Project management a managerial approach chapter 10

Monitoring and Information Systems• Evaluation and control of projects are the opposite sides of project selection and planning • Logic of selection dictates the components to be evaluat

Project Management: A Managerial Approach

Chapter 10 – Monitoring and

Information Systems

Monitoring and Information Systems

• Evaluation and control of projects are the opposite sides of project selection and planning

• Logic of selection dictates the components to be evaluated

• The details of the planning expose the elements to be

controlled

• Monitoring is the collecting, recording, and reporting

information concerning any and all aspects of project

performance

The Planning - Monitoring - Controlling Cycle

• The key things to be planned, monitored, and controlled are time (schedule), cost (budget), and specifications

• The planning methods require a significantly greater

investment of time and energy early in the life cycle of the project

• These methods significantly reduce the extent and cost

of poor performance and time/cost overruns

The Planning - Monitoring - Controlling Cycle

• The control process should be perceived as a

closed loop system

• In a closed loop system, revised plans and

schedules should follow corrective actions

• The planning-monitoring-controlling cycle is

continuously in process until the project is

complete

Project Control Closed-Loop

“Project Plan And Schedule”

“Customer”

IDs Need

Develop Functional Specs

Verify Specs w/

“Customer

“Ballpark”

Resource Estimates

Functional Specs to Design Specs

Design Specs

to ing Specs

Engineer-Stakeholder Feedback

PLANNING/SCHEDULING FEEDBACK LOOPS

Control

Information Flow for the Planning - Monitoring - Controlling Cycle

Designing the Monitoring System

• The first step in setting up any monitoring system is to

identify the key factors to be controlled

• The project manager must define precisely which specific characteristics of performance, cost, and time should be controlled

• Exact boundaries must then be established, within which control should be maintained

Designing the Monitoring System

• The best source of items to be monitored is the project action plan

• The monitoring system is a direct connection between planning and control

• It is common to focus monitoring activities on data that are easily gathered - rather than important

• Monitoring should concentrate primarily on measuring various facets of output rather than intensity of activity

Designing the Monitoring System

• The measurement of project performance usually poses the most difficult data gathering problem

• Performance criteria, standards, and data collection

procedures must be established for each of the factors to

Monitoring for Effectiveness

• Monitoring can serve to maintain high morale

on the project team

• Monitoring can also alert team members to

problems that will have to be solved

• The purpose of the monitoring system is to

gather and report data

• The purpose of the control system is to act on the data

Data Collection Sources

• It is necessary to define precisely what pieces of information should be gathered and when

• A large proportion of all data collected take one of the following forms:

– Frequency counts

– Raw numbers

– Subjective numeric ratings

– Indicators

Data Collection Reports

• After data collection has been completed, reports

on progress should be generated

• These reports include project status reports,

time/cost reports, and variance reports

• Causes and effects should be identified and trends noted

• Plans, charts and tables should be updated on a

timely basis

How to Collect Data

• A count of “bugs” found during a series of tests run on a new piece of software:

How to Collect Data

• Percent of specified performance met during repeated trials

Data Diagnosis

• Significant differences from plan should be highlighted

or “flagged” so that they cannot be overlooked by the controller

• Some care should be given to the issues of honesty and bias

• An internal audit serves the purpose of ensuring all

information gathered is honest

• No audit can prevent bias - all data are biased by those who report them

How to Collect Data

• The project manager is often dependent on team

members to call attention to problems

• The project manager must make sure that the bearer

of bad news is not punished; nor the admitter-to-error executed

• The hider-of-mistakes may be shot with impunity - and then sent to corporate Siberia

Reporting Process

• The monitoring system ought to be constructed so that it addresses every level of management

• Reports do not need to be of the same depth or at the

same frequency for each level

• The relationship of project reports to the project action plan or WBS is the key to the determination of both

report content and frequency

Reporting Process Effectiveness

• Reports must contain data relevant to the control of

specific tasks that are being carried out according to a

specific schedule

• The frequency of reporting should be great enough to

allow control to be exerted during or before the period in which the task is scheduled for completion

• The timing of reports should generally correspond to the timing of project milestones

Monitoring System Drivers

• The nature of the monitoring system should be consistent with the logic of the planning, budgeting, and scheduling systems

