AMERICAN SCHOOL TEXBOOK READING KEY CORE 3

Chapter 1Social Studies History and GeographyUnit 01 History and Culture Clues from the Past Unit 02 The American Government the Important American Documents Unit 03 The Election System of the United States The American Presidential Election Unit 04 The American Civil War The Civil War Unit 05 PostCivil War Reconstruction Unit 06 The Nation Grows Indusrtialization and Urbanization Unit 07 War and Revolution The Age of Imperialism Unit 08 World War II World War II WrapUp Test 1 Chapter 2 Science Unit 09 Living Things and Their Environments Interactions among Living Things Unit 10 How Do Ecosystems Change? Biomes and Ecological succession Unit 11 How Plants Meet Their Needs Plant Structures and Functions Unit 12 Earths Surface Earths Changing Crust Unit 13 Earths Atmosphere What Makes Up the Atmosphere? Unit 14 The Properties and Structure of Matter

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A creative group that develops English contents and products for ESL and EFL students

American School Textbook

Reading Key - Core 3

Publisher: Keyjoong Kim

Authors: Michael A Putlack { e-Creative Contents

First edition : December, 2010

Seventh edition : July, 2013

Copyright © 2013 @ Key Publications

Photo Credits © Photos.com,

© Key Publications

All rights reserved No part of this publication may

be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted, in any form or by any means, without

the prior written permission of the copyright owner

ISBN: 978-89-7457-837-4 14740

Components: Student book / Workbook / MP3 CD

The Best Preparation for Building

Academic Reading SkHls and Vocabulary

The Reading Key series is designed to help students to understand American

school textbooks and to develop background knowledge in a wide variety

of academic topics This series also provides learners with the opportunity to

enhance their reading comprehension skills and vocabulary, which will assist

them when they take various English exams

Reading Key <Easy> is

a three-book series designed for high-beginner to low-intermediate learners

Reading Key <Basic> is

a three-book series designed for low-intermediate to intermediate learners

Reading Key <Core> is

a three-book series designed for intermediate to advanced learners

» A wide variety of topics that cover American school subjects

helps learners expand their knowledge of academic topics through interdisciplinary studies

° Intensive practice for reading skill development

helps learners prepare for various English exams

» Building vocabulary by school subjects and themed texts

helps learners expand their vocabulary and reading skills in each subject

* Graphic organizers for each passage

show the structure of the passage and help to build summary skills

« Captivating pictures and illustrations related to the topics

help learners gain a broader understanding of the topics and key concepts

Rivers and Civilizations

The Fertile Crescent and

the Kingdoms of Egypt

The Ancient World

The Roman Empire

The Arab World

The Rise of Islam

Unit 07 33 The Renaissance and the Reformation

From the Middle Ages to the Reformation

UE OB 37 The Enlightenment: The Age of Reason The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

Unit 09 45 The Characteristics of Living Things

Cells, Reproduction, and Heredity

The Earth’s Oceans

Oceans and Ocean Life

Fossils

What We Can Learn from Fossils

Force and Motion

The Human Body

Diseases and the Immune System

Wrap-Up Test 2 73

Numbers and Computation

Factors, Prime Numbers, and

From Baroque Art to Pop Art

The Music of the Middle Ages Gregorian Chants and Polyphonic Music Wrap-Up Test 3

° Answers and Translations 104

Huôy and World History and Culture The Fertile Crescent and the Kingdoms of Egypt

: World History and Culture Ancient Greece

World History and Culture The Roman Empire World History and Culture The Rise of Islam World History and Culture From the Middle Ages to the Reformation World History and Culture The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

Science A World of Living Things Cells, Reproduction, and Heredity

Oceans and Ocean Life What We Can Learn from Fossils Newton's Laws

Light Energy Eclipses Diseases and the Immune System

Geometry Dimensions

Language and Literature Pygmalion

Literature Language Arts Sentences

_ Vieual Arts : Visual Arts From Baroque Art to Pop Art

Music A World of Music Gregorian Chants and Polyphonic Music

~~ During the Stone Age,

: humans were hunter-

_ gatherers who made simple

tools from stone

humans learned to make tools from bronze

learned to make tools from iron and began to develop

: the period when humans learned to work with copper and tin : the period when humans learned to work with iron

