Proficiency in personal survival techniques

PROFICIENCY IN PERSONAL SURVIVAL TECHNIQUESPart A: Course Framework This model course aims to meet the mandatory minimum requirements for seafarers forfamiliarization, basic safety train

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Model Course 1.19

Proficiency in

•Personal Survival Techniques

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First published in 1988 by the

4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR

Revised edition 2000 Printed in the United Kingdom

by CPC The Printers, Portsmouth

ISBN 92-801-6119-9

IMO PUBLICATION Sales number: T119E

No part of this publication may, for sales purposes,

be produced, stored in aretrieval system or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic,

magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,

without prior permission in writing from the

International Maritime Organization.

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Page

Attachment: Guidance on the implementation of IMO model courses

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Since its inception the International Maritime Organization has recognized the importance ofhuman resources to the development of the maritime industry and has given the highestpriority to assisting developing countries in enhancing their maritime training capabilitiesthrough the provision or improvement of maritime training facilities at national and regionallevels IMO has also responded to the needs of developing countries for postgraduate trainingfor senior personnel in administration, ports, shipping companies and maritime traininginstitutes by establishing the World Maritime University in Malmo, Sweden, in 1983

Following the earlier adoption of the International Convention on Standards of Training,Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, a number of IMO Member Governmentshad suggested that IMO should develop model training courses to assist in the implementation

of the Convention anc;tin achieving a more rapid transfer of information and skills regardingnew developments in maritime technology IMO training advisers and consultants alsosubsequently determined from their visits to training establishments in developing countriesthat the provision of model courses could help instructors improve the quality of their existingcourses and enhance their effectiveness in meeting the requirements of the Convention andimplementing the associated Conference and IMO Assembly resolutions

In addition, it was appreciated that a comprehensive set of short model courses in variousfields of maritime training would supplement the instruction provided by maritime academiesand allow administrators and technical specialists already employed in maritimeadministrations, ports and shipping companies to improve their knowledge and skills in certainspecialized fields IMO has therefore developed the current series of model courses inresponse to these generally identified needs and with the generous assistance of Norway.These model courses may be used by any training institution and the Organization is prepared

to assist developing countries in implementing any course when the requisite financing isavailable

W A O'NEIL

Secretary-General

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• Purpose of the model courses

The purpose of the IMO model courses is to assist maritime training institutes and theirteaching staff in organizing and introducing new training courses, or in enhancing, updating

or supplementing existing training material where the quality and effectiveness of the trainingcourses may thereby be improved

It is not the intention of the model course programme to present instructors with a rigid

"teaching package" which they are expected to "follow blindly" Nor is it the intention tosubstitute audiovisual or "programmed" material for the instructor's presence As in all trainingendeavours, the knowledge, skills and dedication of the instructor are the key components inthe transfer of knowledge and skills to those being trained through IMO model course material.Because educational systems and the cultural backgrounds of trainees in maritime subjectsvary considerably from country to country, the model course material has been designed toidentify the basic entry requirements and trainee target group for each course in universallyapplicable terms, and to specify clearly the technical content and levels of knowledge and skillnecessary to meet the technical intent of IMO conventions and related recommendations

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• Use of the model course

To use the model course the instructor should review the course plan and detailed syllabus,taking into account the information provided under the entry standards specified in the courseframework The actual level of knowledge and skills and prior technical education of thetrainees should be kept in mind during this review, and any areas within the detailed syllabuswhich may cause difficulties because of differences between the actual trainee entry level andthat assumed by the course designer should be identified To compensate for suchdifferences, the instructor is expected to delete from the course, or reduce the emphasis on,items dealing with knowledge or skills already attained by the trainees He should also identifyany academic knowledge, skills or technical training which they may not have acquired

By analysing the detailed syllabus and the academic knowledge required to allow training inthe technical area to proceed, the instructor can design an appropriate pre-entry course or,alternatively, insert the elements of academic knowledge required to support the technicaltraining elements concerned at appropriate points within the technical course

Adjustment of the course objectives, scope and content may also be necessary if in yourmaritime industry the trainees completing the course are to undertake duties which differ fromthe course objectives specified in the model course

Within the course plan the course designers have indicated their assessment ofthe time whichshould be allotted to each learning area However, it must be appreciated that theseallecations are arbitrary and assume that the trainees have fully met all the entry requirements

of the ·course The instructor should therefore review these assessments and mayneed toreallocate the time required to achieve each specific learning objective

