Initiators for high polymers

Initiators for High Polymers 33 Akzo Nobel, based in the Netherlands, is a multicultural organization serving customers throughout the world with human and animal healthcare products, co

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Introduction

Initiators for high polymers

Initiators

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Initiators for High Polymers

33

Akzo Nobel,

based in the Netherlands, is a multicultural organization serving customers throughout the world with human and animal healthcare products, coatings, and chemicals We employ around 61,500 people and conduct our activities in 13 business units, with operating subsidiaries in more than 80 countries.

www.akzonobel.com

in Chicago, USA, manufactures organic peroxides, metal alkyls, organometallic specialties, polymer additives, and antifouling and suspending agents for the polymer production and processing industries Some of these products fi nd various other applications as well We also serve the semiconductor industry with high purity metalorganics.

www.akzonobel-polymerchemicals.com

Contents

4 Introduction

- Initiators for High Polymers

- Safety, Research & Development

6 Storage & Safety

- Half-life

- Storage temperatures

- SADT: Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature

- Tem: Emergency temperature

- Tc: Control temperature

- UN Numbers

8 Packaging

- Standard packaging

- Liquid initiators

- Solid initiators

- Additional information

10 Product data

28 Product survey

30 Half-life chart Contact us

All information concerning these products

and/or all suggestions for handling and use

contained herein are offered in good faith

and believed to be reliable Akzo Nobel

Polymer Chemicals, however, makes no

warranty as to accuracy and/or sufficiency

of such information and/or suggestions, as

to the product’s merchantability or fitness

for any particular purpose, or that any

suggested use will not infringe any patent

Nothing contained herein shall be

construed as granting or extending any

license under any patent Buyer must

determine for himself, by preliminary tests

or otherwise, the suitability of these

product for his purposes The information

contained herein supersedes all previously

issued bulletins on the subject matter

covered The user may forward, distribute,

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Code: 2161 BTB Communication

Issue: June 2006

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Organic peroxides are also important materials

in pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis

or as active pharmaceutical ingredient

We are able to supply a comprehensive range

of initiators to meet all requirements with respect to area of application, polymerization temperature, rate of radical formation and storage facilities

Listed are the highest concentrations of formulations for each phlegmatizer.

We invite you to visit us at www.akzonobel-polymerchemicals.com for complete product listings Formulations with phlegmatizers or concentrations other than those indicated as well as unique custom blends of various peroxides can be made available with due observance of safety characteristics and the appropriate environmental and transportation regulations Please consult your Akzo Nobel account manager for your specific need

We operate organic peroxide manufacturing sites and distribution centers all around the world including joint ventures Ankorit - Russia, Kayaku Akzo Corporation - Japan, and in China Tianjin Akzo Nobel Peroxides, Keum Jung Akzo Nobel Peroxides and Akzo Nobel Crosslinking Peroxides

All production sites are certified with ISO

9001 and ISO 14001 in order to ensure the highest product quality and strictest compliance with environmental regulations

Akzo Nobel is a Responsible Care® company

Initiators for High Polymers

We have a long history in the organic peroxides arena, starting with

dibenzoyl peroxide for the bleaching of flour in the early 1920’s

This Akzo Nobel invention was the beginning of the production and

application of organic peroxides worldwide Since then, many new

organic peroxides have been added to our product line, with the

growth of plastics in everyday life.

Today, we are the world’s largest producer

of initiators for free radical polymerization

of various monomers The main area of application is the manufacture of high polymers such as acrylics, low density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), controlled-rheology polypropylene (CR-PP) and styrenics The largest part of our initiators program consists of organic peroxides (O-O initiators) which can be divided into classes such as peroxyesters, peroxy(di)carbonates, diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, peroxyketals and hydroperoxides In addition we supply azo (N-N) initiators and carbon (C-C) initiators

Safety, Research & Development

Thorough understanding and knowledge of free radical chemistry and peroxide production technology is at the basis of the development

of new, more efficient and safer products serving customer needs

With almost a century of experience we are your reliable and innovative partner for the supply of organic peroxides.

The Continuous Initiator Dosing (CID) venture, which is a process improvement technology for the manufacture of PVC, is a good example of our efforts in the field of R&D

Technical support and product development are mainly provided from laboratories in Deventer - the Netherlands, Pasadena - Tx USA, Los Reyes - Mexico and Tianjin - China

The first is the site of the company’s fundamental initiator R&D In each continent

we have a team of Technical Development Managers who are the liaison between the market and R&D and facilitate the technology transfer to and from our customers

Our success in safely handling organic peroxides is due to our long-term commitment to safety

The Safety Research laboratory in Deventer participates in R&D by the development of safe products and processes Investigations are performed with the objective to assure a high level of safety in manufacturing, handling and transport of our products

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Introduction

5

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Storage temperatures

The Ts max is the recommended maximum storage temperature at which the product is stable and quality loss will be minimal

A minimum storage temperature (Ts min.) is given if phase separation, crystallization or solidification of the product is known to occur below the temperature indicated For safety reasons it is also recommended to store the product above the Ts min

indicated

SADT: Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature

The SADT is the lowest temperature at which self-accelerating decomposition may occur with a substance in the packaging as used in transport Transportation

temperatures are derived from the SADT according to the recommendations by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods

T em : Emergency temperature

The Tem is derived from the SADT and is the temperature at which emergency

procedures must be implemented

T c : Control temperature

The Tc is also derived from the SADT and is the maximum temperature at which the product can be safely transported The Tc

is not required if the SADT exceeds 50°C

Both the Tem and Tc are related to safety and do not apply to product quality

To maintain product quality the recommended storage temperatures (Ts) have to be observed

Half-life

The most important characteristic of a polymerization initiator is its rate of decomposition

expressed by its half-life (t1/2) For this reason, the initiators in this product catalog are

arranged in descending order of activity, based on the 1.0 hour half-life temperature

The half-life is the time required to reduce the original initiator content at a given temperature

by 50% With the exception of hydroperoxides, the half-life is determined by differential

scanning calorimetry-thermal activity monitoring (DSC-TAM) of a dilute solution of the

initiator in monochlorobenzene Kinetic data of the decomposition of hydroperoxides in

monochlorobenzene are determined titrimetrically

The tables in this catalog list the temperatures at which the half-lives are 0.1 hour,

1.0 hour and 10 hours

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Storage & Safety

7

The half-life can be calculated from the Arrhenius equation

The Arrhenius frequency factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) are given in the tables

The residual concentration of the initiator can be calculated by means of the equation

The initiators in this product catalog are arranged in descending order of activity, based on 1.0 hour half-life temperature

[I] = [I0] · e-kd·t

k d = A · e-Ea/RT and t1 /2 = ln2/k d

kd = rate constant for the initiator dissociation in s-1

A = Arrhenius frequency factor in s-1

Ea = Activation energy for the initiator dissociation in J/mole

R = 8.3142 J/mole·K

T = temperature in K

t1 / 2 = half-life in s

where

[I0] = original initiator concentration [I] = initiator concentration at time t

t = time measured from the start of decomposition in s

UN Numbers

All products accepted for transport are assigned to generic entry numbers according

to classification principles as described in the recommendations by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods An explanation of all relevant UN numbers is given in table 1

Classification of Initiators ( table 1)

UN No Classification Akzo Nobel

Hazard rating

Maximum container size

Organic peroxides

3111

type C; solid type C; liquid, temperature controlled type C; solid, temperature controlled

3104 3113 3114

type D; solid type D; liquid, temperature controlled type D; solid, temperature controlled

3106 3115 3116

type E; liquid, temperature controlled type E; solid, temperature controlled

3117 3118

type F; solid type F; liquid, temperature controlled

3110 3119

Self-reactive substances

3236 type D; solid, temperature controlled

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Standard packaging

We offer a variety of packaging options for both liquid and solid initiators The maximum package size for each initiator is regulated

by the United Nations, based on the hazard classification of the initiator as shown in table 1 on page 7

Liquid initiators

Liquid initiators from Akzo Nobel are available in packages shown in table 2

Package sizes expressed in gallons are only available in North America

Akzo Nobel was the first organic peroxide producer to introduce intermediate bulk containers (IBC) We have available a reusable 1250 liter or 330 gallon stainless steel container for diluted organic peroxides and peroxide emulsions In Europe we also have available a 1000 liter composite container for organic peroxide suspensions

These IBC’s offer a balance of economy and safety for the transportation, storage and handling of organic peroxides They offer several advantages over smaller packages, such as: reduced worker exposure to organic peroxide vapors, elimination of packaging waste and reduced handling or organic peroxides and packaging

The specially designed stainless steel IBC has obtained approvals for the transport of organic peroxides by road and by sea The spring-loaded clamping device, used as an emergency vent, is an Akzo Nobel invention and has been patented The Akzo Nobel development of a cooled trailer with IBC’s connected to a manifold eliminates the in-house handling and transport of IBC’s

Peroxide formulations can be directly pumped into storage tanks by a leak-free dry-break connection All unloading facilities are present on the trailer

Continuous investment in refrigerated trucks, bulk tankers and dedicated reefers

(refrigerated containers) specifically designed

to safely transport our products is a demonstration of our commitment to security

of supply We also have multiple storage locations for all initiators to shorten lead times

Solid initiators

Standard packages for our solid initiators are shown in table 3

Most solid initiators are packaged in polyethylene bags inside non-returnable corrugated boxes The number of bags per box varies, depending on the weight of initiator per bag

For the availability of our products in IBC’s, bulk or non-standard packages, consult your Akzo Nobel account manager

Additional information

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and Product Data Sheets (PDS) are available at

On request we also provide specific publications on the application and the safe handling and storage of our products

Nourytainer, Trigonox, Perkadox and Nourytainer, Trigonox, Perkadox Laurox are registered Laurox

trademarks of Akzo Nobel Chemicals BV or affiliates in one or more territories.

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Packaging

9

Liquid initiators ( table 2)

HDPE can 20-30 liter (5.3-8 gallon) 15-25 kg (6.8-11.3 lb) returnable, single component, polyethylene container (Nourytainer®)

Drum

IBC

20 m3

Solid initiators ( table 3)

Crate varies with inner package polyethylene bags inside returnable plastic crate

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Product data

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