NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH CƠ BẢN_ CÓ BÀI TẬP

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn: - Câu bắt đầu bằng một mệnh lệnh như: Listen!, Look!, Pay attention!, Keep sil

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: TENSES OF VERBS

I LÝ THUYẾT:

 Thời điểm hiện tại:

1 Hiện tại đơn:

* Công thức thành lập:

Notes:

- S (số ít ): He / She / It / N tên 1 người or vật / N kdđ* / N đ đ số ít / Ns chỉ căn bệnh*, thời gian*, khoảng cách*, tiền bạc*, môn học*, một số N riêng* / Ving / to Vo.

+ N k đ đ: money, water , milk, alcohol, liquor, housework, homework, funiture, luggage, wine,

food, time, weather, soup, beer , information, advice, music, traffic, …

+ Ns chỉ căn bệnh: measles, mumps, sars, AIDS , rickets, …

+ Ns chỉ thời gian: 10 years, 2 months, …

+ Ns chỉ khoảng cách: 3 miles, 5 kilometres, …

+ Ns chỉ tiền bạc: 6 dollars, 7 pounds, …

+ Ns chỉ môn học: linguistics, economics, physics , …

+ Danh từ riêng :

- Algiers thủ đô của nước An-giê-ri

- Athens thủ đô của Hy Lạp

- Brussels thủ đô của Bỉ

- Marseilles một thành phố của Pháp

- Naples một thành phố ở Ý

- The Phillipines nước Philipin

- The United Nations Liên Hiệp Quốc

- Wales xứ Gan ( thuộc nước Anh)

- S (số nhiều ): We / You / They / N tên 2 người or vật / N đ đ số nhiều

* Cách dùng:

- Dùng để chỉ các hành động thói quen, hoạt động mang tính chất lặp đi lặp lại

Ex: She usually gets up at 6 a.m

- Dùng để chỉ các sự kiện và sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lý

Are + S + …?

Am

Ex:Water freezes at 0 degree centigrade.

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì hiện tại đơn :

Every (everyday, everyweek, everynight,… ) Often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, rarely……

Twice a week, once a week….

Today

( Right ) now, at the present, at the moment*

Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely*

Notes:

- “Always ….” thường được sử dụng ở 2 thì: hiện tại đơn hoặc quá khứ đơn (tùy theo dấu hiệu)

 Example: Lan usually goes to school at 6:00 everyday

Lan usually went to school at 6:00 everyday last year

- “ (right ) now, at the present, at the moment” được dùng ở 2 thì: hiện tại đơn (nếu V không kéo dài) và hiện tại tiếp diễn (nếu V kéo dài).

V không kéo dài:

- V chỉ tri giác: feel, know, understand, realize, meet, see, hear, find, notice, remember, forget, regret,

recognize, miss,

- V chỉ sự yêu ghét: love, like, enjoy, hate, dislike,…

- V khác: be, lose, start, begin, continue, …

 Động từ “have” thường dùng ở thì tiếp diễn khi :

 Những trường hợp còn lại “have” được chia ở thì đơn hoặc hoàn thành

- Example: When I came, she was having dinner.

I have 2 books

2.Present continuous :

* Công thức thành lập:

* Cách dùng:

- Dùng để chỉ một hành động đang được tiến hành trong lúc đang nói

Ex : Listen! The bird is singing

I am studying now.

- Một hành động đang quanh quẩn xảy ra bây giờ nhưng không nhất thiết xảy ra vào lúc nói

Ex :I am reading a very good story

- Một hành động dự kiến trong tương lai gần mà đã được sắp xếp xong và chắc chắn xảy ra

Ex : They are playing tennis next week

- Với chữ always đế diễn tả một lời phàn nàn.

Ex : You are always borrowing my money

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn:

- Câu bắt đầu bằng một mệnh lệnh như: Listen!, Look!, Pay attention!, Keep silent!

- now, right now, at the moment, at the present,

Exersise Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu:

1 At this moment I that we have a good chance of victory

2 Due to WTO commitments, many economic sectors in Vietnam strongcompetition now

3 We have done a lot of work on tenses lately and we now most of the rules

a were understanding b understand c understood d are understanding

4 He _ in London at the moment

A is studying B studies C has studied D will study

5 He _ his parents every Sunday

A is visisting B was visisting C visists D has visisted

3 Present perfect :

* Cách dùng:

- Một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không có thời gian xác định

Ex: I haven’t met him before.

Ex: I have met him three times

- Một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có thể đến tương lai

Ex: My father has worked in this company for 10 years.

- Một hành động vừa mới xảy ra, hay hoàn tất

Ex: She has just gone out.

- Một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ nhưng chấm dứt vào lúc nói

Ex: I haven’t seen you for a long time ( Nhưng bây giờ tôi đã gặp bạn rồi)

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành :

- so far, up to now, up to the present, for ages, recently = lately.

- Never, ever, already, before ( trước đây), yet, just *

- since + thời điểm*

- for + khoảng thời gian *

S + have / has + V3/ed

S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3/ed Have / Has + S + V3/ed?

Notes:

- Never, ever, already, before ( trước đây), yet, just : thường sử dụng ở 2 thì: hiện tại hoàn thành

hoặc quá khứ hoàn thành (tùy theo dấu hiệu chia thì).

 Example: She has just finished her housework

She had just finished her housework when I came

- since + thời điểm: được sử dụng như sau:

+ thì hiện tại hoàn thành: She has studied English since 1999

+ trong cấu trúc: S + V + since + S + V (QKĐ)

 Example: a _ for a job for a long time before you got it?

A Were you looking B Have you looked

b By this time this year, my father _ here for 25 years.

A are going to work B will be working

C will have been working D will work

4 Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn:

Dấu hiệu nhận biết: for + khoảng thời gian (dành cho động từ kéo dài).

 Example

Ex: My father has worked in this company for 10 years.(tùy đáp án ra)

has been working

 Thời điểm quá khứ:

1 Simple Past:

* Công thức thành lập:

* Cách dùng:

- Một hành động đã xảy ra và đã hoàn tất ở thời gian xác định trong quá khứ

Ex: We bought this car two years ago.

- Một thói quen trong quá khứ

Ex: When I was young, I often went swimming with my friends in this river.

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì quá khứ đơn :

- S + V 2 / ed … + S + didn’t +Vo + Did + S + Vo ?

- S + was / were…

- S + have / has + been + Ving

yesterday ( yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon,…….) last _ ( last year, last night, last week, last month….)

_ ago ( two years ago, many months ago, ten minutes ago….)

in + year in the past ( một năm nào đó trong quá khứ vd in 1999, in 2001…)

2 Past continuous :

* Cách dùng:

- Một hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.

Ex: What were you doing at 7 pm yesterday?

- Một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ (QKTD) thì một hành động khác xảy ra cắt ngang(QKĐ)

Ex: Mai was watching TV when I came home.

When they were having dinner, she entered their room.

- Hai hành động cùng song song xảy ra trong quá khứ

Ex:While her mother was cooking dinner, her father was reading books.

