people interested in

listening to music, going to the beach or sleeping in all countries are relatively insignificant

Pie chart

1 The pie charts show the amount of revenue and expenditures over a year of a children’s charity in the USA

The pie charts illustrate the distribution of revenue sources and expenditures during a year of a charity for children in the US

Overall, the charity relied on Donated Food as its principal revenue source, while it spent the most money

on Program Services It is also noticeable that the total amount of incomes just exceeded expenditures

This children’s charity received Donated food as its main source of revenue, accounting for 86.6% of the total revenue The second significant source was generated from Community Contributions, constituting 10.4% Income from Program Revenue contributed much less, at 2.2% The remaining sources from Investment income, Government Grants and Other incomes represented a disproportionately small shares, occupying 0.8% collectively

Concerning expenditures, Program services constituted the largest cost to the charity, at 95.8% Its expense on Fundraising and Management and General were significantly lower, representing only 2.6% and 1.6% respectively