THANH HOA EDUCATION AND TRAININGDANG THAI MAI HIGH SCHOOL EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE PRACTICING PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH FOR GRADE 12 STUDENTS IN THE NATIONAL EXA
Trang 1THANH HOA EDUCATION AND TRAINING
DANG THAI MAI HIGH SCHOOL
EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE
PRACTICING PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH FOR GRADE 12 STUDENTS
IN THE NATIONAL EXAMINATION
Teacher: Pham Thi Thuy English teacher
Experience initiative: English
THANH HOA 2017
Trang 2TABLES OF CONTENTS
I.Preamble 1
1 Reason for choosing the research 1
2 Aims of the research 1
3 Research subjects 1
4 Scope of the study 1
II Content 2
1 Theoretical basis 2
2 Practical basis 2
2.1 Advantages 2
2.2 Disadvantages 2
3 Content problem 2
3.1 The problem poses 2
3.2 Solution 3
III Main content 3
1.Definition 3
2 Rules for changing direct in to indirect speech 3
2.1 Change in pronouns: 3
2.2 Change in tenses 4
2.3 Change in modal verbs 5
2.4 Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed in to words expressing distance 6
3 Classify 7
3.1 Statements in reported speech 7
3.2 Commands in reported speech 8
3.3 Requests in reported speech 8
3.4 Advice in reported speech 9
3.5 Yes/No-questions in reported speech 9
3.6 Wh- questions in reported speech 9
3.7 Exclamation sentence 9
4 Reported speech with gerund 10
4.1 Structures 10
4.2 Verb + Preposition 10
4.3 Verb + Object + Preposition 11
5 Further practice 11
IV Applying the research in teaching 13
V Result after applying the research in teaching 19
VI Conclusion and proposal 20
Reference books 21
Trang 41 Reason for choosing the research.
As we know, education plays an important role in social development,learning a foreign language is necessary in a modern world Thus, each studentmust learn a foreign language when they are studying at a university or college.Today more and more people are learning English because it is an internationallanguage, is widely available worldwide English in our country is also used inmany fields, especially in the flourished era of information technology as today.Due to the importance, English is gradually being made available to almostschools
School year 2016-2017, students at upper-secondary school still take part
in the national exam, In the period of viewing, I always think about the content of
“Direct speech and Indirect speech” due to its difficult and complicatedknowledge as well as the ways to change direct speech in to indirect speech makestudents have difficult in understanding.So I choose the topic: “ Practicingproblem solving skills in direct and indirect speech for grade 12 students in thenational examination” as a research problem in my experience initiative
2 Aims of the research.
In this experience initiative, I only want to give some opinions about theways to use direct and direct speech in English in order to improve the quality ofthe exam reviewing for students in National upper-secondary school Teacherscan use my research to help students review for the exams
3 Research subjects.
As we know, English grammar in upper-secondary school today studentshave to learn how to use direct and indirect speech in English as well as how to
do different types of exercises related to direct and indirect sentences from grade
10 So I would like to focus on this topic to help students understand and doexercises better
4 Scope of the study.
- Researching in the process of teaching English at Dang Thai Mai Secondary school
Upper Types of exercises in some references books such as: English grammar, Basicgrammar in use, Oxford practice grammar ……
- Discussing with other teachers, applying in teaching, observing and drawing outexperiences
- A gradation exam High School, exam university and colleges of education andtraining in the previous year
Trang 5Many students feel embarrassed when changing direct speech into indirectspeech, so I choose the topic,“Practicing problem solving skills in direct andindirect speech for grade 12 students in the national examination” as a researchproblem in my experience initiative in order to help my colleagues and studentsapproach with problem easier
2 Practical basis
2.1 Advantages
- School administration care and create favorable conditions with facilities anddocumentation for the professional in English such as: cassette player, referencebooks, projectors ……
- Always receive the attention, support from colleagues, teachers in English team
- Most parents care about their children and facilitate the children to learn better
2.2 Disadvantages
- Students haven’t learnt the technique of moving from direct to indirect speech
- English is a particularly subject so the parents also encountered manydifficulties in examining their lesson or guide students to learn at home
- Some students have less time to study at home because they have to help theirparents work outside the classroom
- They are less condition to communicate in English and most of the students areafraif of communication or exchange with each other in English outside school
- Most of them have difficult family circumstances so there are few referencebooks to improve your knowledge
3 Content problem
3.1 The problem poses.
To do well the assignment changing from direct into indirect speech,students need to master the grammartical structures and vocabulary such as:tenses, throne of the pronoun, adverbs point to time and place … This change
Trang 6depends on the specific context, there is no certain pattern so students oftenencounter many difficulties initially So from the beginning, teachers should note
to the students the necessary changes from direct into indirect speech
3.2 Solution.
To help students understand better how to change from direct into indirectspeech, teachers should equip students with basic knowledge of direct andindirect sentences in English
III Main content.
