Phrase + Simple sentence Compound Sentence with suitable coordinate conjunctions Phrase + simple sentence Compound sentence with suitable conjunctions To our surprise, the laziest
Trang 1100 WAYS OF REDUCING AND TRANSFORMING SENTENCES
1
Would prefer + phrase would rather + clause I’d prefer you not to take that course.
I’d rather you didn’t take that course
2.
Phrase + Simple sentence Compound
Sentence with suitable coordinate
conjunctions Phrase + simple sentence Compound
sentence with suitable conjunctions
To our surprise, the laziest student gets the highest marks
The laziest student gets the highest marks, and we are surprised
The laziest student gets the highest marks, so we are surprised
You must work hard to earn your living
You must work hard, or you can not earn your living
3
“Apply for the job” clause “Application” phrase
He applied for the job but the boss turned down
His application for the job was turned down by the boss
Interchange of simple and complex sentences NOUN CLAUSES:
4.
Choosing appropriate verbs
The criminal confessed his crime
The criminal confessed that he had committed a crime
The news of his trip to Australia interests us
The news that he has made a trip to Australia interests us
We are surprised at his story
We are surprised at what he has told
5
Two nouns/pronouns What
They are watching some film She ignores it
She ignores what they are watching
Trang 26
the way how
That is the way She makes coffee in the way
That is the way she makes coffee
That is how she makes coffee
7
the reason/why
He didn’t know the reason She had failed for that reason
He didn’t know the reason why she had failed (a)
He didn’t know why she had failed (b)
8.
Using appropriate parts of speech
We know his success in business
We know that he has succeeded in business
I am interested in his winning the lottery
I am interested that he has won the lottery
9.
Using WISH-clause
Notes:
- Using sentences with contrary meaning
- Verbs are put back one step
Mai can't speak English well
I wish Mai could speak English well
She broke a precious vase
She wishes she had not broken a precious vase
10
The chances are that In all probability
The chances are that he may be admitted to a university next year
In all probability he may be admitted to a university next year
11
Noun clause Infinitive phrase
Trang 3He hopes that she will accept his proposition.
He hopes her to accept his proposition
12
Someone’s wish Someone wants
It is her wish that her son could study overseas
She wants her son to study overseas
13
WHAT + S + V… AS FAR AS + S + V
What she knows is that he has won a lot of medals
As far as she knows, he has won a lot of medals
14.
Present participle (active meaning)
He saw a coach going towards Hanoi
He saw a coach which was going towards Hanoi
He saw an eagle perching in a tree
He saw an eagle that was perching in a tree
15.
Past participle (passive meaning)
He adopted the abandoned baby.
He adopted the baby who had been abandoned
The girl kidnapped in the supermarket is the mayor's daughter
The girl who was kidnapped in the supermarket is the mayor's daughter
The student punished by the teacher cried bitterly
The student who was punished by the teacher cried bitterly
16.
Time phrase
Youth is the time for the best study
Youth is the time when people can study the best
17.
Place phrase
The New World is the place for the tourists to stay comfortably
The New World is the place where the tourists can stay comfortably
18.
Trang 4Adjective +Noun Noun + relative pronoun
+ be + adjective
A hard student will be successful
A student who is hard will be successful
He dug a jar full of gold under a tree
He dug a jar which was full of gold under a tree
19.
Prepositional phrase (relative pronoun + be
+ prepositional phrase)
The tree in front of my house is in full bloom
The tree which is in front of my house is in full bloom
20.
Appositive phrase (relative pronoun + be +
noun)
My friend, a doctor, can cure this disease
My friend, who is a doctor, can cure this disease
21.
Infinitive phrase (superlative, ordinal
numbers or Only,…)
The first guest to come to the party was Mr Brown
The first guest that came to the party was Mr Brown
The most intelligent student that studied in our course was jobless The most intelligent student to study in our course was jobless
ADVERB CLAUSES:
22.
Anywhere/Somewhere Anywhere/Somewhere + S + V
You may stay anywhere.
You may stay anywhere you like
For a chance you should go somewhere
For a chance you should go somewhere you like
23.
Trang 5Prepositional phrase Time clause
He was sad about the news of her death
He was sad when he knew the news of her death
Once seeing a mountainous girl by the well, the hunter remembers her image for good
Once the hunter saw a mountainous girl by the well, he remembers her image for good
Since a child, she has dreamed of studying overseas
Since she was a child, she has dreamed of studying overseas
24
Present participle phrase Time clause
Having finished the work, he went home
After he had finished the work, he went home
Walking along the bank, he saw a fish stirring water in the river
While he was walking along the bank, he saw a fish stirring water in the river
Going to bed, she had done her homework
Before she went to bed, she had done her homework
Meeting her for the first time, he loved her
As he met her for the first time, he loved her
25.