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• Lesson plans

Having adjusted the course content to suit the trainee intake and any revision of the cou objectives, the instructor should draw up lesson plans based on the detailed syllabus Thedetailed syllabus contains specific references to the textbooks or teaching material proposed

-to be used in the course An example of a lesson plan is shown iA the instruc-tor manual onpage 27 Where no adjustment has been found necessary in the learning objectives of thedetailed syllabus, the lesson plans may simply consist of the detailed syllabus with keywords

or other reminders added to assist the instructor in making his presentation of the material

• Presentation

The presentation of concepts and methodologies must be repeated in various ways until theinstructor is satisfied, by testing and evaluating the trainee's performance and achievements,that the trainee has attained each specific learning objective or training outcome The syllabus

is laid out in learning objective format and each objective specifies a required performance or,

what the trainee must be able to do as the learning or training outcome. Taken as a whole,these objectives aim to meet the knowledge, understanding and proficiency specified in theappropriate tables of the STCW Code

• textbooks, technical papers

• other reference material

Thorough preparation is the key to successful implementation of the course IMO hasproduced a booklet entitled "Guidance on the implementation of IMO model courses", whichdeals with this aspect in greater detail

• Training and the STCW 1995 Convention

The standards of competence that have to be met by seafarers are defined in Part A of theSTCW Code in the Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for SeafarersConvention, as amended in 1995 This IMO model course has been revised and updated tocover the competences in STCW 1995 It sets out the education and training to achieve thosestandards set out in Chapter VI, Table A-VI/1-1 of the STCW Code

Part A provides the framework for the course with its aims and objectives and notes on thesuggested teaching faci\ities and equipment A.Ust of usefu\ teach\ng a\ds, \MO referencesand textbooks is also inc\uded

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Part B provides an outline of lectures, demonstrations and exercises for the course Asuggested timetable is included, but from the teaching and learning point of view, it is moreimportant that the trainee achieves the minimum standard of competence defined in the STCWCode than that a strict timetable is followed Depending on their experience and ability, somestudents will naturally take longer to become proficient in some topics than in others Alsoincluded in this section are guidance notes and additional explanations

A separate IMO model course addresses Assessment of Competence This course explainsthe use of various methods for demonstrating competence and criteria for evaluatingcompetence as tabulated in the STCW Code

Part C gives the Detailed Teaching Syllabus This is based on the theoretical and practicalknowledge specified in the STCW Code It is written as a series of learning objectives, in otherwords what the trainee is expected to be able to do as a result of the teaching and training.Each of the objectives is expanded to define a required performance of knowledge,understanding and proficiency IMO references, textbook references and suggested teachingaids are included to assist the teacher in designing lessons

The new training requirements for these competences are addressed in the appropriate parts

of the detailed teaching syllabus

•The Convention defines the minimum standards to be maintained in Part A of the STCWCode Mandatory provisions concerning Training and Assessment are given in Section A-1/6

of the STCW Code These provisions cover: qualification of instructors; supervisors asassessors; in-service training; assessment of competence; and training and assessment within

an institution The corresponding Part B of the STCW Code contains non-mandatory guidance

on training and assessment

The criteria for evaluating competence in Table A-VI/1-1 of the STCW Code are to be used

in the assessment of the competences listed in the table

As previously mentioned, a separate model course addresses Assessment of Competenceand use of the criteria for evaluating competence tabulated in the STCW Code

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PROFICIENCY IN PERSONAL SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES

Part A: Course Framework

This model course aims to meet the mandatory minimum requirements for seafarers forfamiliarization, basic safety training and instruction in accordance witl1 Section A-V1/1 of STCWCode

• Objective

This syllabus covers the requirements of the 1995 STCW Convention and Code Chapter VI,Section A-VI/1 On meeting the minimum standard of competence in personal survivaltechniques, a trainee will be able to survive at sea in the event of ship abandonment

The trainee will be able to:

