Piping and Pipeline Engineering

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Introduction to Oil & Gas

9 th Week Lecture

By

AP Dr Nasir Shafiq

Civil Engineering Department

Pipe Lines and Tankers

Learning objectives

The objectives of this chapter is to give the

basic understanding of the means of transportation of hydrocarbons, which are:

Pipelines, and

Pipelines, and

Tankers

Learning outcome

At the end of this chapter, students should

be able to demonstrate the following:

Difference between a pipeline and a tanker and their application for transportation of

their application for transportation of hydrocarbons.

Different types of pipe lines and the respective application.

Different kind of tankers and their purposes

Produced Oil & Gas are required to transport (move out) from one part of

the world to the other.

Why?

How?

Why?

Oil & Gas value-chain

Proved oil reserves at end 2008

Thousand million barrels

Proved natural gas reserves at end 2008

Trillion cubic metres

Why oil & gas are moved out?

Natural gas and crude oil must be movedfrom the production site to refineries/gasprocessing plant and from there toconsumers/end-users

Earlier slides show the worldwide oil & gastrade movement according to theconsumption and demand in variouscountries/region

How oil & gas are moved out?

These movements (crude and/or refinedproducts) are made using a number ofdifferent modes of transportation

Crude oil and refined products are

Crude oil and refined products are transported across the water in barges and

tankers and/or underwater pipelines

On land crude oil and products are moved using pipelines, trucks, and trains.

How oil & gas are moved out?

 Similarly pipelines are used to move gas from the field to consumers.

Gas produced from onshore and offshore

Gas produced from onshore and offshore facilities is transported via gathering systems and inter- and intra-state pipelines

to residential, commercial, industrial, and utility companies.

How oil & gas are moved out?

 In order to transport natural gas in areas not served by pipelines, the gas

is liquefied to reduce its volume.

When the gas is liquefied, it shrinks to l/600 of its gaseous volume.

Crude oil tanker

Oil pipeline

Pipelines Definition

pipeline section extending from an inlet point (may be an offshore

station) to an outlet point (may be

receiving station).

Pipelines Definition

Pipelines types, classification and categories

Pipelines can be categorised as:

These lines are used to transport oil from

field pressure and storage to large tank where it is accumulated for pumping into the

Pipelines: Types

where it is accumulated for pumping into the long distance called trunk line.

Gathering pipelines typically consist of lines

ranging from 4″- 8″ inside diameter, operating pressure is higher than oil flow lines.

Gathering system throughput varies widely

depending on:

Number of field storage tanks.

Pipelines: Types

Number of field storage tanks.

The producing capacity of well in each field.

From large central storage, oil is moved through

large diameter, long distance pipeline called trunk line to refineries

Pump are required at the beginning of the trunk

Trunk Lines

Pump are required at the beginning of the trunk

line and pumping stations must also be spaced a long the pipeline to maintain pipeline pressure at the level required to overcome friction, change in the elevation and other losses

Crude trunk lines operate at higher pressure than

gathering systems These lines are made of steel and individual sections are joined by welding

These lines are almost buried below ground

Trunk Lines

These lines are almost buried below ground

surface are coated externally to protect against corrosion

Transportation Pipelines - Mainly long

pipes with large diameters, moving products (oil, gas, refined products) products (oil, gas, refined products) between cities, countries and even continents.

These transportation networks include

several compressor stations in gas lines

or pump stations for crude and products pipelines.

multi-
The large diameter may range from

24 to 60 inches

Example Trans ASEAN line

OFFSHORE LINES

Distribution Lines

Distribution Pipelines - Composed of several

interconnected pipelines with small diameters,used to take the products to the final consumer.Feeder lines to distribute gas to homes andbusinesses downstream Pipelines at terminals fordistributing products to tanks and storage facilitiesare included in this group

Distribution Lines

Oil Pipelines

Crude oil is collected from field gathering systems

consisting of pipelines that move oil from the wellhead to storage tanks and treatment facilities where the oil is measured and tested.

Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with

inner diameter typically from 10 to 120 cm (about 4 to 48 inches ).

Most pipelines are buried at a typical depth of about 1 - 2

meters (about 3 to 6 feet ).