Present perfect + for + time It is + time +
since + simple past
He has not seen me for three years
It is three years since he last saw me
Mary has studied in Paris for two months
It is two months since Mary began to study in Paris
26.
Negative Present perfect + Before It is
the first time that + Present perfect.
I have not eaten this kind of food before
It is the first time that I have eaten this kind of food
He has never met her before
Trang 6It is the first time that he has met her.
27.
Negative present perfect + Since +Time
The last time + Simple past + Time
Notes:
- At + hour
- On + day
- In + month/season/year
I have not smoked since June
The last time I smoked was in June
She has not seen him since Monday
The last time she saw him was on Monday
28.
Negative simple past + until clause It was
not + until clause + That clause
He did not smoke until he was eighteen
It was not until he was eighteen that he smoked
Jack did not play the guitar until he lived in Rome
It was not until Jack lived in Rome that he played the guitar
29
Without phrase If clause
You should not go overseas without a passport
If you do not have a passport, you should not go overseas
You can not apply for a job without any qualifications
If you do not have any qualifications, you can not apply for a job
30.
Present participle phrase If clause
Having finished your work, you can go out
If you finish your work, you can go out
Winter coming, it will get cold
If winter comes, it will get cold
31.
Prepositional phrase If clause
Trang 7 In your free time, you should go on trips.
If you have free time, you should go on trips
With a lot of money, he can build a castle
If he has a lot of money, he can build a castle
32
To/In order to inf So that clause
He went to Singapore to study English
He went to Singapore so that he could study English
In order to catch fish, the farmer had the water in the pond pumped out The farmer had the water in the pond pumped out so that he could catch fish
33.
Phrase of purpose So that phrase
She went to the department store for some sugar
She went to the department store so that she might buy some sugar
34.
Adverb phrase of manner Clause of
manner
I will do the job to the best of my ability
I will do the job as well as I can
The rich man gets dressed like a poor one
The rich man gets dressed as if he were a poor one
He worked hard like a slave
He worked as hard as a slave did
35.
Too to So That
Phrase Clause
Jack is too short to reach the top of the table
Jack is so short that he can not reach the top of the table
Bill Gates is intelligent enough to become the richest man
Bill Gates is so intelligent that he becomes the richest man
It is too cold for everybody to go out
It is so cold that everybody can not go out
Trang 8 His pain was too sharp for him to sleep.
His pain was so sharp that he could not sleep
36.
Too to Such That
Phrase Clause
It is too cold for everybody to go out
It is such a cold day that everybody can not go out
His pain was too sharp for him to sleep
He had such a sharp pain that he could not sleep
37.
Enough to So That
Phrase Clause
The woman is credulous enough to be cheated
The woman is so credulous that she is cheated
The tea is cool enough for you to drink now
The tea is so cool that you can drink it now
The wind was strong enough for the mill to work well
The wind was so strong that the mill could work well
38.
Enough to Such That
Phrase Clause
The wind was strong enough for the mill to work well
It was such a strong wind that the mill could work well
39.
As phrase Adverb of concession
As a doctor, he can not support his family
Though he is a doctor, he can not support his family
40.
In spite of/ Despite phrase Adverb of
concession
In spite of a lot of hardship, Vietnam Communist Party has led Vietnamese people to one after another victory
Although there has been a lot of hardship, Vietnam Communist Party has
Trang 9led Vietnamese people to one after another victory.
Despite the long distance between Hue and Lang Son, his mother pays a visit to him every month
Even though there is the long distance between Hue and Lang Son, his mother pays a visit to him every month
41.
Past participle Adverb of concession
Wounded seriously in the battle, Tru Van Tho tried to cover the hole of the blockhouse with his own body
Although Tru Van Tho was wounded seriously in the battle, he tried to cover the hole of the blockhouse with his own body
42.
Present participle Adverb of concession
Staying very far from the lighthouse, we can see its light every night
Though we stay very far from the lighthouse, we can see its light every night
43.
Without phrase Adverb of concession
Without money, he managed to enter the stadium to watch an important football match
Although he had no money, he managed to enter the stadium to watch an important football match
44.
Appositive phrase Adverb of concession
He, a poor student, can win a national prize
He can win a national prize although he is a poor student
45.
