LTE nokia Long Term Evolution

The following references were used in the development of this course and should be used for most current information: Table 2 Trade Press Books • Dahlman, Parkvall, Skolk, Beming; 3G Evo

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LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution

Version 3 Rev 2

Guide

RA4831EN03GLM04

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■

Course Introduction 2

Preface 2

Prerequisite 2

Target Audience 2

Conventions Used in this Guide 2

Purpose of the Participant Guide 2

References and Resources 3

Expectations 4

Practicalities 4

Course Objectives 5

Course Schedule 5

Chapter 1: Lesson 1: What is Long Term Evolution (LTE)?

Objectives 1- 3 Drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE) 1- 4 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 1- 5 GSM Network Evolution 1- 6 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Evolution 1- 6 How Does LTE Fit into 3GPP Roadmap? 1- 8 3GPP Release 8 Network Architecture (LTE) 1-14 E-EUTRAN Air Interface 1-15 Performance Goals for LTE 1-16 Spectrum Flexibility 1-16 Spectrum Efficiency 1-17 Increased Peak Data Rates 1-17 Increased User Throughput 1-17 Control Plane Latency 1-18 User Plane Latency 1-18 Capacity 1-19 Mobility 1-19 Cell Coverage 1-19 Lesson 1 Summary 1-20 Memory Points 1-21

Chapter 2: Lesson 2: LTE Network Architecture

Objectives 2- 3 3GPP Release 8 Network Architecture (LTE) 2- 4 evolved Node B (eNodeB) 2- 4 User Entity (UE) 2- 5 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 2- 6 Serving Gateway (S-GW) 2- 8 Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) 2- 9 Other EPC Network Elements 2-10 Interworking with Other Technologies 2-10 eNodeB Reference Points 2-13 Lesson 2 Summary 2-14 Memory Points 2-15

Chapter 3: Lesson 3: LTE Air Interface

Objectives 3- 3 Radio Frequency Parameters 3- 4 LTE Spectrum 3- 4 Channel Bandwidth 3- 4 Channel Sampling Frequency 3- 6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 3- 7

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Contents LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution

Non-Orthogonal Subcarriers 3- 7Orthogonal Frequencies 3- 8Subcarrier Transmitter Operation 3- 9Subcarrier Receiver Operation 3-10Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 3-11Scalable OFDM 3-12Subcarrier Spacing 3-13Symbol Time 3-15Multipath Delay and Inter-Symbol Interference 3-15Cyclic Prefix 3-16Subcarrier Types 3-17Occupied Subcarriers 3-19LTE Frame Structure 3-20LTE Frame Length and Subcarriers 3-20Channel Direction 3-22Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) 3-22Time Division Duplexing (TDD) 3-23Frame Type 1 Structure 3-24Slots 3-24Resource Blocks and Resource Elements 3-24Physical and Virtual Resource Blocks 3-26Reference Signals 3-26Frame Type 1 Subframes 3-27FDD Operation – DL 3-29FDD UL Operation 3-30Frame Type 2 3-32Special Subframe 3-32Frame Type 2 UL/DL Configurations 3-33OFDM Bandwidth Allocation 3-34OFDMA Bandwidth Allocation 3-34OFDMA Transmitter Functions 3-36OFDMA Receiver Functions 3-37Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) 3-38OFDMA Issues 3-38

UE Requirements 3-38SC-FDMA Transmitter Functions 3-38SC-FDMA Receiver Functions 3-39OFDMA Subcarrier Encoding 3-40SC-FDMA Subcarrier Encoding 3-41Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) 3-43Selected Transmitter Functions 3-43Modulation Techniques Supported 3-43Modulation Review 3-44Modulation and Signal Quality 3-45Estimating FDD Capacity 3-46Multiple Antenna Systems 3-48Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) 3-48Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) 3-49Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 3-50MIMO Techniques 3-51Single User MIMO (SU–MIMO) 3-52Multi-User MIMO (MU–MIMO) 3-53Lesson 3 Summary 3-55Memory Points 3-56

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LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution Contents

Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer 4-10

Uu Physical Layer 4-10SAE and LTE Channel Architecture 4-11Logical Channels 4-11Transport Channels 4-13Physical Channels 4-14Transport to Physical Channel Mapping 4-15Mapping DL Physical Channels to Subframes 4-16Broadcast Channel 4-16Synchronization Signals 4-17Mapping UL Physical Channels to Subframes 4-20Mapping PUCCH to Subframes 4-20Random Access Channel 4-21Random Access Operation 4-22S1-MME Interface 4-24S1-MME Interface Control Protocol Stack 4-24S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) Functions 4-25

UE to MME Control Plane 4-27S1-U and S5-U Interfaces 4-28S1-U User Plane Protocol Stack 4-28S5 Interface User Plane Protocol Stack 4-29S5 Control Plane Protocol Stack 4-29

Uu to P-GW User Plane 4-30X2 Interface Functions 4-31X2 Control Plane Protocol Stack 4-31X2 Application Protocol (X2AP) Functions 4-32X2 User Plane Protocol Stack 4-33Lesson 4 Summary 4-36Memory Points 4-37

Chapter 5: Lesson 5: Network Acquisition and Call Process

Objectives 5- 3Basic Procedures 5- 4Radio Resource Control (RRC) States 5- 5Radio Resource Control (RRC) – Idle 5- 5Radio Resource Control (RRC) – Connect 5- 5Radio Resource Control (RRC) Connection 5- 5EPS Mobility Management (EMM) States 5- 7EPS Mobility Management (EMM) – Deregistered 5- 7EPS Mobility Management (EMM) – Registered 5- 7EPS Connection Management (ECM) States 5- 8EPS Connection Management (ECM) – Idle 5- 8EPS Connection Management (ECM) – Connect 5- 8EPS Session Management (ESM) 5- 9ESM_INACTIVE 5- 9ESM_ACTIVE 5- 9Non Access Stratum (NAS) States 5-10EMM_DEREGISTERED, ECM_IDLE and ESM_INACTIVE 5-10EMM_REGISTERED, ECM_IDLE and ESM_ACTIVE 5-10EMM_REGISTERED, ECM_CONNECT and ESM_ACTIVE 5-10Selected EPS IDs 5-11MME IDs 5-11

UE IDs 5-12International Mobile Subscriber Identifier (IMSI) Structure 5-13Attaching to the Network 5-14eNodeB Acquisition 5-14System Information (SI) 5-15Initial Cell Selection 5-16Network Attach 5-16Quality of Service (QoS) / EPS Bearer 5-18Bearer Service Architecture 5-19QoS Parameters 5-20Service Request 5-21

UE Triggered Service Request — Simplified 5-21Mobility Procedures 5-22

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Contents LTE100: Introduction to Long Term Evolution

Tracking Area (TA) 5-22MME and S-GW Pools 5-23Tracking Area Update (TAU) 5-24X2 Handover 5-25

UE Triggered Detach (UE Switched Off) 5-28Security in LTE 5-30LTE Security Keys 5-30Function of LTE Security Keys 5-31Authentication and Key Agreement Process (AKA) 5-31Lesson 5 Summary 5-33Memory Points 5-34

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About This Manual

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Students should have a general knowledge of telecommunications systems or have attended LTE102,

a two-hour online LTE Technical Overview course

Target Audience

The primary audience of this course is RF Engineers, Network Planning Engineers, and Senior TechnicalStaff A secondary audience includes anyone who requires an overview of LTE/SAE concepts, operation,and signaling

Conventions Used in this Guide

Throughout this guide, you will find icons representing various types of information These icons serve

as reminders of their associated text

Table 1

Indicates a Note or additional

information that might behelpful to you

Indicates If/then situations.