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì quá khứ tiếp diễn:

At * + giờ + thời gian trong quá khứ

At this/ that time + thời gian trong quá khứ

Khi hai mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng chữ when hoặc while…

Notes:

“at” xuất hiện ở 3 thời điểm, mỗi thời điểm được chia 2 thì: đơn (động từ không kéo dài)

hoặc thì tiếp diễn (động từ kéo dài).

 Example: At 3:00 yesterday, she was at home

At 3:00 yesterday, she was listening to music.

3 Past perfect :

* Cách dùng:

- Một hành động đã được hoàn tất trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ

Ex : He had left the house before she came.

- Một hành động đã được hoàn tất trước một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

Ex : We had had lunch by two o’clock.

By the age of 25, he had written two famous novels.

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành:

by * + thời gian trong quá khứ before, after, when, by the time, as soon as, as….

- S + was / were + V-ing

- S + wasn’t / weren’t + Ving

- Was / Were + S + Ving?

- S + had + V 3 / ed

- S + hadn’t + V3 / ed _ Had + S + V3 / ed?

for + khoảng thời gian already, never, ever, just

Notes:

“by” xuất hiện ở 2 thời điểm: quá khứ và tương lai, có 2 trường hợp:

QK: QKHT (had + V3 / ed), QKHTTD (had + been + Ving)

- by + giờ + dấu hiệu, S + V

TL: TLHT (will+have+Ve/ed), TLHTTD (will+have+been+Ving) QKĐ QKHT

- By the time S + V , S + V

TLĐ TLHT

 Example:

a By the end of this year, my father _ in this company for 10 years.

A will work B will have been working C has been working D has worked

b By the time she arrived home, her parents had gone out.

4 Past perfect continuous:

* Dấu hiệu: For + khoảng thời gian, by + giờ + dấu hiệu

 Thời điểm tương lai:

1 Simple future:

* Cách dùng:

- Một hành động có thể , hay có lẽ xảy ra trong tương lai

Ex: They will come here next week

The football match will be over at 7 o’clock

- Một lời đề nghị hay một yêu cầu ( ở thể nghi vấn)

Ex: Will you go to the cinema with me?

* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

Thường thì khi trong câu có các cụm từ sau ta chia động từ ở thì tương lai đơn:

Next ( next week, next month, … )

At + thời giờ trong tương lai

Tomorrow, in + năm tương lai

* Chú ý: Để diễn tả một hành động có ý định hay một dự trù trong tương lai, ta có thể dùng TO BE

GOING TO + Vo

2 Future continuous:

* Cách dùng: Diễn tả hành động sẽ đang xảy ra vào thời điểm xác định trong tương lai

At 2:00 tomrrow, I will be watching TV.

* Dấu hiệu: At + giờ + thời điểm tương lai

* Cách dùng:

- Một hành động sẽ được hoàn tất trước một thời điểm ở tương lai hay một hành động khác ởtương lai

Ex: By lunch time, I will have typed five letters

- Đối với một hành động kéo dài tới một thời điểm trong tương lai

Ex: When I leave the school next week, I will have taught this class for 5 years.

On December 18th , they will have been married for 30 years.

4 Future perfect continuous:

• Dấu hiệu: by + giờ + dấu hiệu tương lai, for + khoảng thời gian

 Sự phối hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề phụ chỉ thời gian:

1 since + thời điểm:

+ trong cấu trúc: S + V + since + S + V (QKĐ)

- QKĐ - QKĐ (hành động không kéo dài)

- QKTD (hành động kéo dài)

- QKTD - QKĐ (hành động không kéo dài)

- QKTD (hành động kéo dài)

* Note: Sau từ nối chỉ thời gian, nếu không có chủ từ thì động từ là “Ving”

Ex: When + S + V, S + V When + Ving, S + V.

 Một số mẫu câu đáng chú ý:

1

 Example:

a I haven’t seen my father for one month.

 It’s one month since I saw my father.

b I haven’t eaten this kind of food for 2 years.

 It is 2 years since I ate this kind of food.

2

 Example:

a I haven’t seen that man here before.

 It’s the first time I have seen that man here.

b I have never read this book before.

 This is the first time time I have read this book.

3

 Example:

a I haven’t seen him since I was a student.

 I last saw him when I was a student.

b It hasn’t rained for 2 days.

 The last time it rained was 2 days ago.

S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3 / ed + …… + before

 It / This is the first time + S + have / has + V3 / ed

S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3/ ed + …….+ since / for + thời gian

 S + last + V2 / ed (QKĐ) + …… + when / thời gian + ago

 The last time + S + V (QKĐ) + …… + was + when / thời gian ago

S + started / began + Ving / to Vo + …….+ when / thời gian + ago

 S + have / has + V3 / ed + …… + since / for + thời gian

have / has been + Ving

 Example:

a He started working for this factory for a year.

 He has been working for this factory a year ago.

b Tom began playing the piano 4 years ago.

 Tom has been playing the piano for 4 years.

 Practice Exercises: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence:

1.When the telephone rang, she………… a letter

a wrote b was written c was writing d has written

2 ………… the moon last night?

a Have you seen b Had you seen c Do you see d Did you see

3 ……… Roger lately?

a Had you seen b Did you see c Do you see d Have you seen

4 I ……… a letter from her yet

a didn’t receive b won’t receive c haven’t receive d don’t receive

5 When it began to rain, they ……… in the yard

a played b were playing c had played d have played

6 ……… I was walking home, it began to rain

7 ……… it stops raining, we will leave

8 We miss the train It……… when we arrived

9 Susan was sitting in the boach when she ……… a noise

10 Ivan ……… on history studies all yesterday morning

a was working b used to work c had worked d has worked

11 We have done a lot of work on tenses lately and we now ……… most of the rules

a were understanding b understand c understood d are understanding

12 At this moment I ……… that we have a good chance of victory

a feel b was feeling c am feeling d had been feeling

13 I ……… to bed until five o’clock last night

14 Harry is working at a bank ………

a at the moment b a year ago c since last year d for a year

15 I ……… the money from him yet

a will receive b don’t receive c am receiving d haven’t received

16 His sister won’t get married until she ……… 27 years old

17 Mr Victor …… in the army from 1963 to 1981

a served b had served c is serving d has served

18 This is the most interesting novel …………

a I’ve read b I had read c I’ve never read d I’ve ever read

19.Caroline said that she ………… you some day

a would visit b had visited c will visit d has visited

20 Christina is studying English She started to learn it five years ago

She ………… English for five years

a studied b was studying c had studied d has been studying

21 Since 1970 Tim ……… in London, and he is still there now

22 My brother and sister……… in Boston

23 You will see him when he …… here tomorrow

24 Most students ……… hard for the last few weeks

a were working b have working c worked d have been working

25 The old in my country …… cared for by their children and grandchildren

26 I left my pen at home ………… I borrow yours?

27 The young always ……… a lot of ambitions

28 Five thousand miles ……… too far to travel

29 ……… your house painted last year?

