First certificate avenues coursebook

Exam skill Writing 1 In Paper 2, Writing, you have to answer two questions.. For the Part 1 question there is no choice: everyone must write the same kind of letter.. They will tell you

You must give me your final answer before the three-minute

bell rings

It must be a political figure of some sort

It must be a woman - men don't marry their brothers

It must be Cleopatra

OBLIGATION

The negative is 'mustn't' and the past is 'had to':

The chairman mustn't reveal the answer until the celebrity

guests have tried to work it out

Last week he had to give them the answer because they

couldn't guess it

It can't be Elizabeth I, because she never married

Cleopatra must have ruled her country bravely; and she

can't have been afraid of dying

1 I m sure Hillary Clinton works hard

2 I'm certain Boris Becker is feeling disappointed after

losing the match

3 I don't think Madonna is shy

4 I'm sure Superman is admired by all children

5 I'm sure Neil Armstrong liked being famous

6 I'm certain Columbus didn't get seasick

7 I'm sure Cleopatra wasn't scared of snakes

8 I'm certain Romeo was exaggerating about dying of

love

1 Where does the text come from?

2 Where does the action take place?

3 Why is 'she' there?

Now read on

Just as she was thinking she would have to stop soon

to rest and eat, she noticed a slight thinning out of the trees and a small increase of light and realised she must be coming to a clearing There, she thought, she

5 would take a break, out in the reassuring openness As she pushed through the last of the vines and stared into the blinding light, she saw an Indian village In the centre of the encampment stood a long hut There were other, smaller huts dotted about A fire smoked

10 in the middle of the clearing, which was about 200 metres wide But there was no one there She stood in the shadows of the jungle, knowing that she must have been trailed for many miles by the Indians, moving like ghosts through their own underworld, and that

15 now as she stood there, feeling alone, she must be watched by many eyes

And, across the clearing, on the other fringe of forest, there was the tree, tall and spindly, reaching for the light, dark-leaved and covered with the purple

20 flowers she was looking for She almost laughed as she stood there, expecting an arrow to hit her, or a body holding a knife to hurl itself at her at any moment She took a few deep breaths and walked into the centre of the clearing, dropped her pack near the fire, knelt

25 down, unbuckled it and began to take out the gifts Her left arm suddenly jumped She looked down slowly at the arm An arrow, just a stick of wood, jutted from the back of the arm, a little above the elbow She waited, expecting more arrows to follow,

30 or a crowd to come out of the forest behind her She said to herself, "Oh, God Don't let me die here, now." She saw her children's faces clearly, even Fran's grin and the missing top front tooth Then, because nothing happened, she twisted her right arm, set her

35 teeth and pulled The arrow eased slowly out through the flesh A gush of blood stained her jacket She thought the arrow could be poisoned That would be why no one had emerged and no further arrows had been fired They would stay under cover, watching her

40 until she dropped

4 Do you want to change any of your previous

answers?

5 Why is she carrying gifts, and why does she take

them out?

Now read on

Then the noise began It was a gentle clatter,

which grew slowly louder It took her some time to

work out what it was Slowly, she looked up and

around The helicopter came low across the clearing

45 and landed not far from the forest edge The rotation

of the propellers stopped The noise died away She

looked at the purple flowers swinging on the branches

of the tree opposite her Then, slowly, she stood up,

clutching the bleeding wound in her arm with her

50 right hand and walked towards the helicopter She was

not curious as to who was in the helicopter, or why

She merely saw it as safety An elderly man with a

shock of white hair stepped out of the door He gave

her an unfriendly stare and shouted back, "Martin

-55 chuck the stuff out quickly!" He said to Hannie, "Arc

you alone?" She nodded

6 Why is the helicopter there?

7 Do Hannie and the elderly man know each other?

Answer these questions about all three paragraphs

8 What deductions can you make about Hannie's

character?

9 Is she a heroine ?

What do these words in the text refer to?

1 There (1.4) 4 itself ( 1 2 2 ) 7 They ( 1 3 9 )

2 which ( 1 1 0 ) 5 it ( 1 2 5 ) 8 it ( 1 5 2 )

3 their (1.14) 6 That ( 1 3 7 ) 9 He ( 1 5 5 )

Answer these questions on the text by

choosing the best alternative (A-D)

1 When Hannie entered the clearing she was

A completely alone

B without a companion

C surrounded by friends

D part of a group

2 She saw her children's faces clearly because

A she was looking at a photograph

B she was having a dream

C she was missing them

D she thought she was going to die

3 She thought the Indians did not fire again because

A they did not want to kill her

B they wanted to remain hidden

C they knew she would die soon

D they were frightened of the helicopter

4 How did the elderly man greet Hannie?

A with displeasure

B with relief

C with curiosity

D with excitement

"Excuse me, that's where I sit."