These are found in many ofthe labs

L 3

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Indicates a list of References

that provide additionalinformation about a topic

Indicates a Warning or

Caution These generally

flag a service affectingoperation

Indicates a Lab that provides

the opportunity for you toexercise what you’ve learned

Indicates a Memory Point

These provide a chance forthe candidate to reflect on thetraining and if necessary ask

a relevant question

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Course Introduction

Course Introduction

References and Resources

The Participant Guide is not a technical book in the traditional, analytical sense The material andinformation contained here is subject to change The following references were used in the development

of this course and should be used for most current information:

Table 2

Trade Press Books

• Dahlman, Parkvall, Skolk, Beming; 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile

Broadband, Academic Press, 2nd edition 2008

• Lescuyer, Lucidarme; Evolved Packet System (EPS): The LTE and SAE

Evolution of 3G UMTS, John Wiley and Sons, 2008

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3GPP Technical Specifications (www.3gpp.org)

• 23.122 NAS Procedures for Idle MS

• 23.402 Architecture Enhancements for non-3GPP Access

• 24.301 NAS Protocol for EPS

• 36.201 LTE Physical Layer, General Description

• 36.211 Physical Channels and Modulation

• 36.212 Multiplexing and Channel Coding

• 36.213 Physical Layer Procedures

• 36.214 Physical Layer Measurements

• 36.300 E-UTRA/E-UTRAN Overall description; Stage 2

• 36.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Specification

• 36.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification

• 36.323 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Specification

• 36.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol Specification

• 36.410 S1 General Aspects and Principles

MyNetworkSupport Web Page

The on-line support allows customers to open cases trouble tickets, open RMA’s to send boards backfor repair, and download technical documentation

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The activities in this course will require individual and team participation and we ask you to:

• Ask questions

• Share openly

• Return promptly from lunch and breaks

• Avoid distracting others by turning off cell phones or setting them to voicemail or vibrate

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• Describe the goals of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

• Explain the performance goals of LTE

• Explain where LTE fits in the evolution of GSM/UMTS networks

• Explain how LTE differs from existing 3G networks

• Describe the changes in network architecture introduced by LTE

• State the functional blocks that comprise an LTE network

• Explain the function of the network elements that comprise the Evolved Universal Terrestrial

Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)

• Explain the function of the network elements that comprise the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

• Describe Nokia' LTE network architecture

• State the operating frequencies used by the LTE air interface

• Describe OFDM subcarrier and symbol characteristics

• Describe LTE duplexing and framing methods

• List the modulation techniques used by the LTE air interface

• Compare OFDMA and SC-FDMA usage in LTE

• Describe LTE antenna systems

• Describe the LTE Uu User and Control Plane protocol stacks

• List the LTE transport, logical and physical channels

• Explain the functions of the LTE physical channels

• List the Uu, S1-MME, S1-U, S5-U, and X2 interface functions

• Describe the S1-MME, S1-U, S5-U, S5–C and X2 User and Control Plane protocol stacks

• List the UE states

• Describe the UE network acquisition process

• Describe the UE registration process

• Describe “typical” UE call processes

• Describe UE active and mobility processes

• Describe the UE authentication process

Course Schedule

Table 3

Day 1

Course Introduction

Lesson 1 – What is Long Term Evolution (LTE)?

Lesson 2 – LTE Network Architecture

Lesson 3 — LTE Air Interface

Day 2

Lesson 3 – LTE and EPC Protocol Overview

Lesson 4 – Network Acquisition and Call Process

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Lesson 1: What is Long Term Evolution (LTE)?

Chapter 1

In this lesson, we will introduce the LTE standards body, define LTE and its performance goals, look at the networkarchitecture changes introduced by LTE, and compare/contrast LTE to current wireless technologies

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Objectives

At the completion of this lesson, you’ll be able to:

• Describe the goals of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

• Explain the performance goals of LTE

• Explain where LTE fits in the evolution of GSM/UMTS networks

• Explain how LTE differs from existing 3G networks

• Describe the changes in network architecture introduced by LTE

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Drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Figure 1-1 Introduction – Drivers for Long Term Evolution

Over the last several decades, technological advancements have had a huge impact on the consumer

as well as the telecommunications carriers Today, consumers expect voice, video and data information

to be available anytime, anywhere

These advancements have also brought changes to the way the Telecom industry does business asthe traditional boundaries are blurring Traditional fixed-line operators are expanding their boundariesoutside the home while the traditional mobile operators are moving into the fixed line business Thegoal of both is to capture maximum revenue while trying to meet the customer’s needs with what is nowreferred to as the Quadruple Play; TV, Internet, Telephone, and Mobile

The key is to be able to provide these services with a low cost per bit, higher capacity, increased flexibility,and have global appeal so that network operators will want to deploy the technology

To that end, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has drafted a set of standards for the next generation mobile broadband network: Long Term Evolution (LTE).