>a person who hunts animals and gathers wild plants for food

unt01 9

And humans began to evolve, to spread out, and to become more civilized

Archaeologists have created a three-age system to describe prehistoric cultures They are the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age

The Stone Age is often divided into the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age The Old Stone Age was the first part of the Stone Age and began around 2,000,000 B.C The New Stone Age was the last part of the Stone Age and began around 10,000 B.C

During the Old Stone Age, humans lived as hunter-gatherers

They hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food People could only make simple tools out of stone Yet people learned how

to make fire during this age Having fire changed human life a

lot Fire provided light and helped people stay warm Most of

all, people could cook their food

In the New Stone Age, there began to be some more

goats Some people began to settle in villages where there

was fertile soil for farming Since they could grow their own

crops and raise their own animals, they no longer had to live

as nomads, However, they still used stone tools, so this time is

called the New Stone Age

such as copper and tin They learned how to create tools and

weapons out of bronze And pottery became more common

during this time

Around 1500 B.C., the Iron Age began in Europe Of

course, it started earlier in some places and later in other

places During the Iron Age, humans began working with iron

Also, the first real cities began to appear, and trade between

Check T (True) or F (False) |

1 The Stone Age happened before the fron Age (7

unitol 14

a The different ages that prehistoric humans lived in

b The achievements of Bronze and Iron Age humans

c How the Ice Age affected the progress of humans

a They used it to farm the land

b They were able to cook their food with it

c They stopped living lives as nomads

5 Complete the sentences

c The first real cities started to appear during the

6 Complete the outline

Old Stone Age | * Worked with soft metals Europe

* Learned to make bronze | + The first real cities appeared

Complete each sentence Change the form if necessary _

SREB SERRA mE aE

4 - The word _ means to tame Or raise animals |

Ancient Mesopotamia was

located between the Tigris

What are some ancient civilizations that were located beside rivers?

Egypt arose around

Sumer was also

located by the Tigris and

and Euphrates rivers

© Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning

- the civilization that was centered on the Nile River

_:the belief in many gods and goddesses

13

unit 02

ne of the world’s first civilizations began in the Fertile Crescent in Southwest

# Asia The Fertile Crescent region lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Later, people called this area Mesopotamia, which means “the land between two rivers °

Today, we call this area the Middle East

The two rivers were extremely important to the people of Mesopotamia When these rivers flooded,

they left rich soil that was good for farming It led an

early farming civilization to arise in this region The

Mesopotamians also used their geography and resources

to their advantage Mesopotamian farmers learned to

use the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates to irrigate dry

fields by using canals and pipes They also constructed

dams to store water in artificial lakes They caught fish in the rivers and raised animals

for food and clothing as well By 3000 B.C., Mesopotamia’s villages had grown into

larger cities and eventually developed into city-states Many of these

city-states in southern Mesopotamia became known as Sumer

The Sumerians had a very advanced civilization They developed a writing system called cuneiform even before the ancient Egyptians created hieroglyphics They practiced

14

goddesses in each city They also developed basic mathematics and created the 12-month calendar that we use today After the fall of Sumer, many empires rose and fell in Mesopotamia Babylonia, Assyria, Hittite, and ancient Israel were all civilizations that were established there

Around the same time, another great civilization was being developed in Africa Sometime around 4000 B.C., people started to settle down and found villages and towns in areas alongside the Nile River in Egypt This was ancient Egypt

Life in ancient Egypt was centered on the Nile River Like the rivers

in Mesopotamia, the land around the Nile was very fertile because the river flooded every summer After the Nile flooded, the soil along the river was full of minerals and other nutrients that helped many crops grow Soon, Egypt had a large population and a strong farming economy