• don a lifejacket

• don and use an immersion suit

• safely jump from a height into the water

• right an inverted liferaft while wearing a lifejacket

• swim while wearing a lifejacket

• keep afloat without a lifejacket

• board a survival craft from ship and water while wearing a lifejacket

• take initial actions on boarding survival craft to enhance chance of survival

• stream a drogue or sea-anchor

• operate survival craft equipment

• operate location devices, including radio equipment

• Entry standards

This course is principally intended as basic training for seafarers employed or engaged in anycapacity on board ship as part of the ship's complement with designated safety duties inoperation of the ship There are no particular educational requirements All trainees must becertified by a doctor to be in good health

• Course certificate or document

On successful completion of the course and demonstration of competence, a document may

be issued certifying that the holder has met the standard of competence specified in Table V1/1-1 of STCW 1995

A-A certificate may be issued only by centres approved by the A-Administration

• Course intake limitations

The maximum number of trainees attending each session will depend on the availability ofinstructors, equipment and facilities available for conducting the training The number shouldnot, at any time, exceed that which will allow sufficient opportunity for each trainee to haveadequate practical instruction in procedures for the proper use of systems and equipment

• Staff requirements

The instructor shall have appropriate training in instructional techniques and training methods(STCW Code, Section A-1/6, para 7)

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PART A: COURSE FRAMEWORK

• Training facilities and equipment

Ordinary classroom facilities and an overhead projector are required for the lecturers Inaddition, a demonstration table measuring 3 m by 1 m would be an advantage When makinguse of audiovisual material such as videos or slides, make sure the appropriate equipment isavailable

The practical lessons require access to water, Le a swimming pool, a lake or the sea.The following items of equipment are required:

36 lifejackets

5 inflatable lifejackets

2 lifebuoys

1 rigid liferaft

2 twenty-person inflatable liferafts for wet drills

1 SART operating on 9 GHz frequency

Survival suits

Complete set of liferaft equipment

Complete set of lifeboat equipment

1 emergency position-indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) operating on 460 MHzShark repellent

Safety/first-eid equipment comprising

- high-speed rescue boat1

- powerful searchlights2

- light-reflecting badges2

- stretcher

- first-aid kit

- resuscitation kit with oxygen/suction unit

• Teaching aids (A)

A1 Instructor Manual (Part D of the course)

A2 Videos:

V1 SOLAS Chapter III Part 1 - Preparing for Abandonment (Code No 297.1)

V2 SOLAS Chapter III Part 2 - Abandonment by Lifeboat (Code No 297.2)

V3 SOLAS Chapter III Part 3 - Abandonment by Liferaft (Code No 297.3)

V4 SOLAS Chapter III Part 4 - Techniques of Survival (Code No 297.4)

V5 SOLAS Chapter III Part 5 - SOLAS Amendments (Code No 463)

V6 Cold Water Casualty (Code No 527)

V7 Man Overboard (Code No 644)

Available from: Videotel Marine International Ltd

84 Newman StreetLondon W1P 3LD, UKTel: +44 (0)207 299 1800

1 Include if drills are to take place in the sea

Include if night drills are to be performed

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E-mail: mail@videotelmail.comURL: www.videotel.co.uk

• Bibliography (B)

B1 Lee, E.C.B and Lee, K Safety and Survival at Sea London: W.W Norton, '1980.

B2 Baldridge, D Shark Attack London: Macdonald Futura Publications, 1979 (ISBN 0

7088 1483 2) out of print

Secondhand copies of out of print books may be available from the Warsash NauticalBookshop, 6 Dibles Road, Warsash, Southampton, S031 9HZ, UK Tel: +44 1489572384,Fax: +44 1489885756, E-mail: orders@nauticalbooks.co.uk URL: www.nauticalbooks.co.uk

• IMO references (R)

R1 The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping

for Seafarers, 1995 (STCW 1995), 1998 edition (IMO Sales No 938E)

R2 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 1974), as

amended (IMO Sales No 11OE)

R3 Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERSAR) (IMO Sales No 963E)

R4 A Pocket Guide to Cold Water Survival (IMO Sales No 946E)

R5 IMO Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA code) (IMO Sales No 982E)

R6 LSA symbols - Poster (IMO Sales No: 981 E)

Details of distributors of IMO publications that maintain a permanent stock of all IMOpublications may be found on the IMO website at http://www.imo.org

• Textbooks (T)

T1 Be, Olav Basic Safety Course: Sea Safety and Survival. Oslo: Norwegian

University Press, 1987 (ISBN 82 00432122) out of print 1999 •

T2 Wright, C H Survival at Sea: The Lifeboat and Liferaft. Liverpool: The James Laver

