ENGLISH DEVELOPING SKILLS

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FEBRUARY 2009 ORLANDO CARRANZA

„ THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING

„ WHAT MAKES LISTENING DIFFICULT?

„ LISTENING STAGES

„ PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES: BOTTOM–UP AND TOP–DOWN

„ STRATEGIES RELATED TO BOTTOM–UP PROCESSING

- Listening for specific details

- Recognizing Cognates

- Recognizing word order patterns

„ STRATEGIES RELATED TO TOP–DOWN PROCESSING

- Listening for the main idea

- Predicting

- Drawing inferences

- Summarizing

THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING

„ Language learning depends on Listening.

„ Speaking does not constitute communication by itself unless what

is said is comprehended by another person.

„ Listening is used far more than any other single language skill in

normal daily life

WHAT MAKES LISTENING DIFFICULT?

„ CLUSTERING Learners try to retain a long sentence or

several sentences at a time or try to understand

every word in an utterance

„ REDUNDANCY Learners have to understand that not

every sentence contains new information, and

they must be aware of the signals of redundancy

„ REDUCED FORMS Spoken language contains a good deal

of reduced forms that pose significant difficulties for the learner

„ PERFORMANCE VARIABLES Hesitations, false starts,

pauses and corrections can easily interfere with comprehension in second language learners

WHAT MAKES LISTENING

DIFFICULT?

„ COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE Language learners find difficult to deal

with colloquial language like, idioms, slang, contractions and

assimilations.

„ RATE OF DELIVERY Learners will need to be able to understand

language delivered at different rates of speed.

„ STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION Intonation patterns are very

significant not just for interpreting questions or statements but also

to get more subtle messages like sarcasm, insult, praise, etc.

„ INTERACTION This will play a large role in listening comprehension

because the students have to continue a chain of listening and

responding.

LISTENING STAGES

Because of the uncertainties that language learners experience when listening,

it is usually necessary to design activities following these stages:

„ THE PRE-LISTENING STAGE

Activities the teacher has to do before the students actually listen to the audio One important objective is to contextualize the text providing learners information about the setting and the role relationships between participants

„ WHILE-LISTENING STAGE

The work at this stage needs to link in relevant ways to the pre-listening work The purpose is to help the learner develop the skill of eliciting messages from spoken language

„ POST-LISTENING STAGE

They allow the learners to “reflect", reinforce and use the language presented on the task

BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN PROCESSES

„ The bottom-up mode of language processing involves the listener paying close attention to every detail of the language input The understanding of the language is worked out from sounds to words to grammatical relationships to lexical meanings, etc., to a “final” message

„ The top-down process of listening involves the listener’s ability to bring prior information to the task of understanding the “heard” language It is concerned with the activation of schemata, with deriving meaning, with global understanding, and with the interpretation of

a text

WHAT ARE THE PROCESSES THE PERSONS ARE USING IN EACH EXAMPLE?

party.

the following Saturday As you’ve never been to her house before, she gives you directions You listen carefully and take notes

when to laugh.

recent holiday, which was a disaster for him You listen and make some comments just to express some concern

or sympathy.

LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS RECOGNIZING COGNATES

RECOGNIZING WORD ORDER PATTERNS

LISTENING FOR THE MAIN IDEA PREDICTING

DRAWING INFERENCES SUMMARIZING

Morley, J (2001) U11A Listening Skills In Celce-Murcia (Ed.),

Oxford University Press

http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles

NCLRC The Essentials of Language Teaching(2004):

Strategies for Developing Listening Skills in

http://www.nclrc.org/essentials/listening/stratlisten.htm

Orlando Carranza

ICPNA

ETECS