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3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

Figure 1-2 Figure 1-2: 3GPP Standards Organization

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) www.3gpp.org

Formalized in December 1998, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a group of

telecommunications associations whose main goal is to make globally applicable specifications for

Third Generation (3G) mobile phone systems.

3GPP is responsible for establishing the global standards for Global System for Mobile

Communication (GSM) and all of its subsequent releases; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), and now Long Term Evolution (LTE).

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GSM Network Evolution

GSM Network Evolution

Figure 1-3 GSM Network Evolution

New “mobile” services such as streaming HD video, Online Gaming, Live Video, Social Networking, andPeer2Peer file exchanges are in demand and on the horizon Current wireless networks will struggle

to deliver enough capacity to “future proof” the desire for greater access, greater speed, and moreapplications To better understand why current networks struggle, let’s look at the evolution of GSM

The following section is intended to be a brief review of GSM network evolution Because

of the time constraints of the course, a detailed discussion is not possible Talk with your

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Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Evolution

Figure 1-4 GSM Evolution – GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS R99

NOTE

All data rates are quoted by physical layer throughput

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

GSM is the most popular standard for mobile communication in the world It is estimated that over 80%

of the global market uses the standard GSM is considered a 2G network as both the signaling and voice

channels are digital GSM also introduced Short Message Service (SMS) GSM data rates are 2.4, 4.8,

and 9.6 kbps

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GPRS is a packet data network that shares the radio access network with GSM but has a separate core

network GPRS provides services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Short Message

Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and email and Internet Access GPRS has

theoretical data rates between 56 and 114 kbps GPRS is considered a 2.5G network

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

EDGE provides coding and modulation improvements to GPRS that provides data speeds from 236 kbps

to 473 kbps depending on coding and modulation techniques used Because of the latter (i.e., 473 kbps)data rates, EDGE is considered 3G technology

Univeral Mobile Telecommunications System R99 (UMTS R99)

UMTS R99 is the first release of UMTS UMTS changes the air interface from Time Division Multiple

Access (TDMA) to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) It is also characterized by

two separate core networks; Circuit Switch Core Network (CS-CN, voice traffic) and a Packet Switch

Core Network (PS-CN, data traffic).

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Figure 1-5 GSM Evolution – UMTS R4, R5, R6, R7

UMTS R4

UMTS R4 does not affect data rates However, with the introduction of softswitch technology and Bearer

Independent Call Control (BICC), UMTS R4 provides a more efficient core network.

UMTS R5

UMTS R5 and R6 bring about sizeable increases in data rates UMTS R5 starts the shift to all IP

networking by introducing the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) UMTS R5 also introduces High Speed

Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) that increases peak downlink throughput to 14.4 Mbps.

UMTS R6

UMTS R6 increases peak uplink speed to 5.76 Mbps with the introduction of High Speed Uplink Packet

Access (HSUPA) UMTS R6 also introduces Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) that

supports services such as mobile TV

UMTS R7

UMTS R7 is also known as High Speed Packet Access “plus” (HSPA+) UMTS R7 introduces Multiple

Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna systems as well as higher-order modulation schemes Peak

Data rates in UMTS R7 are 28 Mbps downlink and 11 Mbps uplink The downlink rate increases in R8

to 42 Mbps The combination of HSDPA and HSUPA is commonly referred to as High Speed PacketAccess (HSPA)

UMTS R7/R8

An evolution of HSPA was specified resulting from studies in Release 7 which added multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) antenna capability and 16 QAM (Uplink)/ 64 QAM (Downlink) modulation

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How Does LTE Fit into 3GPP Roadmap?

Figure 1-6 How Does LTE Fit into 3GPP Roadmap?

LTE can evolve directly from a GPRS/EDGE network without having to go through the UMTS releases

If the UMTS path was followed, LTE can evolve directly from UMTS R5/R6 or UMTS R7

GSM – The Starting Point

Figure 1-7 GSM – The Starting Point

The GSM network is characterized by a 200 kHz air interface, and a Circuit Switched (CS) domain for

digital voice/signaling as well as SMS

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while all voice traffic (and SMS) goes through the CS domain.

