phonlogy đầy dủ và hay nhất

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Apart Free passage voiceless : f

ve lu

m

rai se d=

>

air es ca

pe fr o

m th

e m ou

th

lo w

=

>

air es ca

pe fr o

m th

e no

se

I vocal folds

II Articulator : tongue & lips:

a tongue : tip => blade=> front=> back

b alveolar ridge=> hard palate( roof of mouth)=> velum ( soft palate): air can pass nose andmouth

• alveolar ridge: shape with the tongue

Articulation : the passage > larynx=> vocal tract

vo ca

l tra ct

na sa

l ca vit y

or

al ca vit

y ( l ip

s

=

>

uv ul a)

U pp

er (u n m ov ab le)

L o w

er ( m ov ab le)

ph ar yn x:

tu be

>

lar yn x

lar yn

x

=

>

vo ic

e bo

e m ou

th

gl ott

is

= vo ca

l co rd

s + vo ca

l co rd s

III Four stages of glottis

1 Open for normal breathy + voiceless sound

2 Close

3 Narrow: when “h” is produced

4 Tightly closed : đóng chặt lại ( cause vibration) ( glottal stop is produced)

(soft palate is raised) and ( soft palate is lower)

IV Criteria for consonant classification ( where , How, voicing)

A Places of articulation ( where)

bilabial, labiodentals, interdental (dental), alveolar, alveolar –palate ( post- alveolar), velar ( velum)

• Consonant sounds & voiceless sounds

• Consonant sounds: blocking air partially or completely : through lung=> vocal tract.

B Manner of articulation ( How)

• Articulators may close off the oral tract for a relatively long period; narrow the space considerably.

a Stop (no escape the mouth)

a) Oral stop (non –nasal) ( plosives)( completely)

─ Soft palate raised =>nasal tract : blocked up+ air completely obstructed.

─ Oral stop consonants air are “explodes”=> âm bật

− Nasal stop /m/: bilabial nasal ; /n/, / ŋ/: velar nasal consonant

b English fricative: blocking the air partially=> obstruction partially.

/f/ ,/v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/,

− Alveolar palatal fricative consonants : /s/, /z/

/t/ /dʒ/: post +alve

c Approximants /l/, /r/, /v/, also translated as /j/ in RP & /w/

− Approaches a certain place of articulation as for fricatives, but it

does not /r/ channeling air through the central part of the mouth.

− Approximants

bilabial labiodental:

interdental=dental:

alveolar:

retroflex palato -alveolar ridge palatal

velar:

/ each of the tongue => central approximant

− /l/ lateral approximant

b) The semi-vowels /j/ & /w/ : ½ bán nguyên âm.

 The way they are produced (phonetically) : no observation

 Phonological : distribution in English word ‘không có hai phụ âm đứng gần nhau”.

d The glottal fricatives /h/

• Phonological/h/ is consonants & almost always found before vowels.

• Phonetically:

− voiceless =>isolation

− Before vowels=>partial voice.

− Voiceless vowel=> follow=> quality

c) Definition :

− Consonant : + blocking air; + obstruction

− Vowels: without obstruction of the air stream oral cavity.

d) Characteristics:

1) oral : produced by mouth (velum is raised)

2) voiced : vibration of vocal cords together / closed/

4 trạng thái: freely air

Consonant: vocal cords closed.

3) Syllabic : form a syllable.

Vowels is centre => at syllable

+ because it in isolation

+consonant not form a syllable

Vowels vs consonants

Vowels Consonants

Vocoids: no obstruction in their production Not vocoids , contoids is obstructionPhonological: distribution Consonants follow by vowels

C Classification of English vowels:

• No obstruction=> no place of articulation (where) + no manner of articulation (how)

a) Tongue lips

fricative stops affricates

b) Tongue height.