From the gathering system the crude oil is sent to a

pump station where the oil delivered to the pipeline.

Oil Pipelines

The pipeline may have many collection and

delivery points along route Booster pumps arelocated along the pipeline to maintain thepressure and keep the oil flowing usually flows atspeed of about 1 to 6 m/s

The delivery points may be refineries, where the

oil is processed into products, or shippingterminals, where the oil is loaded onto tankers

Oil Pipelines

A pipeline may handle several types of crude oil The

pipeline will schedule its operation to ensure that the right crude oil is sent to the correct destination.

The pipeline operator sets the date and place when

and where the oil is received and when the oil will arrive at its destination.

Crude oil may also move over more than one pipeline

system as it journeys from the oil field to the refinery or shipping port.

Storage is located along the pipeline to ensure smooth

continuous pipeline operation.

Natural Gas Pipelines

Natural gas pipelines are used to move gas

from the field to consumers Gas producedfrom onshore and offshore facilities istransported via gathering systems and inter-and intra-state pipelines to residential,commercial, industrial, and utility companies

For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of

carbon steel and varying in size from 2 inches(51 mm) to 56 inches (1,400 mm) in diameter,depending on the type of pipeline

Natural Gas Pipelines

The gas is pressurized by compressor stations

and is odorless unless mixed with an odorant

where required by the proper regulating body.Most natural gas pipelines operate using a

Most natural gas pipelines operate using a

complex have become so automated that theyare capable of operating under command of acomputer system that coordinates theoperation of valves, prime movers, andconditioning equipment

Pipelines Components

Pipeline networks are composed of several

pieces of equipment that operate together tomove products from location to location

The main elements of a pipeline system are

The main elements of a pipeline system are

shown in the figure on the next slide

Pipelines Components

Pipelines Components

Initial Injection Station - Known also as

Supply or Inlet station, is the beginning of

the system, where the product is injected into the line.

Storage facilities, pumps or compressors

are usually located at these locations.

Pipelines Components

Compressor/Pump Stations - Pumps for

liquid pipelines and Compressors for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline.

The location of these stations is defined by

the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the network.

Pipelines Components

Partial Delivery Station - Known also as

Intermediate Stations, these facilities allow the

pipeline operator to deliver part of the productbeing transported

Block Valve Station - These are the first line

of protection for pipelines

With these valves the operator can isolate any

segment of the line for maintenance work orisolate a rupture or leak

Pipelines Components

Block valve stations are usually located every

20 to 30 miles (48 km), depending on the type

of pipeline

Even though it is not a design rule, it is a very

Even though it is not a design rule, it is a very

usual practice in liquid pipelines

The location of these stations depends

exclusively on the nature of the product beingtransported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/orthe operational conditions of the line

Pipelines Components

Regulator Station - This is a special type of

valve station, where the operator can releasesome of the pressure from the line Regulatorsare usually located at the downhill side of apeak

Pipelines Components

Final Delivery Station - Known also as Outlet

stations or Terminals, this is where the productwill be distributed to the consumer It could be

a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or aconnection to a distribution network for gaspipelines

Buried Lines

Overhead Lines

Overhead Lines

Pipeline Bridge

Pipelines Installation

Offshore

On sea floor

Buried into a trench

Buried into a trench

Offshore Pipelines Installation

Pipelines Inspection

Crude oil contains varying amounts of wax, or

paraffin, and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline.

Often these pipelines are inspected and

cleaned using pipeline inspection gauges

pigs, also known as, scrapers or Go-devils.

Pipelines Inspection

Oil tankers, also known as petroleum

tankers, are ships designed for the bulk

transport of oil

There are two basic types of oil tanker:

There are two basic types of oil tanker:

product tanker

Crude tankers move large quantities of

unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction

to refineries

Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed

to move petrochemicals from refineries to points near consuming markets

Crude oil tankers are used to transport crude oil from

fields in the Middle East, North Sea, Africa, and Latin America to refineries around the world.

Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as

their occupation Tanker sizes are expressed in terms

of deadweight (dwt) or cargo tons The smallest tankers are General Purpose which range from 10 to

25,000 tons.

Tankers Types and Capacity

 The Large Range and Very Large Crude Carriers

(VLCC) are employed in international crude oil trade.