Choose candidates for these titles:

Contemporary world hero Contemporary world villain Greatest hero in my country's history Worst villain in my country's history Greatest fictional hero

My personal hero

Exam skill Writing (1)

In Paper 2, Writing, you have to answer two questions

For the Part 1 question there is no choice: everyone

must write the same kind of letter (For your second

question, in Part 2, you have a choice of topics; see Unit

8 Lesson 4 and Unit 14 Lesson 4 ) Your letter should be

1 2 0 to 1 8 0 words long, and you shouldn't spend more

than 45 minutes doing Part 1 You have 1, 5 hours for

the whole paper

Instructions

Look at the instructions carefully They will tell you:

- what you must read before you start to write

- who you should write to (for example, a friend or

someone you know well, or the director of a

company, a newspaper editor or some other

stranger)

- your reason for writing the letter (for example, to

give information, to make a request or a complaint,

to apologise)

Reading

There will be some short texts to read (for example, an

advertisement, letter, newspaper report, handwritten

notes) and perhaps a photo or illustration to look at

You should study these carefully to find the information

you need to write your letter

Writing

When you write you should:

- follow the instructions exactly

- think about who you are writing to and how he or

she will feel about your letter

- organise your ideas carefully

- make sure your reason for writing is clear

- include all the necessary information from the

reading texts, but use your own words as far as

Read the report and the notes underneath it, and then write to Maria Feldman Give your feelings about her adventure, and, using the notes, ask her for more information and tell her why you want it

Write a l e t t e r of between 1 2 0 - 1 8 0 words in an

appropriate style Do not write any addresses

Before you write

1 W h a t is your relationship with the person you are

going to write to?

2 Remember to organise your ideas before you start to

write Here is a suggested paragraph plan:

Paragraph 1 Your reason for writing (including your

feelings about the adventure) Paragraph 2 Request for details about her Scottish

adventure Paragraph 3 Request for information about Maria's

life Paragraph 4 Brief summary of your request

Your best wishes for her recovery

TOURIST COMFORTS INJURED CHILDREN

went walking in the hills," she

explained from her hospital bed

On a lonely hillside she found

two ten-year-old boys who had

fallen into a large h o l e in the

ground " T h e y had hurt

themselves q u i t e b a d l y and

couldn't climb out," said Maria

"When I tried to help them, I

fell in as well, and then none of

us could get out!" T h e y were

trapped for 15 hours "I knew

we'd be rescued, but the boys

were frightened," she said

After you write

1 Check that your letter:

- has followed the instructions exactly

- will have a positive effect on Maria Feldman

- begins and ends in a suitable way

- uses correct grammar, spelling and punctuation

2 Compare your letter with the version on page 1 9 0

- details about Scottish adventure,

- situation in the hole

- the boys

- her injuries

- rescue

- her school experience

- her life after school

Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each gap

There is an example at the beginning (0)

T a t t o o s

Tania Moore (0) to look at her tattoos She has a bird on her shoulder and a flower on her arm "They look great and I think they (1) me," she says "Everybody is (2) by them." At 15, Tania is one of a number of young people who choose to get tattooed It is (3) thanks to celebrities such as Madonna and Cher

But not everybody is as (4) as Tania on this form of decoration

Dr Glover runs a tattoo-removal clinic in a plastic surgery unit He (5) that people should not try to do their own tattoos "You can (6) a professional tattooist to use sterilised needles, so at (7)

there is no danger of infection." Dr Glover is seeing more and more patients "These are people who (8) regret their tattoos They may look good with (9) clothes when you are (10) your teens, but you won't get a job in a bank with 'love' and 'hate' tattooed on your knuckles."

Unfortunately, tattoos are difficult and often impossible to get (11) "They don't just (12) like old clothes," says Brian Cook, now 27 "I've been coming to the clinic for six years and the removal (13) is very painful They are the reason why I can't get a job, my marriage is in (14) , and everyone (15) at me on the beach."

1 A go with B fit C match D suit

2 A admired B appreciated C approved D fascinated

3 A current B fashionable C up-to-date D usual

4 A enthusiastic B fond C interested D keen

5 A announces B emphasises C judges D supposes

6 A believe B depend C rely D trust

7 A hand B last - C least D once

8 A absolutely B extremely C fairly D really

9 A casual B neat C plain D smart

11 A away with B on with C out of D rid of

12 A put on B show off C try on D wear out

13 A action B manner C practice D process

14 A debt B half C ruins D tears

15 A examines B inspects C stares D watches

U N I T 3 P e o p l e

40

Test exercises

Complete this text Use only one word in each gap There is an example at the beginning (0)

Elsa Schiaparelli (1896-1973)

T h e i n n o v a t i o n of a top f a s h i o n d e s i g n e r (0) can

greatly i n f l u e n c e t h e p u b l i c ' s taste (1) d r e s s Elsa S c h i a p a r e l l i w a s a F r e n c h d e s i g n e r (2) ideas

s h o c k e d t h e f a s h i o n w o r l d o f t h e 1 9 3 0 s T o d a y s h e i s m a i n l y

r e m e m b e r e d for (3) •. t h e p a d d e d s h o u l d e r p o p u l a r

a n d i n t r o d u c i n g (4) t h e f a s h i o n w o r l d t h e c o l o u r ' s h o c k i n g p i n k '