• Frontness/ Backness: turn position ( turn part)

• Tenseness/ Laxness :

Long vowels/ Short vowels

• Lip Rounding : lips sharp

ap pr o xi m an ts

li q ui ds

/ / r/:

se m i- v o w el s //j/

ɒ

iː

lowæ

æ ɛɪ/  ˌɔː

ʊ e ɔ aː

ʌ

æ ɛɪ/  ˌɔː

ʊ e ɔ aː

ɑː

æ ɛɪ/  ˌɔː

 Not close near=> approximants

• /iː / tense=> long + spread vowel=> close front area

 For: mạnh : phonological: đi chung với

 /ɜː/ short vowels=> relatively short=> không chính xác cho tất cả trường hợp.

high

neutral

Long vowels Short vowels

Lengt

h

1) Context: fortis consonants ( âm mạnh)

Quality: tongue height , tongue position, lips

rounding

+voice : yếu + voiceless: mạnh

bet bed

short long

palatal

2) Present or absence of stress

‘record & re’cord

c) Dithong: glide : trượt từ âm này sang âm khác.

centre / /ɪə /e /ə /ʊə/

closing /a /ɪ /e /ɪ / /ɔɪ

ending / /ʊ /a /ʊ /əʊ/

d) Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in the language which can distinguish two words

- Have to contrast in the same environment

- Minimal pair: when two words are identical in every way, except one segment

( phoneme) which is the same position

D Major Class feature

1) Obstruents

n t h

e s h a p

e o

f t h

e m o u t

h

t o n g u e

r a i s e

l o w e r

fl a t

li p s

b) Syllabic

+ central part of syllable ; + vowel

liquids (unstressed syllable; /l/;/r/) & nasals => syllabic

 consonants are not syllabic

Allophones

• never occur the same position

• different forms of a phonemes

obstruents: non- continuant (fully obstructed, orals, affricates) continuant ( partially obstructed, fricatives)

sonorous: nasals, liquids, semi-vowels

Vowels: continuant

Sibilants: fricative creating hissing sounds + affricate

allophones: different forms of a phoneme

Nature of syllable

(C) - (V) - (C)

• Vowel (optional ) (C) => isolation obligatory

• Isolation sound: m/ s (silent ) (ask to)

• Onset (C) : begin (V)

• Coda (not onset) : ( C) after ( V)

• Both onset + Coda: between 2 ( C)

Structures

Onset ( zero onset) : begin vowel

+ 1C => C: any phoneme but ( n, ʒ rare)

2C or 3C => consonant cluster

pea k

tongue height rise

Square /skæ(r) /

/skiːm/ /stjuː/

Coda : end; zero consonant => no consonantFinal consonant : !C at end ( except h, r, w, j)Pre-initial ( m, n, ŋ, l, s) + final

Final + post-final ( s, z, t, d, θ)

2 types of 3C cluster

Pre- + final +

post-Final + post-1 + post-2

Rhyme : vần

Phonemic transcription : no relationship

Phonetic transcription : relationship with each other sounds: quality of the sound are more accurate

b: voice but come first => devoice

Optional delete unstressed vowels in rapid casual speech

Delete a / ɡ/ => before final nasal stop /m/ or /n/

Ex: sign /saɪn/ vs signature /ˈsɪgnɪtʃə/

Delete a word-final /b/ => after an /m/

Word-internally => stress syllable : appear

Voiceless and stops => unaspirated

Shorteness

Unstressed * glottal stop :t,d => replace button

Unstressed * Flap/tap /t/, /d/ , changing

Alveolar oral stops => voiced flap [D]

Stressed vowel -[ D] –unstressed vowel

Neutralization

Allophones of English phonemes

Clear [l] : before law

Dark [l] ; /u:/ after a vowel or before a consonant

Devoice [l] no voicing start a stressed syllable After [p], [k] play

Syllabic [l] stand as a peak of the syllable ex: cattle

ɑː ʌ ə dʒ æ ɛ tr /ɪ/ ˌɔː aɪ ʊ e a ɔ ː ɜː /p/, /t/, /k/ and /tʃ/ uː]

i

o

o

li p s

s p r e a d

n e u t r a l

r o u n d /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /l/ /b/ /p/ /k//θ/ /f//ð//ɡ//ʒ//n//h//m/