Ancient Egypt lasted from around 3100 B.C until it was conquered

by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C Egyptian history is often divided into three time periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom

The Old Kingdom lasted from around 3100 B.C to 2200 B.C About

3100 B.C., the ruler of Upper Egypt, Menes, conquered Lower Egypt and united it He became the first pharaoh of Egypt The Old Kingdom was the age when the pharaohs became very powerful and were worshipped

as living god-kings The pyramids, stone tombs for the pharaohs, were

{ Ei] Middle Kingdom

W vân 2 [EJ New Kingdom

A ancient Egypt

built then The Middle Kingdom lasted from around 2100 B.C to about 1700 B.C

Many people consider this the golden age of ancient Egypt Trade flourished during this period And there were great advances made in art, mathematics, and science

As for the New Kingdom, it lasted from around 1500 B.C to 1000 B.C The pharaohs Amenhotep II and Ramses I both ruled during the New Kingdom Egypt expanded its territory and reached the peak of its power during this period

) Check T (True) or F (False) 7

⁄

unt02 T15

a The rise and fall of ancient Egypt

b The differences between Mesopotamia and Sumer

c Some early civilizations in Asia and Africa

2 The were built by the pharaohs during the Old Kingdom

3 What was cuneiform?

a The language spoken by the ancient Egyptians

b The writing system invented by the Sumerians

c The name of the calendar that the Sumerians used

4 ~~ What does arise mean?

a A part of the Fertile Crescent is located in Egypt

b The Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile rivers all flooded yearly

c Alexander the Great was a famous pharaoh from Egypt

6 Complete the outline

( Mesopotamia } ( Sumer ) ( AncientEgypt )

Ỉ

between the ° and in southern Mesopotamia | | Qid Kingdom = 3100 B.C to 2200 B.C

Euphrates rivers + Hada writing system - Pharaohs became very powerful and

* Farmers P their _ called cuneiform built the ©

: £ ° + C TT

_ wellorganizedand builtin = —— pots, toys, statues, and : world’s oldest religions,

a grid pattern _ Ètools from clay and copper ` was born and developed

1 :a system that can remove human and animal waste

:a religion that arose in ancient India : the ancient civilization that arose in the Indus Valley : the writing system used by the Indus people

An in the Indus River region, which is in modern- day India and Pakistan Today, it is known as the Indus Valley Civilization It is also called the Harappan Civilization

Much like the other great civilizations were established beside rivers, the Indus Valley people built their villages, towns, and cities along the Indus River In doing so, they gained easy access to water for drinking, farming, and raising animals

Today, two of these cities are called Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro

Archaeologists have unearthed more than 1,000 different settlements from the Indus Valley Civilization By studying artifacts, archaeologists have learned that the Indus Valley Civilization was well organized For instance, its cities were laid out in a grid pattern in the shape of a rectangle Within the cities were palaces, temples, granaries, bathhouses, and wide paved streets They even had sewage systems.

The Indus Valley people knew about agriculture The Indus

River and monscons—seasonal winds that cause heavy rains

during summer—influenced Indian life Harappan farmers

learned to take advantage of this weather, so they grew a variety

of crops Surplus grain was stored in case of droughts They

also domesticated sheep, cattle, and pigs They made pots and

tools from clay and copper They even engaged in trade with

other places such as Mesopotamia While they had a writing

system called Indus script, historians have not been able to

read it yet

The Indus Civilization lasted more than 1,000 years

Historians are not sure why the Indus Civilization declined

But, for some reason, the people began to leave the cities along

the Indus River A new civilization developed along the Ganges

River in another part of India But then new people, called

Aryans, came from the northwest and settled in the region

They conquered and ruled the Indian people Over many years,

the Aryans changed the way that the Indian people lived One

of the biggest changes was the birth of Hinduism The Aryans

combined their gods with the gods worshipped by the Indian

people Hinduism is now one of the world’s oldest religions

Today, more than 850 million people in India are Hindus

What is the main idea of the passage?

a The Indus Valley was where the first human civilization was founded

b The Aryans were the most important people in the Indus Valley

c The people in the Indus Valley formed an advanced civilization

The cities in the Indus Valley Civilization were shaped like a

What let Harappan farmers grow many kinds of crops?