EDGE DOES NOT introduce any changes to the network other than coding and modulation

enhancements to the air interface to increase data speed

UMTS R99

Figure 1-9 UMTS R99

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UMTS R4

UMTS R4 provides a more efficient network with the addition of the Softswitch (MSC Server/Media

Gateways) in the CS Domain and Bearer Independent Call Control (BICC).

UMTS R5

UMTS R5 introduces big changes to the UMTS network

1 Starts the shift to an all IP network with the introduction of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).

2. The Circuit Switch Domain is “collapsed” moving the Softswitch and telephony functions into theIMS cloud

3 Changes the UE functionality enabling it to setup multimedia calls using the IETF’s Session

Initiation Protocol (SIP).

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The IP Multimedia Subsystem replaces the call control and interworking functions of the circuit

switched domain with a more flexible, packet-based, multimedia core service architecture Althoughoriginally defined by the 3GPP for UMTS networks, IMS has been adopted as the core multimediaservice architecture for CDMA, packet cable, DSL, and WiFi access networks

IMS allows new services to be rapidly and cheaply deployed

UMTS R6

Along with increasing peak uplink data speed to 5.76 Mbps, UMTS R6 introduces Multimedia Broadcast

Multicast Service (MBMS) MBMS offers broadcast and/or multicast, unidirectional, point-to-multipoint,

multimedia flows

Broadcast and multicast are two completely different services A broadcast service is transmitted to all

user devices which have the service activated in their equipment A service provider does not attempt

to charge for or limit the broadcast transmission

In contrast, a multicast service is subscription-based A UE must have subscribed to the service and

explicitly joined the multicast group to receive the multicast transmission A service provider may track,control, and charge for the multicast transmission

UMTS R7

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Along with enhancing IMS, UMTS R7 introduces higher-order modulation techniques (DL 64QAM, UL

16QAM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna technology These enhancements can

increase uplink speeds to 11.5 Mbps uplink and 42 Mbps downlink

UMTS R8

UMTS Release 8 introduced the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).

To reduce latency, the E-UTRAN collapsed the UMTS NodeB and RNC functionality into the evolved

NodeB (eNodeB) In addition to 5 MHz, the E-UTRAN radio access network supports 1.4, 3, 10, 15, and

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3GPP Release 8 Network Architecture (LTE)

3GPP Release 8 Network Architecture (LTE)

Figure 1-15 3GPP Release 8 Network Architecture (LTE)

LTE introduces new terminology to describe the architecture The Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio

Access Network (E-UTRAN) consists of the User Equipment (UE), Evolved Node B (eNodeB), and

their associated interfaces The E-UTRAN is also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE).

The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is an all-IP, packet-switched core network consisting of:

• Mobility Management Entity (MME) – key control node for the LTE access network

• Serving Gateway (S-GW) – routes and forwards data packets

• Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) – provides connectivity to external packet data networks The EPC is also known as System Architecture Evolution (SAE) The goal of the SAE is to create an

evolutionary framework which supports higher data rates, lower latency, packet optimized systems using

multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs).

NOTE

EPC network elements will be discussed in greater detail in Lesson 2

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E-EUTRAN Air Interface

E-EUTRAN Air Interface

Figure 1-16 E-EUTRAN Air Interface

The key air interface changes for E-UTRAN are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and the use of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas.

The LTE air interface utilizes Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in the downlink and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink It also supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) schemes.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna systems are also now fully employed MIMO uses

multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver, improving the network efficiency

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Performance Goals for LTE

Performance Goals for LTE

Figure 1-17 Performance Goals for LTE – Spectrum

The 3GPP working group established several goals for LTE:

• Provide the user with the services they desire

• Provide the network operators with low cost per bit, higher capacity, and flexible architecture theywill want to deploy

Spectrum Flexibility

The LTE air interface operates in 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz spectrum allocations in both uplink anddownlink, paired and unpaired

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Spectrum Efficiency

Spectrum efficiency is the amount of bits of data that are able to be transmitted per 1 hertz(bits/sec/Hz/site) The more bits, in less bandwidth, equals less cost In a loaded network, the downlinktarget is 3-4 times R6 HSDPA while the uplink target is 2-3 times R6 Enhanced Uplink