S c h i a p a r e l l i w a s Italian (5) birth, but a t t e n d e d

F r e n c h , S w i s s a n d E n g l i s h s c h o o l s b e f o r e w o r k i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

I n 1 9 2 0 s h e w e n t t o P a r i s (6) s h e m a d e f r i e n d s

w i t h S a l v a d o r D a l i , J e a n C o c t e a u a n d o t h e r surrealist artists (7) i n f l u e n c e d t h e d e s i g n o f t h e c l o t h e s s h e m a d e for herself As a result of w e a r i n g (8) o w n striking b l a c k a n d

w h i t e s w e a t e r s , S c h i a p a r e l l i b e g a n (9) o r d e r s f r o m a n A m e r i c a n store

I n 1929 t h e store's m a n a g e r s w e r e (10) i m p r e s s e d that t h e y

d e c i d e d to set her (11) in b u s i n e s s S o o n s h e (12) a b l e t o e x p a n d into j e w e l l e r y , p e r f u m e , c o s m e t i c s , l i n g e r i e

a n d s w i m s u i t s a n d t o c o m m i s s i o n her artist f r i e n d s t o c r e a t e further f a s h i o n i d e a s After t h e w a r , i t w a s not c l e a r (13) w a s g o i n g t o h a p p e n t o t h e

f a s h i o n industry B u t b y 1 9 4 7 S c h i a p a r e l l i a n d others (14)

r e - e s t a b l i s h e d P a r i s a s t h e heart o f t h e f a s h i o n w o r l d S h e c o n t i n u e d t o s p r e a d t h e

c i t y ' s f a s h i o n s a c r o s s t h e w o r l d o n a large c o m m e r c i a l s c a l e (15) her d e a t h i n 1 9 7 3

My life as a fan

1 could find I have been to 1 1 5 concerts now I went to the New

2 York for two weeks because of he was doing 10 shows at Radio

3 City Music Hall I saw all 1 0 You don't go to all that way

4 and only go to two or three, do you? Some people say I am too

5 crazy, but it does not seem so excessive, if you will compare

6 me with a football supporter going to see his favourite team

7 every week I have got more 80 videotapes of Barry and a

8 couple of hundred records What I dream about is having dinner

9 with him Of course, there isn't any chance that could never

10 happen I don't think Barry understands it why thousands of

11 women feel the way they do about him It hurts to admit it, but

12 he must sometimes to feel like running away from his fans

1 3 Life can be boring, but if I will have a concert to look

14 forward to, I am excited One day he will stop doing concerts,

15 but that is something I dare not think about it too much

The mountains are generally fresher than the cities

The central region is more mountainous than the coast

The longest river is the Ishikari

Most people consider the most beautiful seasons to be spring

and autumn

What is the rule for forming the comparative and

superlative of adjectives in English? Use the adjectives

cold, hot, noisy, beautiful and good to illustrate your rule

In the southern island of Okinawa it is as hot as the tropics

most of the year

Y o u can put 'nearly', 'almost' or 'just' in front of 'as

as ':

London is nearly as expensive as Tokyo

In summer, Tokyo is just as hot as the desert

a 'not as/so as'

Life in the countryside is not as fast as it is in Tokyo

Y o u can add 'nearly' to 'not as/so as':

Kyoto isn't nearly as busy as Tokyo

b 'as as ' with 'twice', 'three times', etc., 'half, 'a

third', etc.:

Japan's car exports are twice as high as Britain's

Rice-growing is only half as important as it used to be

с '-er than ', 'more/less than ':

The mountains are generally fresher than the cities

Most people think spring is more beautiful than

summer

England is less mountainous than Japan

Y o u can put 'much', 'far', 'a lot', 'lots', 'a little' or 'a

biť in front of the comparative form of the adjective:

The south of the country is a lot warmer than the

A shogun was ruling Japan

In many passive sentences there is no agent, because in

these sentences it is usually not important to say who

or what something is done by:

Sixty-seven volcanoes in Japan are considered active

The passive form of the verb is made with the verb 'to be', in the appropriate tense, followed by the past participle:

Traditional products have been replaced by industrial ones European trade with Japan was begun in 1542

Japan was being ruled by a 'shogun' when the Portuguese came in 1542

Japanese working methods will be studied by foreign businessmen

1 The Suez Canal is longer than the P a n a m a Canal

The Panama Canal

2 The Corinth Canal isn't nearly as long as the

Panama Canal

The Corinth Canal is much

3 No other island is as big as Greenland

Greenland is in the world

4 In my opinion, Niagara Falls isn't as spectacular as

Iguaçu Falls

In my opinion, Iguaçu Falls

5 Is any other city as crowded as Mexico City?

Is Mexico City in the world?

6 Mont Blanc is roughly half as high as Mount

Everest

Mount Everest is roughly