30.Cindy hasn’t visited her home in Australia………

a many years ago b many years since c since many years d for many years

31 I have been writing a letter ………… nine o’clock

32 He ………… in the café when she came in

33 It began to rain while we ………… soundly

34 On his way home, John usually ………… at the office

35 When I see Barbara in the street, she always ………… at me

36 The Prime Miniter ………… to Paris several times

37 Mr Goldsmith …… in the office when the thieves threw a stone through the window

38 Maria Roberts left her home in Leeds last week and nobody ………… her since

39 Several people were hurt in the accident but only one ……… to hospital

a has taken b has been taking c was taken d was taking

40 “You’re late”, he said “I think the bus ………… already”

41 I haven’t seen him

a many years ago b for many years c many year ago d since many years

42 She anything last night

43 She the bell three times before he answered the door

a has rung b had rung c was ringing d is ringing

44 He didn’t remember the appointment with the doctor until his wife home

45 No matter how hard they tried, they in their scheme

a didn’t succeed b hadn’t succeeded c don’t succeed d not succeed

46 Animals on Earth for at least 700 million years

a living b have lived c lived d have been lived

47 The ancient Olympic Games as amateur contests, but in time became

professional

48 I suddenly remembered that I to bring my keys

A having forgotten B have forgotten C had forgotten D forgot

49 By the year 2010 many people currently employed _ their jobs

A will have lost B will be losing C have lost D are losing

50 The last time I saw Rose was 3 years ago.

A I hasn’t seen Rose for 3 years B I haven’t seen Rose for 3 years

C I hasn’t seen Rose since 3 years D I hasn’t seen Rose 3 years ago

51 I had no sooner closed the door somebody started knocking on it

A as B that C than D when

52 she burst into tears

A When to see her father B When seeing her father

C On seeing her father D If seeing her father

53 They _ for Japan at 10.30 tomorrow

A will be leaving B have left C are left D will have left

54 It was not until the 1920s that publicity about valuable stamps encouraging a large increase in

A B C D

the number of stamp collectors

55 to / begin / wash / David / his / study / have / after / clothes.

A After David had washed his clothes, he began to study

B After David washed his clothes, he begins to study

C After David has washed his clothes, he began to study

D After David washed his clothes, he had begun to study

56 _ nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay in a hotel

57 I haven’t gone to the cinema for 10 years.

A It’s 10 years I haven’t gone to the cinema

B It was 10 years ago I went to the cinema

C The last time I went to the cinema was 10 years

D I last went to the cinema 10 years ago

58 I had a road accident when I a phone call in the car

59 _ I came to see her yesterday, she was reading a book

60 He _ in Dalat at the moment

61 He _ to Hanoi 10 days ago

62 When you arrived back at the hotel, ?

A were you noticing what time it was B were you noticing what time was it

C did you notice what time was it D did you notice what time it was

63 She’ll be a billionaire by the time she _ 40

64 By this time next year, my father here for 25 years

A are going to work B will be working C will have been working D will work

65 He never goes home before he will finish his work

A B C D

66 Before , they used horse-drawn wooden cart

A farmers have had tractors B tractors owned by farmers

C having tractors farmers D farmers had tractors

67 During the lecture yesterday, he the importance of a good education

A stressed B have stressed C stress D stresses

68 After Daisy lunch, she _ to some music for a while

A finished – had listened B had finished – listened

C finished – listened D had finished – had listened

69 Ann said that she was going away for a few days and me when she got back

A will call B was going to call C would call D would have call

70 _ for a job for a long time before you got it?

C Have you been looking D Had you looked

71 I haven’t seen that man here before

 It’s

72 John hasn’t had his hair cut for over 6 months

 It is

73 Mary rang hours and hours ago.

 It’s hours _

74 I haven’t eaten this kind of food before

 This is the first

75 She started working as a secretary 5 years ago

78 He has never driven such a luxurious car

A This car is the most luxurious car he has

B This is the first time he has driven such a luxurious car

C This is the first time he has drives such a luxurious car

D This is the first car he has driven in such a luxurious way

79 We haven’t written to each other for two months.

A It is two months that we wrote to each other

B It is two months since we wrote together

C There are two months for us to write to each other

D B It is two months since we last wrote to each other

80 When did Mike start learning French?

A How long has Mike started to learn French?

B How long ago has Mike started to learn French?

C How long has Mike been learning French?

D How long was Mike strating to learn French?

81 The film will end when you have finished dinner.

A By the time you finish dinner, the film will have ended

B By the time you have finished dinner, the film will end

C You finish dinner, and then the film will end

D By the time you finishing dinner, the film will have ended

82 The last I saw him was in June, 2004.

A I have seen him since June, 2004 B I haven’t seen him since June, 2004

C I didn’t see him since June, 2004 D I saw him since june, 2004



WISH SENTENCES

A PHẦN LÍ THUYẾT:

Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề : mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện

( mệnh đề phụ) còn được gọi là mệnh đề có if (If-clause) và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả còn được gọi là mệnh đề chính (main clause).

- If he works harder, he will succeed in his examination.

(if-clause) (main clause)Chúng ta cũng có thể đặt mệnh đề chính ở đầu câu :

- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder.

Trong tiếng Anh có 3 loại câu điều kiện:

* Type I : ĐIỀU KIỆN CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐƯỢC (probable condition) 1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một sự việc

có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai

- If the rain stops, we will go for a walk.

- He will come if you call him.

- If you ask me, I can help you.

- You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam.

* Mệnh đề chính có thể là một mệnh lệnh hoặc thỉnh cầu :

- Come to me if you need help.

- If you have time, perfect your English.

* Type II : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI unreal Condition)

(Present-1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện này diễn tả một điều kiện khó có thể

xảy ra hay một sự việc không thực hiện được ở hiện tại hoặc tươnglai

- If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming.

(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming)

- If Tom were here, he would know the answer.

(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.)

- I would call him if I knew his number.

(= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)

* Quá khứ giả định là hình thức quá khứ đơn của các động từ

ngoại trừ động từ “to be” chỉ có một hình thức WERE cho tất cả các

ngôi

* Cách viết đặc biệt của câu điều kiện loại 2:

- If Tom were here, he would know the answer.

= Were Tom here, he would know the answer

* Type III : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở QUÁ KHỨ unreal Condition)

(Past-1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một điều kiện

hoàn toàn không thực hiện được hoặc không xảy ra trong quá khứ

2/ Thì của động từ :

S + had ( not)+ V3/ ed + O would

, S + could + (not) + have + V3/ed

might

- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house.

- I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday.

* Cách viết đặc biệt của câu điều kiện loại 3:

- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry.

(= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)

* Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện còn được bắt đầu bằng các

liên từ khác như : suppose, supposing that (giả sử như), on the condition that (với điều kiện là), as long as, so long as, provided (that) (miễn là), in case (trong trường hợp) , even if ( thậm chí nếu, ngay cả)

chỉ sự tương phản

- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with

pleasure.

- Even if he is tired, he won’t stay at home.

(ngay cả khi mệt, anh ta cũng khơng ở nhà)

* Từ có nghĩa phủ định : unless (trừ phi, nếu khơng).

- He won’t come unless you call him.

(= He won’t come if you don’t call him.)