Figure 1-18 Performance Goals for LTE – Throughput/Data Rates

Increased Peak Data Rates

Within a 20 MHz spectrum, LTE supports theoretical instantaneous peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink(5bps/Hz) and 50 Mbps uplink (2.5bps/Hz)

Increased User Throughput

The target for downlink average user throughput per MHz is 3-4 times R6 HSDPA while the uplink target

is 2-3 times R6 Enhanced Uplink This equates to greater than 10 Mbs downlink and greater than 5Mbps uplink

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Control Plane Latency

Control plane latency is the transition time from different connection modes, e.g from idle or dormantstates to the active state From an idle state to an active state, transition time is less than 100ms From

a dormant state to an active state, transition time is less than 50ms

Figure 1-19 Performance Goals for LTE – Latency

User Plane Latency

User Plane Latency is the one-way transit time of a packet between the user equipment and the radioaccess network (and vice versa) In an LTE network, user plane latency is less than 5ms in an unloadedcondition for small IP packet (single user with single data stream, 0 byte payload + IP headers)

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Cell Coverage

Throughput, spectral efficiencies, and mobility will be met for cell ranges up to 5 km (~3 miles) For cellranges up to 30 km (~18 miles), mobility will be maintained but degradation in throughput and spectralefficiency is permitted Cell ranges up to 100 km (~62 miles) are supported…degradation is accepted

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Lesson 1 Summary

Lesson 1 Summary

In this lesson you learned about:

• The key drivers for Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• The Standards Body – 3GPP – that established the goals for LTE

• The GSM network evolutions and the upgrade path to LTE

• The Performance Goals for LTE

• The changes to the current 3G architecture brought about by LTE

• The 3GPP Release 8 (LTE) Network Architecture

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Memory Points

Memory Points

Take a few minutes to recall key points that you may use in thenear future or that may address a current need This is also agood opportunity to jot down a question If the debriefing of keypoints does not address your question, ask it during this exercise

or during a break period Be prepared to share a key point orquestion with others in the class

Key Point – Something New:

Key Point – Something Forgotten, but Relearned:

Question on what was just covered:

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Memory Points

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Lesson 2: LTE Network Architecture

Chapter 2

In this lesson, we will discuss the network elements that comprise the LTE network; the Evolved Universal

Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) We will then look at Nokia'

LTE solution

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Objectives

At the completion of this lesson, you’ll be able to:

• State the functional blocks that comprise an LTE network

• Explain the function of the network elements that comprise the Evolved Universal Terrestrial

Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)

• Explain the function of the network elements that comprise the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

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Figure 2-1 3GPP Release 8 Network Architecture (LTE)

As we discussed in Lesson 1, the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) make-up the overall LTE architecture In Lesson 2, we will discuss the

network elements that comprise the E-UTRAN and EPC

The graphic above illustrates the E-UTRAN and EPC architecture we will discuss, in itssimplest form

After we have discussed the function of each of the network elements in the graphic, wewill expand and explain the “rest” of the system

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evolved Node B (eNodeB)

Figure 2-2 eNodeB

The eNodeB is responsible for the following functions:

• Radio Resource Management (RRM) – assignment, reassignment, and release of radio resources

• Header compression and encryption of user data streams

• Routing user plane data to S-GW

• Scheduling and transmission of paging messages received from the MME

• Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information received from the MME or configured fromthe Element Manager

• Measurement gathering for use in scheduling and mobility decisions

• Radio Protocol Support

• Transfer of Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling

• Access Stratum (AS) Signalling

• SAE (EPC) Bearer activation/deactivation

• MME selection for handovers with MME change

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User Entity (UE)

Figure 2-3 User Entity

The User Equipment (UE) must perform the following functions:

• Signal network entry and other state changes

• Report its Tracking Area location while in idle mode

• Request UL grants to transmit data while in active mode

• Act as PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY “client” The eNodeB controls the air interface and all DL and

UL scheduling The UE reacts to instructions from the eNodeB

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3GPP TS 36.101 User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception

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