 The average age of the fleet was 11.9 years.

 68% of the vessels are double hull ships.

 Tankers move approximately 2 billion tons of oil every

year Second only to pipelines in terms of efficiency, the cost of tanker transport amounts to only two or three U.S cents per gallon.

Tankers Types and Capacity

The Large Range and Very Large Crude

Carriers (VLCC) are employed in international

crude oil trade

Tankers Types and Capacity

The average age of the fleet was 11.9 years.

68% of the vessels are double hull ships.

Tankers move approximately 2 billion tons of oil

every year Second only to pipelines in terms ofefficiency, the cost of tanker transport amounts toonly two or three U.S cents per gallon

Tankers Architecture

Oil tankers generally have from 8 to 12 tanks

Each tank is split into two or three independent

compartments by fore-and-aft bulkheads

The tanks are numbered with tank one being

the forward most

Individual compartments are referred to by the

tank number, such as "one port", "threestarboard", or "six centre."

Tankers Architecture

A cofferdam is a small space left open between

two bulkheads, to give protection from heat,fire, or collision

Tankers generally have cofferdams forward and

Tankers generally have cofferdams forward and

aft of the cargo tanks, and sometimes between individual tanks.

A pump-room houses all the pumps connected

to a tanker's cargo lines Some larger tankershave two pump-rooms A pump-room generallyspans the total breadth of the ship

Tankers Architecture

Tankers Architecture (Hull Design)

Tankers Architecture (Hull Design)

A major component of tanker architecture is the

design of the hull or outer structure

A tanker with a single outer shell between the

product and the ocean is said to be hulled

single-
Most newer tankers are double-hulled, with an

extra space between the hull and the storagetanks

Tankers Architecture (Hull Design)

Hybrid designs such as double-bottom and

double-sided combine aspects of single anddouble-hull designs

All single-hulled tankers around the world will be

All single-hulled tankers around the world will be

phased out by 2026, in accordance with theInternational Convention for the Prevention ofPollution from Ships, 1973

Tankers: Architecture (Hull Design)

In 1998, the Marine Board of the National Academy

of Science conducted a survey of industry expertsregarding the pros and cons of double-hull design.Some of the advantages of the double-hull designthat were mentioned include:

ease of ballasting in emergency situations,

reduced practice of saltwater ballasting in cargo tanks

decreases corrosion,

Tankers: Architecture (Hull Design)

increased environmental protection,

cargo discharge is quicker, more complete and

easier,

tank washing is more efficient, and

tank washing is more efficient, and

better protection in low-impact collisions and

grounding.

Tankers: Architecture (Hull Design)

The same report lists the following as somedrawbacks to the double-hull design:

 more expensive to build,

 more expensive in canal and port expenses,

 ballast tank ventilation difficult,

 ballast tanks need continual monitoring and

maintenance,

 increased transverse free surface,

 more surfaces to maintain,

Floating, production, storage and Offloading (FPSO)

Floating storage and offloading units or FSOs are used

worldwide by the offshore oil industry to receive oil from nearby platforms and store it until it can be offloaded onto oil tankers.

A similar system, the Floating production storage and

A similar system, the Floating production storage and

offloading unit, or FPSO, has the ability to process the product while it is onboard.

These floating units reduce oil production costs and offer,

mobility, large storage capacity, and production versatility.

FPSO and FSOs are often created out of old, stripped-down

oil tankers, but can be made from new-built hulls.

Floating, production, storage and Offloading (FPSO)

Shell España first used a tanker as an FPSO

was in August 1977 An example of a FSO thatused to be an oil tanker is the Knock Nevis

These units are usually moored to the seabed

These units are usually moored to the seabed

through a spread mooring system

A turret-style mooring system can be used in

areas prone to severe weather

This turret system lets the unit rotate to minimize

the effects of sea-swell and wind

Tankers Floating, production, storage and Offloading (FPSO)

LNG Tankers

Tankers equipped with pressurized, refrigerated, and

insulated tanks are used to transport natural gas

liquids and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Natural gas is liquefied at the destination point and

Natural gas is liquefied at the destination point and

transported by special LNG cryogenic tankers to itsdestination At the delivery point the LNG isre-gasified and charged into a gas pipeline system