* Nâ âng cao: 2 từ cĩ nghĩa phủ định: without, but for (nếu không)

- Without your help, I wouldn’t have finished my homework.

(Nếu khơng cĩ sự giúp đỡ của bạn, tơi đã khơng thể hồn thành bài tập)

- But for the president’s absence, the meeting wouldn’t have been cancelled.

(Nếu khơng vì sự vắng mặt của ơng chủ tịch thì cuộc họp đã khơng bị hủy)

• Notes:

B MỘT SỐ DẠNG BÀI TẬP CƠ BẢN:

 D ùng câu điều kiện viết lại câu từ tình huống đã cho:

Were + S + …., S + could / would / might + Vo

Had + V3/ed + …, S + would (not) + have + V3/ed

If…….not = Unless

 Tình huống hiện tại: dùng câu điều kiện loại 2, thể trái ngược(khẳng định phủ định )

 If she had money, she could buy that book

2/ He is tired because he works so hard

 If he didn’t work so hard, he wouldn’t be tired

 Tình huống quá khứ: dùng câu điều kiện loại 3, thể trái ngược(khẳng định phủ định)

Example:

1 She failed in her final exam because she was lazy

 If she hadn’t been lazy, she wouldn’t have failed in her final exam

2 It was raining heavily, so he couldn’t go to school

 If it hadn’t been raining heavily, he could have gone to school

 Tình huống tương lai: dùng câu điều kiện loại 1, không dùng thể trái ngược.

Example: I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.

 If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it

 Đổi từ “Unless If … not”

V1 don’t Vo

Vs/es doesn’t Vo

V2/ed didn’t Vo

am, is, are, were, am not, isn’t, aren’t, weren’t

had + V3/ed hadn’t + V3/ed

Example:

1 Unless you promise to return the book next week, I won’t let you borrow it

 If you don’t promise to return the book next week, I won’t let you borrow it

2 If it doesn’t rain, we will go pinic

2 Wish loại 2: Diễn tả 1 điều ao ước không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại:

3 Wish loại 3: diễn tả 1 điều ao ước không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ:

 Note:

a S + regret + Ving + …

 S + wish + S + hadn’t + V3/ed + …

Ex: She regrets telling him the truth

 She wishes she hadn’t told him the truth.

b S + regret + not + Ving + …

 S + wish + S + had + V3/ed + ….

Ex: She regrets not telling him the truth

 She wishes she had told him the truth

c Dùng câu ao ước viết lại câu từ tình huống đã cho.

 Nếu tình huống ở hiện tại, dùng câu ao ước loại 2 và thể trái ngược:

Ex: It’s very crowded here I wish there weren’t so many people.

 Nếu tình huống ở quá khứ, dùng câu ao ước loại 3 và thể trái ngược:

Ex: She didn’t attend the class yesterday She wishes she had attended the class

D AS IF / AS THOUGH: NHƯ THỂ LÀ

1

: diễn tả việc người ta nói có thể xảy

ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

Ex: It looks as if it’s going to rain:(Trời như thể sắp mưa.)

2 : diễn tả việc người ta nói là không có

didn’t Vo V2/ed

S + wish + S + had (not) + V3/ed = If only would (not) have + V3/ed

: diễn tả việc người ta nói là không

có thật ở quá khứ.

Ex: He looked as if he had known everything.

E PRACTICAL EXERCISES:

EXERCISE I : Rewrite these sentences, using “if” in place of “unless”

1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining

a/ My brother will have enough money He will buy a bicycle

→ If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle.

b/ She can’t speak English She won’t apply for the job

→ If she could speak English she would apply for the job.

c/ He wasn’t here He didn’t have a lot of fun

→ If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun.

1/ She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree

VI Rewrite the following sentences using “WISH” clause:

1 I’m sorry now that I asked her to say

EXERCISE IV Choose the best answer to complete the sentence:

1 she agreed, you would have done it

2 If you to be shosen for the job, you’ll have to be experienced in the field

3 If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy

4 If you just approach the job with the right attitude, things _ well

5 If I didn’t have exams next week, I camping with you this weekend

A will go B will have gone C would have gone D would go

6 You’ll be ill

A unless you continue to smoke B if you continue to smoke

C because you don’t smoke D if you stop to smoke

7 If I _ taller, I better at basketball

8 If I had enough money, I a good dictionary

A would buy B will buy C will have bought D would have bought

9 If I _ to him, I wouldn’t have lost my way

A would listen B will listen C had listened D listen

10 If I had known she was ill, I would go to visist her.

15 He didn’t hurry so he missed the train.

A If he hurried, he wouldn’t miss the train

B If he had hurried, he might catch the train

C If he had hurried, he could have caught the train

D He didin’t miss the train because he hurried

16 If I _ you, I would get some rest before the game tomorrow

17 Please keep your voice down in this section If you to talk loudly, I will have to ask you to leave

A continued B could continue C will continue D continue

18 If I _ following that car too closely, I would have been able to stop in time instead of running into it

19 A huge tree crashed through the bedroom roof and broke my bed _ in the room, I would have been killed

A Should I be B Had I been C Would I have been D Would I be

20 If the world’s tropical forests continue to disappear at their present rate, many animal species extinct

21 I’m not tired enough to go to bed yet I wouldn’t sleep if I to bed now

22 , he would have been able to pass the exam

A If he studied more B If he was studying more

23 If I _ you, I that car

A were – would sell B were – sold C were – will sell D am – would sell

24 I regret not attending Mr Smith’s lecture.

A I wish I attended Mr Smith’s lecture

B I wish I have attended Mr Smith’s lecture

C If only I attended Mr Smith’s lecture

D If only I had attended Mr Smith’s lecture

25 Give Peter my letter – If I him, I _ it to him

C have seen – will have given D had seen – would have given

26 you hurry, you won’t catch the train

27 Unless you work harder, you will finish on time

A B C D

28 I/ be you / take / job.

A If I am you, I’ll take the job B If I were you, I’d take the job

C If I were you, I’ll take the job D If I weren’t you, I didn’t take the job

29 What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we the plane, we _ in the crash

A had missed / would have been killed B hadn’t missed / would have been killed

C missed / would be killed D had missed / wouldn’t have been killed

30 If you didn’t play the guitar too loudly, .

A you wouldn’t have a sore throat B the neighbors didn’t get that angry

C you hasn’t had a sore throat D.the neighbors wouldn’t get so angry

31 “Here’s my phone number.” – Thanks I’ll give you a call if I some help

tomrrow.”

