Properties of matter

Energy and matter have multiple forms and can be changed from one form to another.. atom chemical change element evaporation matter melting periodic table property Picture Credits Ever

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content

Nonfi ction Sequence • Captions

• Labels

• Table

• Glossary

Matter

Scott Foresman Science 3.3

Standards Preview

Standard Set 1 Physical Sciences

1 Energy and matter have multiple

forms and can be changed from

one form to another As a basis for

understanding this concept:

1.i. Students know people once

thought that earth, wind, fire, and

water were the basic elements

that made up all matter Science

experiments show that there are more

than 100 different types of atoms,

which are presented on the periodic

table of the elements.

ISBN 0-328-23524-5

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by Lisa Oram

Physical Sciences

atom

chemical change

element

evaporation

matter

melting

periodic table

property

Picture Credits

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publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd).

4 (T) Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc., (B) Ken Cavanagh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 7 (R) Hulton Archive Photos/

Getty Images; 10 (L) Robert Folz/Visuals Unlimited; 12 (BR) Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

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ISBN: 0-328-23524-5

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of

by Lisa Oram

2

What is matter?

This book is matter Your pencil is matter Your desk

is matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up

space The mass of an object is how much matter it has

Heavier objects have more mass Lighter objects have less

mass Pick up a ball It is matter The air inside a ball takes

up space It is matter too

3

A property is something about matter that you can

observe with one or more of your senses Shape, color, weight, size, smell, and taste are some properties A book might have a smooth cover and a square shape These are properties of that book

Parts of Matter

Have you ever used aluminum foil? Aluminum foil is

matter made from particles of the element aluminum An

element is matter made from a single type of particle

that is too small to see Cut aluminum foil into many tiny

pieces Each piece is still made of aluminum

Matter can be made up of one element or more than

one element A penny is matter Pennies used to be

made only of copper Now, pennies are made up of two

elements: copper and zinc

A penny is matter

Pennies used to be made only of copper.

Today, pennies are made of copper and zinc.

5

All matter is made up of atoms An atom is the

smallest particle of matter that has the properties of an element Atoms are very small You cannot see them with your eyes or a regular microscope Scientists form images

of them using special microscopes

Look at a picture in a magazine The colors appear

to be solid Now, look at the same picture under a microscope All the many colors are made out of patterns

of tiny dots of only a few colors The dots combine to make the colors in the picture Different kinds of matter are made up of combinations of atoms in the same way

Scientists use special microscopes

to study atoms.

Ideas About Matter

People have always wondered about their world In

ancient times, people observed fi re turn wood to ash Gas

and smoke rose from the fi re Gas in the air turned to

water and rain They concluded that earth, air, fi re, and

water were the four elements that made up all matter

Today, scientists know there are more than 100

elements Matter can be made up of one element, two

elements, or many kinds of elements Living things

are mostly made up of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and

hydrogen

7

The periodic table is a chart that scientists use to

organize all the elements Each element has a name and

a symbol Some people who have discovered elements have been allowed to suggest names for them

Berkelium was named after the city of Berkeley, California What do you think californium is named after?

Einsteinium is named after Albert Einstein Seaborgium

is named after another scientist, Glenn Seaborg What would you call an element named after you?

Albert Einstein (left) is seen here talking about the periodic table with another scientist.

What forms does

matter take?

Matter can exist in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas

The particles in these three forms of matter are always

moving The particles move differently in each form of

matter

A baseball is a solid It keeps its shape when it fl ies

through the air or rolls on the ground Its particles are

fi rmly held together They vibrate, but they stay in place

The ball and the glove are

solids Their particles are

held tightly together.

This milk is a liquid

Its particles are loosely connected.

Milk is a liquid Its shape depends on what container

is holding it The same amount of milk in a glass and in

a carton will have a different shape The particles in a liquid are loosely held together They can fl ow past one another

Gas particles are not held together They move freely and bounce off each other Air is a gas It does not have its own shape When you pump air into a ball, the air fi lls the space

The air in this soccer ball

is a gas Its particles are not held together.