Printing Co Ltd., 1986 (ISBN 0851745407)

• Safety routines

Safety precautions during drills are a major component of this course, and affect itsorganization Trainees must be protected from danger at all times whilst the course is inprogress

Instructors and their assistants must strictly supervise the trainees, and act as their safetyguards First-aid supplies, including a resuscitation kit, must be close at hand; shark repellentscan be purchased from Kelvin Hughes & Co Ltd., 142 Minories, London, EC3N 1NH, UK Ifdrills are to take place in the sea, a rescue boat must be in attendance

Night drills must not be performed unless all trainees and instructors have been provided withlifejackets having retro-reflective material as specified in LSA Code 1.2.2.7 The practice areamust be illuminated by searchlights

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PART B: COURSE OUTLINE AND TIMETABLE

• Lectures

As far as possible, lectures should be presented within a familiar context and should make use

of practical examples They should be well illustrated with diagrams, photographs and chartswhere appropriate, and be related to matter learned during seagoing time

An effective manner of presentation is to develop a technique of giving information and thenreinforcing it For example, first tell the trainees briefly what you are going to present to them;then cover the topic in detail; and, finally, summarize what you have told them The use of anoverhead projector and the distribution of copies of the transparencies as trainees' handoutscontribute to the learning process

• Course Outline

The tables that follow list the competencies and areas of knowledge, understanding andproficiency, together with the estimated total hours required for lectures and practicalexercises Teaching staff should note that timings are suggestions only and should beadapted to suit individual groups of trainees depending on their experience, ability, equipmentand staff available for training

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PART C: DETAILED TEACHING SYLLABUS

All objectives are understood to be prefixed by the words, "The expected learning outcome isthat the trainee "

In order to assist the instructor, references are shown against the learning objectives toindicate IMO references and publications, textbooks, additional technical material and teachingaids, which the instructor may wish to use when preparing course material The material listed

in the course framework has been used to structure the detailed teaching syllabus; inparticular,

Teaching aids (indicated by A),

The following are examples of the use of references:

R2 - Reg 111/42.1refers to Chapter III Reg 42 paragraph 1, of the SOLAS Convention;

"T1 - Ch 10" refers to Chapter 10 of the Basic Safety Course: Sea Safety and Survival

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Syllabus Reference

Competence: Survive at sea in the event of ship

abandonment

R1-Types of emergency situations which may occur, such as Section

collision, fire, foundering. A-VI/1

Types of life-saving appliances normally carried on ships.

Equipment in survival craft.

Location of personal life-saving appliances.

Principles concerning survival, including:

.1 value of training and drills

.2 personal protective clothing and equipment

.3 need to be ready for any emergency

.4 actions to be taken when called to survival craft

stations

.5 actions to be taken when required to abandon ship

.6 actions to be taken when in the water

Objectives are:

6.2

1 Don a lifejacket

6 Keep afloat without a lifejacket

wearing a lifejacket

enhance chance of survival

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Required performance:

1.1 Safety guidance

.1 states the safety rules laid down by the chief instructor,

which must be obeyed during the course (especially

during practical drills)

V1

A-VI/1-1 1 states the principles of survival at sea as:

initial on-board familiarization

- regular training and drills

preparedness for any emergency

knowledge of actions to be taken

- when called to survival craft stations

- when required to abandon ship

- when ·required to jump in the water

- when in the water

- when aboard a survival craft

- knowledge of the main dangers to survivors

R2-1.3 Definitions, survival craft and appliances Regs 111/3.1,

3.5,3.6,3.7, 1 defines and distinguishes: 3.8, 3.11,

.1 states that training specific to the ship is documented in

the ship's SOLAS Training Manual

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Knowledge, understanding and proficiency IMO Textbooks, Teaching

2 Emergency situations (1.5 hours) R1 - TableA-VII1-1 T1 - Ch.1, 2T2-Pt.1 A1

- engine-room explosion or fire

.1 explains that the effectiveness of the life-saving

equipment depends on the expertise of the crew

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Knowledge understanding and proficiency IMO Textbooks Teaching