32 _ you, I’d think twice about that decision

33 Unless you all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you

34 Unless I don’t go home early, please go shopping and buy some food for lunch

A B C D

35 I want to buy a dictionary, but I don’t have enough money.

A If I have enough money, I buy a dictionary

B If I have enough money, I will buy a dictionary

C If I had enough money, I would buy a dictionary

D If I had had enough money, I would have bought a dictionary

36 We didn’t go by air because we didn’t have enough money.

A We would go by air if we had enough money

B We would have gone by air if we had had enough money

C If we would go by air , we had enough money

D We had had enough money if we would have gone by air

37 He drinks too much, that’s why he often quarrels with me.

A He wouldn’t quarrel with me often if he didn’t drink too much

B He would quarrel with me often if he drank too much

C He wouldn’t have quarrelled with me often if he hadn’t drunk too much

D He would have quarrelled with me often if he had drunk too much

38 He didn’t succeed in his job, perhaps because his father didn’t encourage him.

A He will succeed in his job if his father encourages him

B If his father encouraged him, he would cucceed in his job

C He would have succeeded in his job if his father had encouraged him

D If his father didn’t encourage him,he wouldn’t have succeeded in his job

39 The tree would die unless the farmer added fertilizer.

A The tree wouldn’t die if the farmer didn’t add fertilizers

B The tree would die if the farmer didn’t add fertilizers

C The tree wouldn’t die if the farmer add fertilizers

D The tree would have died if the farmer hadn’t added fertilizers

40 I don’t know many people  I wish I _ more people

A know B knew C had known D should know

41 I wish Sarah _ here now

A is B were C would be D will be

42 I wish I _ to the party last night

A went B go C had gone D have gone

43 She wishes she _ a doctor in the future

A is B were C would be D will be

44 Cathy refused the job offer I wish she _ that

A do not do B does not to do C didn’t do D hadn’t done

45 I regret not booking the seats in advance.

A I wish I booked the seats in advance

B I wish I have booked the seats in advance

C I wish I had booked the seats in advance

D I wish I could book the seats in advance

46 What a pity you didn’t come to my party.

A If only you hadn’t come to my party

B If only you didn’t come to my party

C I wish you had come to my party

D I you came to my party.

47 I’m sorry that you can’t go with me.

A I wish you will go with me B I wish you go with me

C I wish you had gone with me D I wish you could go with me

48 , the workers will stop working

A.Unless the working conditions aren’t improved

B.If not working conditions are improved

C.If the working conditions are improved

D.Unless the working conditions are improved

49 If I had enough money, I would have bought that car today

A B C D

50 What would you have do if you were in my position?

A B C D

51 Nam was ill, so he didn’t go to school

A If he had been ill, he would have gone to school.

B If he hadn’t been ill, he wouldn’t have gone to school.

C If he hadn’t been ill, he would have gone to school.

D If he weren’t ill, he would go to school.

52 Because the weather was bad, we didn’t go camping

A If the weather wasn’t bad, we would go camping.

B If the weather weren’t bad, we would go camping.

C If the weather is good, we will go camping.

D If the weather hadn’t been bad, we would have gone camping.

53 I don't have money, so I can't help you.

A If I can help you, I will have money

B If I have money, I can help you.

C If I had money, I could help you.

D If I had had money, I could have helped you.

* Ví dụ: - They use this room on special occasions.

• This room is used on special occasions (by them)

- He sold his house last year

• His house was sold last year (by him)

- Active: S + V + O + …… + (adv nơi chốn) + (adv thời gian).

- Passive : S’ + be V3/ed * + … + (adv nơi chốn) + (by O’)* + (adv thời gian).

B Những trường hợp cụ thể:

1 Thì hiện tại đơn:

Ex: - They use this room on special occasions

This room is used on special occasions (by them)

2.Thì quá khứ đơn:

Ex: The storm destroyed the city last night

 The city was destroyed by the storm last night

3 Thì tương lai đơn:

Ex: They will cut the grass tomorrow

 The grass will be cut tomorrow

4 Modals:

Active: S + MODAL* + Vo + O + … + (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Passive: S’ + MODAL + BE + V3/ed + ….+(adv nơi) +(by + O’) +(adv tgian)

(thêm)

* Chú ý: MODAL gồm có: can, could, must, may, might, would, should, ought to, used to,

be going to

* Ví dụ: - A child can understand this problem.

-> This problem can be understood by a child

- They could not finish the work on time

-> The work could not be finished on time

5 Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn:

Active: S + V1 + O + … + (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Vs/es

Passive: S’ + am / is / are + V3/ed + … + (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv)

(thêm)

Active: S + V2/ed + O + … + (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Passive: S’ + was / were + V3/ed + … + (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv tgian)

(thêm)

Active: S + will + Vo + O + … + (adv nơi) + (adv tgian).

Passive: S’ + will + be + V3/ed + … + (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv tgian).

(thêm)

Active: S + am/is/are + Ving + O + …+ (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Passive: S’ + am/is/are + being + V3/ed + …+ (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv tgian)

(thêm)

* Ví dụ: - They are building a new school in this area.

 A new school is being built in this area

* So sánh: - They are going to build a new bridge near my house.

 A new bridge is going to be built near my house

6 Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn:

Ex: They were listening to music

 Music was being listened to

7 Thì tương lai tiếp diễn:

Ex: She will be helping you when you come here tomorrow

 You will be being helped when you come here tomorrow

8.Thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

Ex: They have studied French for two months

 French has been studied for two months

9 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành:

Ex: They had already done the exercise

 The exercise had already been done

10 Thì tương lai hoàn thành:

Active: S + were/was + Ving + O + ….+ (adv nơi) + (adv tgain)

Passive: S’ + were/was + being + V3/ed + …+ (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv tgain)

(thêm)

Active: S + will + be + Ving + O + … + (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Passive: S’ + will + be + being + V3/ed + … + (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv tgain)

(thêm)

Active: S + have/has + (just/ already) + V3/ed + O + …+ (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Passive: S’ + have/has + (just/ already) + been + V3/ed + … + (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv ).

(thêm)

Active: S + had (just/ already) + V3/ed + O + …+ (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Passive: S’ + had (just/ already) + been + V3/ed + … + (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv ).

(thêm)

Ex:  People say that he lives abroad.

 It is said that he lives abroad

 He is said to live abroad

 People said that this man stole the car.

 It was said that this man stole the car

This man was said to steal the car

- Dùng (2) khi V(A) và V(B)

HTĐ QKĐ / HTHT

QKĐ QKHT

Ex: He thought that he had died in battle.

 It was thought that he had died in battle

 He was thought to have died in battle

b Động từ có 2 tân ngữ: (Verbs of two objects)

 Loại động từ cần giới từ “ To” :

 Active: John gave me an English book

(O người) (O vật)

Passive: I was given an English book (by John).

An English book was given to me (by John).

Active: S + will have V3/ed + O + …+ (adv nơi) + (adv tgian)

Passive: S’ + will have been V3/ed + … + (adv nơi) + (by O’) + (adv tgian ).

(thêm)

S(A) + V(A) + (that) + S(B) + V(B)

Someone say / said

They know/ knew/known

People think /thought

* Notes: Những động từ cùng loại với động từ “give” trong câu trên là: send, show, lend, pay, read,

throw, offer.

 Loại động từ cần giới từ “For” :

 Active: I bought my brother some books

(O người) (O vật)

Passive: My brother was bought some books (by me).

Some books were bought for my brother (by me).