Prepositional phrase Adverb of concession
In a remote small village, he gains a worldwide fame
Although he lives in a remote small village, he gains a worldwide fame
Trang 10 From a soldier at first, he becomes a general today.
Though he was a soldier at first, he becomes a general today
Whether poor or rich, all people can learn English well
Although people are poor or rich, all of them can learn English well
46.
Present participle phrase Adverb clause
of concession
Working very hard, he can not earn his living
Hard as he works, he can not earn his living
47.
Prepositional phrase Adverb clause of
cause
Because of her stubbornness, her friends do not like her
Because she is stubborn, her friends do not like her
Due to the bad crop, the farmer is in debt
Because the crop is bad, the farmer is in debt
Thanks to the teacher's devoted help, he finished his doctorate thesis
48.
Present participle phrase Adverb clause
of cause
Having broken the vase, Mary was punished
Because Mary had broken the vase, she was punished
Living in the countryside, people have some disadvantages
Because they live in the countryside, they have some disadvantages
49.
Past participle phrase Adverb clause of
cause
Tied at the tree, he could not run away
Because he was tied at the tree, he could not run away
Put in prison, he can not have participated in the robbery
Because he was put in prison, he can not have participated in the robbery
50.
Except + phrase Except that + clause
Trang 11 She was an excellent student except her sickness.
She was an excellent student except that she was sick
Except the scar on her face, she is a beautiful girl
She is a beautiful girl except that there is a scar on her face
51
Double comparative
Mary learns hard She is tired
The harder Mary learns, the more tired she is
52
Any WH-EVER
She could choose any of the item; it cost only 5$
Whichever item she could choose, it cost only 5$
53
As soon as No sooner than
She went to bed as soon as she turned off the lights
No sooner had she turned off the lights than she went to bed
54
Though/Although … as …
Though he learned lazily, he passed any exam in his life
Lazily as he learned, he passed any exam in his life
55
No matter WH WH-EVER
He will wear the shirt she gave, no matter how worn it is
However worn the shirt she gave is, he will wear it
56.
WHETHER OR NOT WH-EVER
Tigers are very dangerous, whether they are hungry or not
However hungry tigers are, they are very dangerous
57
Without phrase If clause
Without her support, he would never be successful in his examination
If she didn’t support him, he would never be successful in his examination
58
Phrase with “Immediately after” No sooner … than
Trang 12Immediately after their saying goodbye, she went to bed.
No sooner had they said goodbye than she went to bed
59
Two simple sentences with future tenses Once clause with present
perfect
She will cook the lunch Then she will leave home
Once she has cooked the lunch, she will leave home
Interchange of complex and compound sentences
60.
Clause 1 + But + Clause 2 Main clause +
Adverb clause of concession
He is very rich, but he learns very badly.
Although he is very rich, he learns very badly
The boat was very old, but it could glide at sea every day
Though the boat was very old, it could glide at sea every day
60.
Clause 1 + and + Clause 2 Main clause +
Adverb clause of condition
You drink a lot of wine, and you can not control yourself
If you drink a lot of wine, you can not control yourself
61.
Clause 1 + so + Clause 2 Main clause +
Adverb clause of cause
He has broken the vase, so she is very angry
Because he has broken the vase, she is very angry
62.
Clause 1 + or + Clause 2 Main clause +
Adverb clause of condition
You should work hard; otherwise you will not earn your living
If you do not work hard, you will not earn your living
You are right, or he is wrong
If you are right, he will be wrong
Trang 13Clause 1 + and + Clause 2 Main clause +
Noun clause
She is a good teacher, and I think so
I think that she is a good teacher
You will win some national prizes, and I am sure of it
I am sure that you will win some national prizes
64.
Clause 1 + and + Clause 2 Adverb clause
of time
He studied at university and went to work at the same time
While he studied at university, he went to work
65.
Compound sentence with And Adverb
clause of comparison
Tom and Jack work equally hard
Tom works as hard as Jack
66.
Compound sentence with But Adverb
clause of reservation
In class all the students learn well, but Jack does not
In class all the students learn well except that Jack learns badly
67
Inversion with adverb clause of concession: as
He tries so hard, but he can’t memorize the vocabulary
Hard as he tries, he can’t memorize the vocabulary
68
Inversion with adverb clause of time: no sooner … than
The soldiers had no sooner had their meal than they returned to the trench
No sooner had the soldiers had their meal than they returned to the trench
69
Inversion with adverb clause of result: such … that