What does unearthed mean?

Answer the questions

a What is the writing system that the Indus Valley people used called? _ _-

Complete the outline

* Cities had palaces, temples, granaries,

bathhouses, wide paved streets, and

+ The Indus River and ©

influenced Indian life

* Had Indus script as a writing system

- Came from the Ÿ |

| * Conquered the Indus Valley area and ruled the people

| Ị

* Combined their gods with the gods

| worshipped in India and formed

The Greeks ị Athens and other Greek The Greek city-states

frequently tradedwith — ` city-states practiced often fought each other,

the MediterraneanSea ` of government the Peloponnesian War

Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning

: "Mediterranean Sea “city-state - monarchy : oligarchy Peloponnesian War a

:a large inland sea surrounded by Africa, Europe, and Asia :a form of government in which a small group of rich men rule : a form of government in which the ruler is a king

:a great independent city in the ancient world, such as Athens and Sparta

Attica and Peloponnesus There were also more than 400 islands along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea Greece had no flooding river like the Nile, and much of its mainland was covered with hills and mountains Its rocky, dry soil was not suitable for farming, so the ancient Greeks depended on the sea for food and trade

Three earlier Mediterranean civilizations influenced the ancient Greek culture They were the Minoans of the island of Crete, the Mycenaeans, who

¥ ancient Greece

UN

Ð Mediterranean Sea’

The Greeks practiced many new ideas and various government systems The Greeks lived in separate city-states These city-states remained independent of each other, but the people living in them all spoke the same Greek language.

Some city-states were ruled by a king This kind of government is

called a monarchy Other city-states were ruled by groups of rich

men ‘This kind of government is called an oligarchy A few city-

states practiced democracy, in which all of the citizens took part

in the government and chose their leaders The Athenians led

the way But only men could be citizens Women and slaves were *emoctacy practiced

not citizens, so they could not vote Even though democracy in

Athens was not perfect, it still influenced many nations in later

times Today, we call Athens the birthplace of democracy

By about 500 B.C., the two most powerful city-states in

Greece were Athens and Sparta They had different values and

cultures Athens practiced democracy and was a great sea power

‘The Spartans were excellent warriors and had a powerful army

From 431 B.C to 404 B.C., Athens and Sparta fought one another a The Spartans constantly

in the Peloponnesian War Eventually, Sparta won, and Athens _ trained for war

ceased to be a great power

Many other Greek city-states were also involved in the Peloponnesian War

was led by King Philip He began to conquer many Greek city-states, including

Athens Philip was murdered in 336 B.C., and his son Alexander became the

king Alexander quickly defeated the rest of the Greek peninsula However,

his army eastward By the time Alexander the Great

died in 323 B.C., he had destroyed the Persian

Empire and conquered much of Western Asia and

Northern Africa He was the ruler of the largest

2 Sparta was a city-state where the people practiced democracy

What is the passage mainly about?

a The rivalry between Athens and Sparta

b The history and culture of ancient Greece

c The forms of government the ancient Greeks practiced

The city-state known as the birthplace of democracy was

Who was King Philip?

c One of the kings of Persia

What does took part mean?