* Notes: Những động từ cùng loại với động từ “buy” trong câu trên là: get (mua), make (tea,

coffee), do (a favor), save (dành, để dành)……

c Nguyên mẫu bị động: (sử dụng cho “begin, start, would like…)

They began to beat wooden drum

-> Wooden drum began to be beaten

He’d like people to call him Sir

 He’d like to be called Sir

d V + O + V +ING :

She kept me waiting

-> I was kept waiting

We found him working at his desk

-> He was found working at his desk (by us)

* Notes: Sử dụng cho một số động từ như “ see, hear, observe, watch, find, feel, notice, …”

e V + V +ING :(sử dụng cho “begin, start”…)

At that time, scientists began discovering Pluto and its satellites

-> At that time, Pluto and its satellites began being discovered by scientists

Active: S + V * + O (người) + O (vật)

Passive: S’ + be V3/ed + O (vật)

S’ + be V3/ed + for + O (người)

- Active: S + begin + to Vo + O + …

- Passive: S’ + begin + to be V3 /ed + …

- Active: S + see + O + Ving + …

- Passive: S’ + be seen + Ving + …

f Let : Động từ nguyên mẫu có TO (to Vo) được đặt sau động từ bị động (be V3/ed + to Vo), tuy nhiên, với động từ LET ta dùng động từ nguyên mẫu không TO (Vo):

Ex: He made us work -> We were made to work.

They let us go -> We were let go

g Dạng nhờ bảo:

EX1: I will have my brother repair the motor-bike for me.

EX2: She is going to get the roof repaired to morrow

Ex: The house really needs repairing

You need to study hard

II BÀI TẬP:

 Choose the word or phrase that best complete the sentence (A, B, C, or D):

1 James the news as soon as possible

A should tell B should be told C.should told D should be telled

2 I tried my best, but the windows by me

A could open B.could be open C.could be opened D could opened

3 It is hot in this room because the window _

- Active: S + begin + Ving + O + …

- Passive: S’ + begin + being V3 /ed + …

- Active: S + let + O + Vo + …

- Passive: S’ + be let + Vo + …

4 Sarah is wearing a blouse It _ of cotton.

A.be made B.are made C.is made D.made

5 He was often made milk by his mother

6 to the party, they could hardly refuse to go

A Having been invited B To have invited

C To have been invited D Having invited

7 The factory is said _ in a fire 2 years ago

C to have been destroyed D to destroy

8 She was worried about _

9 The injured man couldn’t walk and had to

10 The prosoner _ to have escaped by climbing over a wall

11 The club last year

A had been opened B was opened C has been opened D was being opened

12 He was said into that house

A to have broken B to break C to be broken D breaking

13 _ that he is a good man

A It was B It is said C It is saying D It says

14 He was seen the letters

15 The question to them

A is explaining B will explain C was being explained D explained

16 She _ this computer

A is showing how to use B is being showed how to be used

C is being showed how to use D showed how to be used

17 She was to answer that question by the teacher

18 The date of the meeting had to _ because of the president’s illness

19 We to him by the director We were glad to meet him

C are being introduced D were introduced

20 Nothing about it

A can do B can be done C can’t be done D be able to do

21 Five people injured in the accident

A reported to be B are reporting C are to be reported D are reported to be

 Choose the answer that has the closest meaning to the original one

1 His parents advised him to study hard for his exam.

A He was advised to study hard for his exam

B He was advised study hard for his exam

C He was advised to study hard his exam

D He is advised to study hard for his exam

11 CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT:

a

S(A) + V(A) + (that) + S(B) + V(B)

Someone say / said

They know/ knew/known

People think /thought

Ex:  People say that he lives abroad.

 It is said that he lives abroad

 He is said to live abroad

 People said that this man stole the car.

 It was said that this man stole the car

This man was said to steal the car

- Dùng (2) khi V(A) và V(B)

HTĐ QKĐ / HTHT

QKĐ QKHT

Ex: He thought that he had died in battle.

 It was thought that he had died in battle

 He was thought to have died in battle

b Động từ có 2 tân ngữ: (Verbs of two objects)

 Loại động từ cần giới từ “ To” :

 Active: John gave me an English book

(O người) (O vật)

Passive: I was given an English book (by John).

An English book was given to me (by John).

* Notes: Những động từ cùng loại với động từ “give” trong câu trên là: send, show, lend, pay, read,

throw, offer.

4 Mary is reading newspapers now.

A Newspapers are read by Mary now

B Newspapers being read by Mary now

C Newspapers are being read by Mary now

D Newspapers are reading by Mary now

5 Shakespeare wrote that play.

A That play were written by Shakespeare

B.That had been written by Shakespeare

C.That play was written by Shakespeare

D.That play are written by Shakespeare

6 Does Professor Jackson teach that course?

A Is that course teached by Prof Jackson?

Active: S + V * + O (người) + O (vật)

Passive: S’ + be V3/ed + O (vật)

S’ + be V3/ed + to + O (người)

B Has that course been taught by Prof.Jackson?

C.Is that course taught by Prof.Jackson?

D Was that course taught by Prof.Jackson?

7 They have watched the music programme on T.V since 3 o’clock.

A The music programme on T.V have been seen since 3 o’clock

B The music programme on T.V has been seen since 3 o’clock

C The music programme on T.V have be seen since 3 o’clock

D The music programme on T.V had been seen since 3 o’clock

8 They have just stolen his car.

A His car have just been stolen B His car has just been stolen

C His car has just been stole D His car has just stolen

9 No-one has ever discussed that matter thoroughly.

A That matter has never been discussed thoroughly

B That matter has no discussion thoroughly

C People have ever discussed that matter

D That matter has a thorough discussion

10 They say that three men were arrested after the explosion.

A Three men are said to be arrested after the explosion

B Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion

C Three men are said to have arrested after the explosion

D Three men are said to arrest after the explosion

 Change into passive:

1 They can’t make tea with cold water

THE STRUCTURES OF VERBS

 REPORTED SPEECH: CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT.

 Một số thay đổi đáng chú ý (khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu tường thuật)

 Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng:

Câu trực tiếp Câu tường thuật

- I / me / my He / him / his ( nếu chủ từ “S” câu tường thuật là “he” or nam)

She / her / her ( nếu chủ từ “S” câu tường thuật là “she” or nữ)

- We / us / our They / them / their

You / you / your I / me / my (nếu tân ngữ “O” câu tường thuật là “me”)

He / him / his (nếu “O” câu tường thuật là “him” or nam)

She / her / her (nếu “O” câu tường thuật là “her” or nữ)

We / us / our ( nếu “O” câu tường thuật là “us”)They / them / their (nếu “O” câu tường thuật là “them” or N số nhiều)

- Ex1: They said: “We want to buy some books”.

 They said that they wanted to buy some books

- Ex2: The father said to his daughter: “ Do your homework now”.

 The father told his daughter to do her homework then

 Thay đổi về trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn: (theo qui tắc từ gần sang xa)

- today / tonight  - that day / that night

- tomorrow  - the following day / the next day

- next week / month…  - the following week / month…

next

- yesterday  - the previous day / the day before

- last week /month…  - the week before /the month before…

previous week / month ….

- right now  - at once

- here  - there

- this / these  - that / those

- Ex1: He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.”

 He said that he would come there to take that book.