Eg1: He says, “ I live in Thanh Hoa city”
Eg2: He said, “ Where do you live?”
* Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, or we normally change thetense of the words spoken We use reporting verbs like “say”, “tell”, “ask” and
we may use the word “that” to introduce the reported words Inverted commas arenot used
Eg1: He says he lives in Thanh Hoa city
Eg2: He said where I lived
Or “that” may be omitted
Eg: She told him that she was very happy
→ She told him she was very happy
2 Rules for changing direct in to indirect speech.
2.1 Change in pronouns: The pronouns of the direct speech are changed where
necessary, according to their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather thanwith the original speaker If we change direct speech in to indirect speech, thepronouns will change in the following ways
* The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject ofreporting speech
Eg: Jane said, “ I have left my book at home.”
→ Jane said that she had left her book at home
* The second person of the reported speech changes according to the object ofreporting speech
Trang 7You/you/your/yours will be changed follow object
Eg: He said, “I’ll lend you my book, Alice.”
→ He said to Alice that he would lend her his book
* The third person of the reported speech doesn’t change
Eg: She said, “I have posted their letters.”
→ She said that she had posted their letters
2.2 Change in tenses.
- The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses do not change.
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of verbs in the reported speech
or indirect speech must be generally changed
* Present tense in the direct speech changes into past tense
Eg: He said, “I write a letter.”
→ He said that he wrote a letter
* Present continuous in the direct changes into past continuous
Eg: He said, “I am going to church”
→ He said that he was going to church
* Present perfect in the direct changes into past perfect
Eg: Mary said, “I have done my homework.”
→ Mary said that she had done her homework
* Present perfect continuous in the direct changes into past perfect continuous Eg: He said, “I have been reading a novel.”
→ He said that he had been reading a novel
* Past tense in the direct changes into past perfect or remains unchanged
Eg: He said, “I bought a book yesterday.”
→ He said he had bought a book the day before
* Past continuous in the direct changes into past perfect continuous
Eg: John said, “I was playing tennis”
→ John said that he had been playing tennis
* Past perfect in the direct changes into past perfect (no change in tense)
Eg: “I had just turned out the light.” He explained
→ He explained that he had just turned out the light
* “will” and “shall” are changed into “would”
Eg: She said, “ I will go to Ha Noi tomorrow.”
→ She said she would go to Ha Noi the next day
* Future continuous changes into conditional continuous
Eg: She said, “I will be using the car next Friday.”
→ She said that she would be using the car next Friday
Trang 82.3 Change in modal verbs.
- “Can” changes into
→ He said that he might
buy a new computer
- “must” changes into
*These modals do not change: (would, could, might, should, ought to).
would Eg: They said, “we would
apply for a visa.”
→ They said that they would apply for a visa
could Eg: He said,“I could run
Ought to Eg: He said to me, “You ought
to wait for him.”
→ He said to me that I ought
to wait for him
Note:
* Direct and indirect speech have two parts (main clause and direct speech) If the
reporting verbs is in the present or future tense (Eg: say, will say), there is nochange in the tense of the verb in the indirect speech
Eg: Tom says, “I go to the cinema next week”
main clause direct speech
→ Tom says that he goes to the cinema the following week
main clause direct speech
* If the direct speech contains the universal truth, the tense of the direct speechremains unchanged even if the reporting verb is in the past
Eg: The teacher said, “The sun rises in the East.”
→ The teacher said that the sun rises in the East
* (Must/ might/ could/ should/ had better/ ought to) there is no change in thetense of the verb in the indirect speech
Eg: He said, “I must finish this homework.”
→ He said he must finish that homework
* Structure “wish” there is no change in the tense of the verb in the indirectspeech
Trang 9Eg: She said, “I wish I had known the truth.”
→ She wished she had known the truth
→ She said that she wished she had known the truth
* Structure “ would rather + S + V (in the past), there is no change in the tense ofthe verb in the indirect speech
Eg: He said, “I’d rather Tom drove the car.”
→ He said he would rather Tom drove the car
* Structure “It’s (high) time + S + V (in the past), there is no change in the tense
of the verb in the indirect speech
Eg: The man said, “It’s high time you went to school alone, my Son.”
→ The man said to his Son that it was high time he went to school alone
* Conditional in sentences type 2 and 3, there is no change in the tense of the verb
in the indirect speech
Eg1: “If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t go to work all day.” She said → She said if she had a lot of money, she wouldn’t go to work all day Eg2: “If you had gone to my house, you would have met some of your oldfriends.” Mike said to me
→ Mike said to me If I had gone to her house, I would have met some of
my old friends
2.4 Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed in to words expressing distance.
→ She said that she was going thentoday that day Eg: “I will do it today.” He said
→ He said he would do it that day.yesterday - the day before
- the previous day
Eg: “I was at Hue yesterday.”