2.7 Crew and emergency instructions

.1 states that as soon as possible after joining a ship,

personnel must acquire knowledge of:

the meaning of emergency signals

instructions on the muster list and their duties

the location and use of life-saving equipment

the location and use of fire-fighting equipment

escape routes and equipment

emergencies involving the sinking of the ship

the means provided for survival on ship and survival

craft

.1 lists extra equipment which is to be taken from the ship to

the survival craft if time permits

2.9 Abandoning ship - complications

.1 explains the complications in abandoning ship caused by:

some of the survival craft not capable of being

launched absence of lighting

absence of personnel assigned to certain duties

Ch.1

3.1 Abandoning ship - last resort

.1 states that the ship usually offers the best chance of

survival and that abandoning ship should only be

undertaken if all other measures fail

3.2 Personal preparation for abandoning ship

.1 explains how to prepare oneself for abandoning ship A 1

Required performanc~:

3.3 Needto prevent panic

.1 explains the need to prevent panic

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3 4 C d t· t R2 - Reg.

.1 describes duties with respect to passengers

3.5 Crew duties - launching survival craft

.1 describes duties with respect to the launching of survival

craft

3.6 Master's orders to abandon ship

.1 states that the order to abandon ship comes from the

master

Ch.1 1 describes as essential for survival after the ship has been

abandoned:

- a means of keeping afloat

- a means of keeping warm

- drinking water and food

- a means of communicating with ships or rescue

.2 states that for passenger ships the capacity of the R2 - Reg.

lifeboats is generally sufficient for every person on board 111/21.1

.3 states that for cargo ships the capacity of the lifeboats is RS - Reg.

generally twice the number of persons on board 111/31.1

.4 demonstrates how lifeboats are launched by:

- davits

- free-fall method

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ensure personal safety while launching lifeboats

.6 demonstrates embarkation from ship and from water

.1 states the minimum number of rescue boats for a:

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.2 describes the requirements which allow a lifeboat to be R5 - Pt 5.1

classed as a rescue boat

.1 describes how lifebuoys are distributed over the ship

.2 describes the requirements for additional equipment

attached to lifebuoys

11117.2 1 states the total number of lifejackets provided for: R5 - Pt 2.2

a passenger ship

- a cargo ship

.2 states that lifejacket buoyancy may be achieved by:

packing with buoyant material

- inflating

•• 3 identifies equipment on lifejackets as:

fixed or flashing light

whistle firmly secured by a cord

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Reference Bibliography Aid

R2 - Reg.

5.3 Immersion suits/anti-exposure suit (AES) 111/22.4,32.3R5 - Pt.2.5 .T1 - Ch. 3 V5

.1 describes an immersion suit

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6.3 Inflatable lifejackets

.1 dons an inflatable lifejacket correctly within a period of 1

minute, and without assistance

.2 jumps into the water from a height while wearing the

inflatable life jacket

.3 swims a short distance while wearing the inflatable

life jacket

.4 tests the whistle on the lifejacket

.5 tests the non-automatic methods of inflation

6.4 Immersion suits

.1 unpacks and dons an immersion suit without assistance

within 2 minutes

.2 while wearing immersion suit and lifejacket:

- climbs up and down a vertical ladder at least 5 m in

length

- jumps from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the

water

- swims a short distance and boards a survival craft

- performs assigned duties during a simulated

abandonment

- tests the whistle

operates the flashing light if fitted

6.5 Thermal protective aids

.1 unpacks and dons a thermal protective aid without

assistance whilst in a survival craft or rescue boat while

.2 removes a thermal protective aid which impedes

swimming in not more than two minutes

.3 puts a thermal protective aid on a person simulating

.1 demonstrates how to keep afloat without the use of a

•• life jacket, immersion suit or anti-exposure suit

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.1 boards a liferaft from the ship and from the water while

.2 helps others board

.3 demonstrates the use of equipment, including a drogue or

seaanchor

.4 rights an inverted liferaft while wearing a lifejacket

.5 demonstrates how to abandon a liferaft

7.1 Dangersto survivors

.1 describes dangers as:

- heat stroke, sun stroke, exposure to cold and

stroke, exposure and hypothermia

.3 states effects of seasickness, and how to combat them

.4 explains prudent use of fresh water and food and the need

drift

.8 lists duties of a lookout

.9 describes means of facilitating detection by others

.10 lists the means of maintaining morale

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