- Ex2: They said to us : “You must do this work right now.”

 They told us that we had to do that work at once.

 Thay đổi về thì của động từ: (theo qui tắc lùi bậc)

Câu trực tiếp Câu tường thuật

- HTĐ - QKĐ

Vs/es; V1 V2/ed

don’t / doesn’t Vo didn’t Vo

am / is / are was / were

V2/ed had V3/ed

didn’t Vo hadn’t V3/ed

were/was had been

- could /would /should /used to khơng đổi

- Ex1: They said: “We want to buy some books”.

 They said that they wanted to buy some books

- Ex2: They said to us : “You must do this work right now.”

 They told us that we had to do that work at once.

 M ột số dạng câu tường thuật cơ bản:

A Câu phát biểu (statements in reported speech)

1/ Ví dụ :- He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.”

 He said that he had lost his pen that morning.

- She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.”

 She told him that she would go with him the next day.

Chú ý :* Khi câu trực tiếp biểu thị một tập quán, một sự thật hay

một chân lý; hoặc khi câu trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 or loại 3 thì khi đổi sangcâu tường thuật: thì của động từ không thay đổi

- The lecturer said : “The earth moves round the sun.”

 The lecturer said that the earth moves round the sun.

- He asked her: “What would you say if someone stepped on your feet?”

 He asked her what she would say if someone stepped on her feet

- Direct: S + said : “ S + V + ….”

said to + O

 Indirect: S + said + (that) + S + V + …

told + O (đổi) (đổi)

* Khi trong câu trực tiếp động từ giới thiệu ở hiện tại , thì củađộng từ trong câu tường thuật không đổi

- The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.”

 The doctor tells her that she will have to stay there until the next day.

B CÂU HỎI (Questions in reported speech)

1.Yes / No questions:



 Ex: “Are you a teacher?” she asked.

 She asked me if I was a teacher

Ex : - She said to me : “Do you like swimming ?”

 She asked me if I liked swimming.



Ex: “Did you go to the movie last night, Lan?”, asked Peter.

 Peter asked Lan whether she had gone to the movie the night before

- Direct: S + said : “Am / Is / Are + S + …?”

Direct: S + said : “Do / Does + S + Vo + ….?”



Ex: - Tom said : “Has she finished her homework ?”

 Tom wanted to know whether she had finished her homework



Ex: Minh said: “Can Daisy do this exercise?”

Minh wodered whether Daisy could do that exercise

2/ Câu hỏi cĩ từ để hỏi (Wh-questions): làm tương tự như “Yes /No questions”, thế

“if /whether” bằng từ để hỏi (if /whether = why / what …).

Ex: - He asked me : “Why did you come home so late last night?”

 He asked me why I had come home so late the night before.

- Mary said : “ What is he doing now?”

 Mary wondered what he was doing then.

 Ghi nhớ :

+ Đổi said thành asked (có tân ngữ theo sau), wondered hay wanted to know (không có tân ngữ).

+ Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:), dấu ngoặc kép (“…”) và dấu chấm hỏi (?)

+ø giữ lại question-word (như what, where, how…) nếu là

“Wh-questions”

+ thêm “if / whether” nếu là “Yes-no questions”.

+ khơng đảo ngữ trong câu tường thuật ( S + V + …)

C CÂU MỆNH LỆNH (Commands in reported speech)

1/ Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định:

* Ví dụ :- The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.”

 The teacher told John to go to the blackboard.

2/ Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định:

* Ex: - He said to them : “Don’t be late tomorrow.”

 He told them not to be late the next day.

Ex: “Please don’t let me down, Tom”, said Mary.

 Mary begged Tom not to let her down.

Tóm tắt Câu tường thuật (reported speech)

Statements

(Câu phát

biểu)

* S + said + (that) + S + V + … told + O

Commands

(Câu mệnh

lệnh)

told to Vo (khẳng định)

* S + asked + O + ordered not + to Vo (phủ định)

begged

Questions

(Câu hỏi ) if / whether + S + V + …

* S + asked + (O) + (Yes / No

Direct: S + said to + O: “Don’t Vo + …”

Indirect: S + told + O + not to Vo + …

asked

ordered

begged

 Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence:

1.He begged them _

A help him B should help him C to help him D help to him

2.She said that she _ there the year before

3.Peter asked Jane why the film on T.V the previous night

4.She said she _ the next week, but I never saw her again

A will be back B had been back C would be back D is going to be back5.When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy _

4.The government has announced that taxes _

A would be raised B had been raised C were raised D will be raised

5.The librarian asked us _ so much noise

6.He said he would do it _

A yesterday B the following day C the previous day D the day before

7 She asked me _

A when I do the homework B if I did this homework

C whether I was doing this homework D if I had done that homework

8 They said that they had travelled to Thailand _

A last year B the following year C the next year D the year before

9 The teacher asked me

A what were the students doing then B what the students were doing now

C what the students were doing then D if the students were doing then

10 “Where _ last night?”, they asked

11 Jim anybody what had happened

C said me don’t to tell D asked me not to tell

12 She said _ and asked if she could get me anything

A she would be going shopping B she was going shopping

C she will be going shopping D she is going shopping

13 She told her father _

A she can’t follow his advice B that she couldn’t follow his advice

C that she can’t follow his advice D that she can’t followed his advice

14 She begged me

A that I must stay longer B that I must go away

C I must stay longer D to stay longer

15 The teacher asked his school-girl _

A if she did her homework B why doesn’t learn her lesson

C why she is so lazy D how she had came there

16 I told them

A to be quiet and make not noise B to be quiet and not make noise

C to be quiet and not to make noise D to be quiet and don’t make noise

17 She told her mother

A don’t give her money B not give her money

C not to give her money D give her money

18 They asked me _

A what is the matter ? B what the matter was

C what was the matter D what was the matter ?

 Exercise 2: Choose the answer that has the closest meaning to the original one:

1.She said to us: “Don’t be late again”.

A She said to us not to be late again B She told us to be not late again

C She told to us not to be late again D She told us not to be late again.

2.“Can I borrow your pen please, Sam?”, said Gallian.

A Gallian asked Sam if she can borrow his pen

B Gallian asked Sam if she could borrow his pen

C Gillian asked Sam she can borrow his pen

D Gillian asked Sam she could borrow his pen

3.“Where did you go last night, Nam?”, said Hoa

A Hoa said to Nam where had he gone the night before

B Hoa said to Nam where he had gone the night before

C Hoa told Nam where he had gone last night

D Hoa asked Nam where he had gone the night before

4.“What were you doing last night, Mr John?” the police asked

A The police asked what were you doing last night, Mr Joln

B The police asked Mr John what he had been doing the night before

C The police asked Mr John what had he been done the night before

D The police asked Mr John what he had done the night before

5 He says: “I am very happy”.

A He says: that he is very happy B He said that he is very happy

C He says that he was very happy D He says that he is very happy

6 He said: “I will buy a new car”.

A He said: he would buy a new car B He said he should buy a new car

C He said he would buy a new car D He said he will buy a new car

7 My mother says to me: “I’ll buy you a new dress”.

A My mother says to me that she‘ll buy me a new dress

B My mother tells me that she‘ll buy me a new dress

C My mother says to me that: she‘ll buy me a new dress

D My mother tells me that she would buy me a new dress

8 My sister said: “I am going to the theatre tomorrow”.

A My sister said that she was going to the theatre the next day

B My sister said that she was going to the theatre tomorrow

C My sister told that: she was going to the theatre the next day

D My sister said that she is going to the theatre the next day

9 My girl friend said to me: “You look happy today”.

A My girl friend said to me that I looked happy today

B My girl friend told me that I looked happy today

C My girl friend said to me that I looked happy that day

D My girl friend told me that I looked happy that day

10 He said to me: “Why are you so lazy?”.

A He said to me why I was so lazy B He asked me why I was so lazy

C He asked me why was I so lazy d He said to me why I was so lazy?