→ She said she had been at Hue the day before
tomorrow - the next day
- the following day
Eg: “We will wait until tomorrow.”
→ They said they would wait until the following
ago before Eg: “I was at DaLat three weeks ago.”
→ He said he had been at DaLat three weeks before
next week - the week after
- the following week
Eg: “I will come to see her next week.”
→ He said he would come to see her thefollowing week
Trang 10last week - the week before
- the previous week
Eg: “I went to Ha Noi last week.”
→ She said she had gone to Ha Noi the week before
last month - the month before
- the previous month
Eg: “I went to Ha Long Bay last month.”
→ He said he had gone to Ha Long Bay the month before
next month - a month after Eg: “I will finish next month.”
→ She said she would finish a month after
→ He said that he needed that book.these those Eg: “I will take these with me.” He said
to her
→ He said that he would take those withher
here there Eg: “I will return here at 3 o’clock.”
→ She said that she would return there
→ S + said (that) + S + V (changed) + (O) + …….
Eg: She said, “She has learnt English for 3 years”
→ She said she had learnt English for 3 years.
Note:
- In reported speech, you often have to change the pronouns depending on whosays what
Eg: She says, “My Mum doesn’t have time today”
→ She says that her Mum doesn’t have time that day
- Don’t change the tense if the introductory clause is in simple present (eg: Hesays….) However, that you might have to change the form of the present tenseverbs (3rd person singular)
Eg: He says: “I speak English.”
→ He says he speaks English
- You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in simple past (eg: Hesaid… ) This is called backshift of tenses in reported speech
Trang 11Eg: He said: “I am happy”
→ He said that he was happy
- For place and time expressions you’ve to check whether place and time are thesame indirect and reported or not
3.2 Commands in reported speech.
* Affirmative commands
- Form:
“ V + O/ A”
→ S + told / ordered + O + to + V-infinitive + O/A.
Eg1: “Clean your house” Mr Nam said to me
→ Mr Nam told me to clean my house
Eg2: “Be careful” said he to her
→ He ordered her to be careful
* Negative commands.
- Form:
“ Don’t + V + O/A”
→ S + told/ warned ….+ O + not to + V-infinitive + O/A.
Eg1: “Don’t go out tonight” my father said to me
→ My father told me not to go out that night.
3.3 Requests in reported speech.
* Affirmative requests.
- Form:
“ please + V + O/A” Or “V + O/A, please”.
→ S + asked/ begged … + O + to + V-infinitive + O/A.
Eg: “Please turn on the lights” Miss Dung said to Lan
→ Miss Dung asked Lan to turn on the lights.
* Negative requests.
- Form:
“Don’t + V + O/A, please” Or “Please + don’t + V + O/A”
→ S + asked / begged + O + not to + V-infinitive + O/A.
Eg: “Don’t make a noise here, please” He said to me
→ He asked me not to make a noise there
3.4 Advice in reported speech.
- Form:
- “S + should/ ought to / had better + V-infinitive + O/A”
- “Why don’t + S + V-infinitive + O/A”
→ S + advised/ recommended + O(not) + to + V-infinitive + O/A.
Trang 12Eg: “You had better work hard for the exam” he said to me.
→ He advised me to work hard for the exam
3.5 Yes/No-questions in reported speech.
- Form:
- “Do/ Does/Did + S + V-infinitive + …… ?
- “Am/ Is/ Are /Was/ Were + S + O + ……?
→ S + asked + O/wanted to know/ wondered+ if / whether + S + V(changed) + O +……
Eg: “Are you a student?”
→ He asked me if I was a student
3.6 Wh- questions in reported speech.
- Form:
- S + V, “Wh-questions + did/do/does/can/will/should +….+ S + V- infinitive + O + ….?
- S + V, “Wh-questions + was/were/am/is/are + S + O + …….?
→ S + asked + O/ wanted to know/ wondered + wh-questions + S +
V(changed) + O + …
Eg1: He asked me: “What is your name?”
→ He asked me what my name was
Eg2: David said to John, “Why did not you attend the meeting yerterday?” → David asked John why he hadn’t attended the meeting the day before
3.7 Exclamation sentence
* Rules:
- Change the exclamatory sentence into statement or assertive
- Remove the quotation marks and exclamatory mark
- Use the conjunction “that”
- Omit the interjections such as: Oh, O, Alas, How, What…
- Add the word “very” to the adjective or adverb if necessary
- If the verb is not given, use “be” form verb (is, was, are, were, am) in its correcttense according to the subject
- Change the reporting verb (say, said) to “exclaim joyfully”
- Use “exclaim” sorrowfully for sorrowful incidents
Exercise: Change the following sentences in to indirect speech
a “O, what a beautiful flower that is!” said she
→ She exclaimed joyfully that what was a very beautiful flower
b “What a horrible sight !” we all exclaimed
→ We all exclaimed that it was a very horrible sight
c “Alas! I have broken my brother’s watch” said he