Heating Liquids

It rains, and the street is wet Soon the street will be

dry, and all the puddles will be gone Where does the

water go?

Heat changes the liquid water into water vapor

Water vapor is a gas This process is called evaporation

Evaporation occurs when a liquid is changed into a gas

When water is vapor, it is part of the air, so the street is dry

The water in this puddle has

started to evaporate.

11

Think about a hair dryer Your hair will dry without

a hair dryer But with a hair dryer, your hair dries faster

The heat from the dryer speeds up the evaporation of the water on your hair

Heating Solids

Heat can also change solids Frozen solids melt into

liquids when they get hot Melting is changing from a

solid to a liquid A frozen juice bar on a sunny day doesn’t

last long!

Carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature If

enough heat is removed, the gas changes to a solid called

dry ice If it gains heat energy, the dry ice can turn into a

gas without fi rst becoming a liquid

Heat causes solids to

become liquids.

Dry ice

13

Heating Metals

Deep inside Earth it’s very hot Because it’s so hot, metal and rock at Earth’s center are liquid This liquid is called magma After magma erupts from a volcano, it is called lava The lava will cool and become solid rock

Gold and silver metals are used in liquid and solid form They can be made into jewelry Jewelry makers heat the metal and mold it into beautiful shapes When the shapes cool down, they become a hard solid

This jewelry maker

is shaping gold using heat.

What are chemical

changes?

In chemical changes, one kind of matter changes

into a different kind of matter with different properties

One type of cement begins as a dry powder To use it,

you have to mix it with water A chemical reaction takes

place when you make cement A paste is formed that

dries into cement

The cement cannot become a powder again The

water cannot be taken out of the cement Cement is not

the original matter in a different form It is an entirely

new piece of matter with different properties

Cement holds these bricks together It can never be turned back into powder and water.

15

Baking bread also causes chemical reactions The

fl our, baking powder, yeast, and eggs make a new substance When a piece of that bread is toasted, another chemical change occurs The bread changes color and texture You can’t turn toast back into untoasted bread

A chemical change happens when you toast bread.

2

3

16

Physical Changes

A physical change is different than a chemical change

In a physical change, the original matter keeps its original

properties

During a physical change, matter can change form

Water can freeze into ice Ice can melt back into water

The matter is water whether it is liquid or solid

The water has frozen into ice.

The ice is melting back into water.

Liquid water

is poured into the tray.

17

Mixing Matter

Have you ever mixed your favorite cereals? When you pour them into a bowl they each stay the same Their properties don’t change Each cereal looks the same

They don’t combine to form a new type of matter

The ingredients in trail mix stay the same too When you mix nuts and raisins together they remain nuts and raisins Like the cereal, they keep their shape and taste

No chemical change takes place

The ingredients in trail mix do not change into new kinds of matter.

Chemistry in Our World

Chemical changes are happening everywhere around

you Chemical changes are happening inside you too! Eat

an apple and your body changes the apple’s sugar into

energy and other kinds of matter

Do you have toys with batteries? Chemicals inside

the batteries keep your toy train running or your music

playing!

19

Scientists who study chemistry are called chemists

They help fi nd solutions to many of the world’s problems They can develop medicines to cure diseases

Plastic was even invented by chemists

Chemistry is the study of matter And chemistry matters!

These chemists are performing

an experiment.

atom the smallest particle of matter

that has the properties of an element

chemical change a change in which one kind of

matter becomes a different kind

of matter

element matter made up of a single type

of atom

evaporation when a liquid is changed into a

gas

matter anything that has mass and takes

up space

melting changing from a solid to a liquid

periodic table a chart with elements arranged in

rows and columns according to their properties

property something about matter that can

be observed with one or more senses

1 What is the smallest part of an element?

2 What are the three forms of matter?

3 What is one example of a chemical change?

can affect liquids as well as solids and metals Write a paragraph that explains how heat affects different kinds of matter.

bricks together What are the steps you would take to make cement and then use it in a brick wall?