• The primary objective is to ensure achievement of the

project plan through control

• The scheduling and resource usage columns of the

project action plan will serve as the key to the design of project reports

Reporting Outcomes

• Benefits of detailed, timely reports delivered to the proper people:

– Mutual understanding of the goals of the project

– Awareness of the progress of parallel activities

– More realistic planning for the needs of all groups

– Understanding the relationships of individual tasks to one another and the overall project

– Early warning signals of potential problems and delays

– Faster management action in response to unacceptable or

inappropriate work

Report Types

• For the purposes of project management, we can consider three distinct types of reports:

– Routine - Regular

– Exception – Management Interest

– Special analysis – “Lessons Learned”

Report Types

• Exception reports are useful in two cases:

– First, they are directly oriented to project

management decision making and should be

distributed to the team members who will have a prime responsibility for decisions

– Second, they may be used when a decision is

made on an exception basis and it is desirable to inform other managers as well as to document the

Report Types

• Special analysis reports are used to disseminate the results of special studies conducted as a part

of the project

– These reports may also be used in response to

special problems that arise during the project

– Usually they cover matters that may be of interest to other project managers, or make use of analytic

methods that might be helpful on other projects

– Use meetings for making group decisions

– Have preset starting and stopping times

– Make sure that homework is done prior to the

meeting

• Some simple rules for more productive meetings (cont.):

– Avoid attributing remarks or viewpoints to

individuals in the meeting minutes

– Avoid overly formal rules of procedure

– If a serious problem or crisis arises, call a meeting for the purpose of dealing with that issue only

Common Reporting Problems

• There are three common difficulties in the design of project reports:

– There is usually too much detail, both in the reports

themselves and the input being solicited from workers

– Poor interface between the project information system and the parent firm’s information system

– Poor correspondence between the planning and the

monitoring systems

The Earned Value Chart

• One way of measuring overall performance is by using an aggregate performance measure called

earned value

• A serious difficulty with comparing actual

expenditures against budgeted or baseline is that the comparison fails to take into account the

amount of work accomplished relative to the cost incurred

The Earned Value Chart

• The earned value of work performed (value completed) for those tasks in progress is found by multiplying the

estimated percent completion for each task by the planned cost for that task

• The result is the amount that should have been spent on the task so far

• The concept of earned value combines cost reporting and aggregate performance reporting into one comprehensive chart

The Earned Value Chart

• Graph to evaluate cost and performance to date:

The Earned Value Chart

• Variances on the earned value chart follow two primary guidelines:

– 1 A negative is means there is a deviation from plan—not good – 2 The cost variances are calculated as the earned value minus some other measure

• EV - Earned Value: budgeted cost of work performed

• AC - actual cost of work performed

• PV - Planned Value: budgeted cost of work scheduled

• ST - scheduled time for work performed

The Earned Value Chart

• EV - AC = cost variance (CV, overrun is negative)

• EV - PV = schedule variance (SV, late is negative)

• ST - AT = time variance (TV, delay is negative)

• If the earned value chart shows a cost overrun or

performance underrun, the project manager must figure out what to do to get the system back on target

• Options may include borrowing resources, or holding a

meeting of project team members to suggest solutions, or notifying the client that the project may be late or over

budget

The Earned Value Chart

• Variances are also formulated as ratios rather than differences

– Cost Performance Index (CPI) = EV/AC

– Schedule Performance Index (SPI) = EV/PV

– Time Performance Index (TPI) = ST/AT

• Use of ratios is particularly helpful when comparing the performance of several projects

Milestone Reporting

• Milestone reports serve to keep all parties up

to date on what has been accomplished

• If accomplishments are inadequate or late, these reports serve as starting points for

remedial planning

Computerized PMIS

• New microcomputer-based project management

information systems (PMISs) are considerably more

sophisticated than earlier systems

• Uses the microcomputer’s graphics, color, and other

features more extensively

• Many systems can handle almost any size project, being limited only by the memory available in the computer

• The current trend is to facilitate the global sharing of

project information, including complete status reporting, through local networks as well as the Internet

Current Software

• The explosive growth of project management software during the early 1990s saw the

creation of more than 500 packages

• Systems can be easily misused or

inappropriately applied - as can any tools

• The most common error is managing the

PMIS rather than the project itself

Typical Software Output

Typical Software Output

• Early and late start and finish dates and slack

Typical Software Output

• Project Cost Tracking

Typical Software Output

• AON Network

Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117

of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or

damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.