Complete the sentences

Complete the outline

( Greek Civilizations +) ( Two Powerful City-States and Macedon )

participated in the government

) Complete each sentence Change the form if necessary

Alexander the Great was very , $0 he invaded many countries

Athens and Sparta both many of the city-states throughout Greece

farming, so Greek farmers grew olives The rocky soil was mostly not

Rome defeated Carthage

in the Punic Wars

assassinated in the Roman Senate

Octavian defeated Antony

and Cleopatra and became

Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning

the ability to reject a law that has been passed : three wars that were fought between Rome and Carthage the Roman peace; the long period of stability under the Roman Empire

unt0s 25

ccording to legend, Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus on

called a republic Thus, the Roman Republic was born In a republic, people choose

Every year, the wealthy men in the Roman Republic, known as patricians, selected two leaders,

called consuls They also elected senators, who advised the consuls and served in the Roman Senate Together, they

ruled Rome and made important decisions concerning the city Later, the plebeians—

the poor farmers and shopkeepers—were given a plebeian assembly to elect 10 plebeian

tribunes These tribunes had veto power and defended the plebeians’ rights

Over the years, Rome's power grew By 300 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula and was a major power on the Mediterranean Sea But Rome had a rival

26

across the Mediterranean: the city of Carthage Beginning

in 275 B.C., the Romans battled Carthage in three separate wars, called the Punic Wars The Third Punic War ended in 146 B.C After winning the Punic Wars, the

a the second Punic War

very much land in Europe, Asia, and Africa But after the Punic Wars ended, several civil wars erupted between wealthy Romans and powerful generals Eventually, Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar formed a triumvirate to rule Rome This lasted for around a decade until the three men started fighting Julius Caesar emerged triumphant, but he was assassinated in the Roman Senate in 44 B.C

Octavian defeated Anthony and Cleopatra After his victory, Octavian became emperor The Roman Republic ended, and the Roman Empire began with Octavian, now called Augustus, as the first emperor

Augustus’s rule began the Pax Romana, the “Roman Peace.” This

4 Augustus (= Octavian),

eace lasted nearly 200 years

Over time, the empire became too big for one man to rule In

293 A.D., Diocletian split the empire into eastern and western parts His goal was to make ruling the empire easier However, this led to the complete split of the Roman Empire under Constantine I In 324, Constantine I moved the center of power to

Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople

This would become the Byzantine Empire

‘The Western Roman Empire grew weaker after the

⁄

[5] the Western Empire

» the Roman Em pire [J the Eastern Empire (= the Byzantine Empire)

2 Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars

fund

_ drive away

What is the passage mainly about?

a The founding of Rome and the Pax Romana

b, Roman history from republic to empire

c The fighting between Rome and Carthage

The emperor who divided Rome into eastern and western parts was

What happened in Rome after the Punic Wars ended?

a There were several civil wars

b Rome finally became a republic

c Rome was broken into two countries

What does took over mean?

According to the passage, which statement is true?

a The Byzantine Empire was conquered by Germanic invaders

b, Roman patricians elected both the consuls and the senators

c Julius Caesar ruled Rome and became the first emperor

Complete the outline

_prmaa ceeiidbenneeripmernerieiiinstietiitinttet

C The Roman Republic}

mmmmrrerrsererseeerrrrrserrrrrerrrrrreerrZ

* Was founded in 510 B.C when the

Romans drove away the Etruscans

|

| » The people chose representatives

» Was led by 24

¡ * Had senators and ©

| + Won the Punic Wars

| + Civil wars erupted until 31 B.C

* Began when Octavian became emperor

* Started the Pax Romana

> The empire became too big

* Was divided into © and western parts + Split into the Western Roman Empire and the

advised the consuls and served in the Roman Senate in ancient Rome

IEERERRHEEklty TIERRRRREEREEFIrT}

Muslims must face Mecca and pray the daylight hours during Muslims cannot eatin apilgrimage tothe cityof — Muslims must make

@ Vocabulary Preview | Write the correct word next to its meaning

:scripture; a book important to a religion

he Arabian Peninsula has some of the world’s largest desert areas Much of the

region is very dry and hot Yet people have lived on the Arabian Peninsula for thousands of years, and wonderful civilizations have flourished there We call the

people who have lived there for more than 3,000 years Arabs

Islam developed on the Arabian Peninsula starting in 610 and grew rapidly

Muhammad (= Mohammad), the founder of Islam, was born in the city of Mecca (=

Makkah) in the Arabian Peninsula around 570 Muslims, Islam’s followers, believe that

Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel with a message from Allah in 610 Allah is

the Arabic word for God

According to Islamic tradition, after Muhammad had a vision of the angel Gabriel,

he began preaching to other Arabs He preached that they should worship only one

god: Allah He taught that all people are equal and that the rich should take care of the

poor After Muhammad’s death, his teachings were written

¥ the Koran,

Islam, called the Koran (= Quran) There are five basic duties

in Islam These are called the Five Pillars of Islam They are:

1 Testify that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad

is Allah’s prophet

2 Make prayers five times a day while facing Mecca

30

3 Give charity to the poor and the needy

4 Fast, which means not to eat or drink “7 DE

anything, during the daytime in the holy Sa ee

month of Ramadan

5 Make a Hajj, which means to make a

pilgrimage to Mecca, during one’s lifetime

After Muhammad died in 632, Muslim

community A caliph was a Muslim political and religious leader who was selected as

a successor of Muhammad From 632 to 661, there were four caliphs Under them,

Islam spread rapidly Muslim armies conquered Christi an cities such as Alexandria,

Jerusalem, and Damascus They took over land in western Asia, North Africa, and

Spain They went north up to France, but they were defeated by Charles Martel in

732 In the east, they reached the gates of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine

' Empire, before they were pushed back

The spread of Islam alarmed many people in the West

So, in the late eleventh century, the pope urged Christians in

Western Europe to send armies to Jerusalem to free the Holy

Land This began the crusades In 1099, during the First

Crusade, the crusaders captured Jerusalem For the next

200 years, there were several crusades In the end, though,

Later, the Ottoman Empire arose during the 1200s It

2 Four caliphs ruled the Islamic world from 632 to 661

3 The Ottoman Empire defeated the Byzantine Empire

What is the passage mainly about?

a The history of Islam

The holy book of Islam is called the

a Hajj

b The Five Pillars of Islam

b Koran c Allah What happened during the First Crusade?

a The crusaders captured Damascus

b The crusaders captured Jerusalem

c The crusaders captured Constantinople

What does urged mean?

The Five Pillars of Islam

* There is no god but Allah, and

Muhammad is Allah's P

* Pray toward Mecca five times a day

* Give charity to the poor and the needy

* Fast during ©

* Make a Hajj to Mecca

(The History ofisiam `

(_The History of slam _)

* 610 = Muhammad founded 4

* 632 = Muhammad died

* 632-661 = Islam spread rapidly in western Asia, North Africa, and Spain + 732 = Charles Martel stopped an Islamic army in France

The followers of Islam must

Muslims have to

a large number of Christian cities

about their beliefs

_ to the needy

for most of the day during Ramadan.

ancient GreeceandRome | duringthe Renaissance more than religion in the Renaissance

Men like Martin Luther

felt that the Church was corrupt during the Reformation

_ feudalism Black Death Protestant Reformation indulgence thejs

476, Europe suffered almost constant war The period between the fall of Rome and the

1400s is called the Middle Ages

For most Europeans, life was hard during the Middle Ages Medieval society was

like a pyramid based on feudalism: the kings and lords were on top, the knights were

below them, and the peasants, or serfs, were on the bottom People suffered from

terrible wars and hunger, and diseases killed thousands of people There were few

advances in science, literature, art, and other fields

However, for the Christian Church, the Middle Ages were a time of growth Since

Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in 313, the Church

continued to expand even after the Western Roman Empire collapsed By the year 1000,

most Europeans were Christians, and the Church dominated peoples daily lives This is

why the Middle Ages is sometimes called the Age of Faith

In the 1300s, a plague, called the Black Death, struck Europe It killed millions of people The deaths of so many people changed Europe’s economy and sped up the end of feudalism in Europe So many serfs died that lords had to pay workers on their manors

Around 1400, the Middle Ages came to an end, and the

Sn:

34

“rebirth” During this period, people began to rediscover and value art, science, literature, and the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome This led them to make new discoveries of their own Humanists led the way They studied ancient Greek and Roman writings and focused on humans more than religion There were numerous advances made in science, art, literature, music, and other fields People like Leonardo

da Vinci and Michelangelo became Renaissance Men—men with curiosity and talents in many fields

The Renaissance spread throughout Europe

During it, there was one important invention that greatly altered society It was the printing press

Books became cheaper and easier to make, so more, , page from Gutenberg’s Bible people learned to read This let more people read the —_ using movable type

Bible for themselves Previously, only priests and the rich could read But, now, common people could read the Bible and come up with their own

During the Renaissance, the Catholic Church still had great power

Some popes and bishops became powerful political rulers But Martin Luther, a German priest, thought that the Church was too corrupt

He was especially upset that the Church sold indulgences to rebuild §

CheckT (True) or F (False)

2 Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were both Renaissance Men

a The reasons why the Protestant Reformation occurred

b Medieval European and how it moved to the Renaissance

c Human progress from the Middle Ages to the Reformation

a He was protesting the role of priests in the Church

b He believed that the Church had become corrupt

c He wanted to found a new church of his own

4 ~~ What does interpretations mean?

b People who focused more on humans than religion were called _

» People rediscovered art, science, literature, and was corrupt

+ Focused less on religion reformed

of _ studied many different fields + Henry Vill founded the © _

new ideas oe bover = used the ideas of the The people of France

A : logic; the ability to think, understand, and form judgments based on facts

unt08 37

“yuring the 1600s and 1700s, new ideas about the world and scientific discoveries

/ swept over Europe This was the Enlightenment It is also called the Age of Reason

During the Enlightenment, scientists developed a process called the scientific method and began to ask questions about everything As a result, there were many remarkable scientific discoveries Galileo Galilei improved the early telescope and studied the solar system He supported Nicolaus Copernicus’s heliocentric, sun-centered theory Isaac Newton invented calculus, a new kind of mathematics, and discovered gravity and the laws of motion Doctors improved medicine with new ideas and methods The French philosopher Rene Descartes developed a philosophy based on logic and reason

Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Baron Montesquieu

expounded on governments and people's basic rights

The ideas of the Enlightenment changed how people understood society

and government Eventually, these ideas would lead to war and revolution in England, the United States, and France

In the 1600s, Europe’s kings were very powerful

They claimed that they ruled by divine right They insisted that God had chosen them to be kings, so they had the right to rule the country in any way they wanted But the new ideas about the government and

38

As a result, the conflict between the English King Charles I and Parliament

led to a civil war in England in 1642 In 1649, Charles I was defeated, and

the English kings were forced to respect the laws passed by Parliament

The ideas of the Enlightenment were also very influential to the

American Revolution, which began in 1775 In 1763, the English

an expensive war with France But the colonists protested In 1776, the mien

colonists separated from Great Britain and later established the United

States of America The American Founding Fathers based their ideas on

freedom on the works of Enlightenment scholars

A few years later, in 1789, the French Revolution began It too was

influenced by the Enlightenment The kingdom of France was divided

into three “estates,” or classes The First Estate was the clergy in the

everybody else ‘Ihe Third Estate included about 98 percent of population —_ modern philosophy

Most of these people were poor peasants They paid the majority of the

taxes but had no role in the government

According to French law, each of the Three Estates had the right to

elect representatives to send to the Estates General, an assembly However,

no Prench king had called a meeting of the Estates General since 1614 By

1789, France was nearing bankruptcy King Louis XVI

called the Estates General in order to levy more taxes

The Third Estate was upset They rebelled and formed a

National Assembly They stormed the Bastille, a prison in

Paris, and took weapons that were there to defend thei

rights “Liberty! Equality! Fraternity!” was the slogan o

the French Revolution In 1792, the National Convention

ended the monarchy and established a republic

4 Parisians storming the Bastille

Check T (True) or F (False) `

1 Rene Descartes was a philosopher who wrote about logic and reason