11 The doctor asked his patient: “Why don’t you come earlier?”.

A The doctor asked his patient why he had not come earlier

B The doctor asked his patient why he did not come earlier

C The doctor asked his patient why he has not come earlier

D The doctor asked his patient why he didn’t go earlier

12 He said to me: “Don’t sit on my chair!”.

A He said to me not to sit on his chair B He told me not to sit on his chair

C He said to me not sit on his chair D He told me: not to sit on his chair

13 She asked me: “ May I smoke?”.

A She asked me whether I may smoke

B She asked me whether she might smoke

C She asked me whether might she smoke

D She asked me whether she might smoke?

14 “Please, could you wake me at 6:00 tomorrow morning?”, I asked the door man.

A I asked the door man if he wakes me at 6:00 in the following morning

B I asked the door man if he wake me at 6:00 in the following morning

C I asked the door man whether he wakes me at 6:00 in the following morning.

D I asked the door man to wake me at 6:00 in the following morning

15 Mr Brown said, “Could you please wait here about half an hour?”

A Mr Brown asked me if I had been able to wait there about half an hour

B Mr Brown asked me if I could to wait there about half an hour

C Mr Brown asked me to wait there about half an hour

D Mr Brown asked me if I was pleased to wait there about half an hour

EXERCISE I : Put into the reported speech :

1/ Tom said : “I want to buy a pocket calculator for my father.”

EXERCISE II : Change to the reported speech:

1/ Mr Smith said : “Where are you going on your vacation this year ?”

EXERCISE III : Turn into the reported speech:

1/ The manager said : “ Come into my office, please.”

EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences:

1/ The flight attendant said : “Don’t forget to fasten your seat belts.”

 The flight attendant reminded _

2/ The policeman said to her : “Show me your driving licence.”

 The policeman ordered

3/ He said : “Did you see Mary yesterday ?”

see / saw / seen

hear / heard + O + Vo / Ving

feel / felt

watch

* Note: - Sử dụng “Vo” khi một người chứng kiến toàn bộ sự việc từ đầu đến cuối

- Sử dụng “Ving” một người chứng kiến sự việc đang diễn ra

EX: - The police watched them get out of the car.

- have O (người) + Vo O (người) + to Vo

has + # get / got + : nhờ, bảo

had O (vật) + V3/ed O (vật) + V3/ed

Vo can’t (couldn’t) help

- help + O + to Vo : giúp ai làm gì # + Ving: không thể nhịn with + N can’t (couldn’t) stand / bear được

II V + O + to Vo / to be V3,ed  V + to Vo / to be V3,ed  V + (O) + to Vo

- threaten: đe dọa - want

- encourage:khuyến khích - agree - expect: mong chờ

- remind: nhắc nhở - offer: bày tỏ, mong muốn

O + against + Ving - refuse: từ chối

- invite - demand: yêu cầu

- manage: xoay sở

- advise O + to Vo

allow: cho phép + # be + advised + to Vo

recommend: đề cử Ving allowed

permit: cho phép recommended

Ex: - She allowed me to go out permitted

- She allowed going out.

- She was allowed to go out.

III V + (O) + preposition + Ving / being V3,ed  V + Ving / being V3,ed

- spend + O + (on) - look forward to: mong chờ

- hate: ghét

- apologise + ( to + O) + for : xin lỗi - mention: đề cập

(would) mind + Ving / if + S + V

- blame + O + for : khiển trách

- complain + to + O + about: than phiền that + S + (should) + Vo

= There is no point (in)

- have dificulty (in): gặp khó khăn

* go + gerundđể chỉ một hoạt động đặc biệt nào đó:

- go fishing đi câu cá

- go shopping đi mua sắm

- go swimming đi bơi

- go hiking đi bộ dã ngoại

V V + to Vo / Ving (nghĩa thay đổi):

- try + Ving: thử làm 1 điều gì đó

# try + to Vo: cố gắng làm 1 điều gì đó

- stop + Ving: ngừng hẳn 1 chuyện đang làm

Ex: The students stopped talking when the teacher entered the classroom

Học sinh ngừng nói chuyện khi giáo viên bước vào lớp.

to Vo: hối tiếc sẽ phải làm 1 điều gì đó ( ý tương lai)

- regret +

Ving: hối tiếc đã làm 1 điều gì đó (ý quá khứ)

Ex: - I regret to inform you that I can’t accept your application

Tôi hối tiếc sẽ phải thông báo rằng tôi không thể chấp nhận đơn xin việc của cô.

- She regreted not attending the meeting yesterday

Cô ấy hối tiếc đã không tham dự buổi họp hôm qua.

to Vo: nhớ sẽ phải làm 1 điều gì đó ( ý tương lai).

- remember +

Ving: nhớ đã làm 1 điều gì đó (ý quá khứ)

Ex: - Remember to buy some presents for Mum on her birthday

Nhớ mua quà cho mẹ vào ngày sinh nhật.

- He remembered telling you the truth: Anh ấy nhớ đã cho bạn biết sự thật.

to Vo: quên sẽ phải làm 1 điều gì đó ( ý tương lai).

- forget +

Ving: quên đã phải làm 1 điều gì đó (ý quá khứ)

Ex: - Don’t forget to post my letter when you pass the post office

Đừng quên gởi lá thư dùm tôi khi đi ngang qua bưu điện.

- She forgot locking the door when she went home

Cô ấy quên phải khóa cửa khi về nhà.

VI Một số dạng câu tường thuật đáng chú ý:

1 “I’m sory I didn’t phone you earlier”, Mary said.

 Mary apologised for not phoning me earlier

2.“It was nice of you to visist me Thank you,” Miss White said to Jack.

 Miss white thanked Jack for visisting her

3.“What about having a party on Saturday?”, said Ann.

How about

Let’s have a party on Saturday?”

Why don’t we

 Ann suggested having a party on Saturday

4 “I hear you passed your exams Congratulations!”, John said to us.

 John congratulated us on passing our exams

5 “If I were you, I would apply for that job”, Peter said to Mary.

“You should / had better apply for that job”.

 Peter advised Mary to apply for that job

6.“I will come back home at 10:00”, said Mary to her mother.

 Mary promised to come back home at 10:00

1 “Don’t forget to post my letter”, she said to him.