Lecture Marine environmental studies Topic MARPOL

Lecture Marine environmental studies, this topic provides knowledge of MARPOL. The following will be discussed in this topic: Causes of major oil spills, history of MARPOL, Torrey Canyon, history of MARPOL 73, special areas for garbage,...

Introduc tion: afte r e ve ry major

ac c ide nt, ne w re g ulations :

 1912: Titanic – Safety Of Life at Sea (SOLAS)

 1967: Torrey Canyon – Maritime Pollution

Torrey Canyon – Channel - 1967

Some othe r major s pills :

 1978 – Amoco Cadiz – France – 223,000 MT

 1979 – Atlantic Empress- Tobago – 287,000 MT

 1983 – Castillo de Bellver – S.Africa – 252,000 MT

 1989 – Exxon Valdez – Alaska 37,000 MT

 1991 – ABT Summer – off Angola – 260,000 MT

 1993 – Braer – Shetland Isles – 85,000 MT

 2002 – Prestige – Spain – 77,000 MT

Map showing major oil spills

Amoc o Cadiz – Spain - 1978

Brae r – She tland Is lands – 1983

Pre s tige – Spain – 2002

Caus e s of major oil s pills :

His tory of MARPOL

ins pire d by:

 In 1967 the Torrey Canyon ran aground

 120,000 tons of crude oil lost

 Biggest incident up to that time

 Questions of measures for prevention

 Existing compensation culture - limited

 1969 the IMO assembly decided to hold an international conference

 1973 conference held

Torre y Canyon

 At 0830 on the 18th March 1967 the Liberian registered tanker Torrey Canyon on passage from Kuwait to the port of Milford Haven in the

UK made headline news

What happe ne d

 Hit Pollard rock at 17 knots

 Ripped out 6 tanks

 Leaked oil over a number of weeks

 Contaminated the south coast of UK and the Brittany coast of France

Brittany Coast

Torre y Canyon

 The prime minister at the time was Harold Wilson (who coincidentally had a holiday home on the Scilly Isles).

 He personally took charge of the incident and after a

mini cabinet meeting it was decided that the only option was to bomb the Torrey Canyon.

 Royal Navy Buccaneers from Lossiemouth in Scotland had been tasked with the mission of total destruction of the ship with the help of the Royal Air Force.

 Armaments used were 160 bombs with a total of 13,600 tons of Napalm.

Pictures

Torre y Canyon

 The idea was to blow up the ship and set fire to the oil if possible and burn it off Due to weather condition and spring tides, this was not successful.

 The Cost: the area of devastation was from Plymouth to Lands End and the shores of Brittany in France.

 The Price:

 Overall 200,000 birds died.

 The price tag for the clean up was 2 million pounds sterling

 Over 5000 people were involved in the clean up.

His tory of MARPOL 73

 Required ratification by 15 states with a

combined merchant fleet of 50% of the worlds shipping

 1976 only 3 ratification's had been received -

J ordan, Kenya, Tunisia

 Less than 1% of the worlds merchant fleet

 Looked like 73 was going to fail

His tory of MARPOL 78

 Response to a number of tanker incidents

MARPOL Conve ntion

 Prevention of pollution in the marine environment

 Combination of two treaties

 Adopted in 1973 and combined in 1978

 Entered into force in 1983(Annex 1/2)

 ANNEX 1 Prevention of pollution by oil

 ANNEX 2 Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid substances in bulk

 ANNEX 3 Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea

in package form

 ANNEX 4 Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships

 ANNEX 5 Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships

 ANNEX 6 Prevention of air pollution from ships

MARPOL 73/78

 International Conve ntion for the Pre ve ntion

of Pollution from Ships , 1973, as modified

by the Protoc ol of 1978 re lating the re to

(MARPOL)

 The current convention was adopted in 1973 but was reviewed in 1978 MARPOL has six annexes and they are:

Anne xe s :

 I – Oil

 II – Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk

 III – Harmful Substances in packaged form

 IV – Sewage

 V – Garbage

 VI – Air pollution

ANNEX I - OIL

 Covers prevention of pollution by oil from

operational measures as well as from

accidental discharges

 The 1992 amendments to Annex I made it

mandatory for new oil tankers to have double hulls and brought in a phase-in schedule for existing tankers to fit double hulls, which was subsequently revised in 2001 and 2003

Pre ve ntive Me as ure s Unde r

Anne x I

 Load on top (LOT)

 Crude oil washing (COW)

 Segregated Ballast Tank (SBT)

 Reception facilities

 Oil Records Books

 Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan

(SOPEP)

 Double Hulls (DH)

 Oil discharge monitoring and control system (ODMCS)

"Spe c ial Are as "

 no discharge allowed

 Sea areas in which, for technical reasons

relating to their oce anographical and

e c olog ic al condition and to their s ea traffic ,

the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required

"Spe c ial Are as "

 North – western European waters

 Southern South African waters

"Spe c ial Are as "

ANNEX II – NOXIOUS LIQUID

S UBSTANCES IN BULK

 Some 250 substances were evaluated and

included in the list appended to the

Convention

 The discharge of their residues is allowed only

to reception facilities

 These substances have been grouped into

four categories: A, B, C & D

 A – causing the most harm to the marine

environment

 D – causing the least harm to the marine

environment

Spe c ial Are as

 3 special areas have been identified for annex

II substances:

 Black s e a

 Baltic S e a

 Antarctic S e a.

ANNEX III – HARMFUL SUBS TANCES IN PACKAGED

FORM

 Harmful substances are those substances which are identified as ‘Marine Pollutants’ in the IMDG Code

 Documentation:

 A list of all ‘harmful substances’ shall be prepared bearing the following

 Proper shipping name (PSN)

 UN number (As allocated in the IMDG Code)

 IMO Class

 Packing group (I, II, III)

 Stowage Location (this may be substituted with a

detailed stowage plan)

ANNEX III – HARMFUL

by harmful substances

Contains general requirements for the issuing

of detailed standards on:

ANNEX III c ontiue d…

 Detailed regulations on these substances are

contained in chapter 7 of S OLAS (dangerous

cargoes) and in the IMDG Code

 As per regulation 4.3, At any stop over, where any loading/ unloading operations, even partial, is

carried out, a revision of the document listing the harmful substances aboard, indicating their

location, shall be made available before departure

As such, even if no DG cargo is loaded/unloaded

at a specific port, the list needs to be revised and maintained independently for each leg of the

voyage

 Drainage from spaces containing living

animals

 Other waste water when mixed with the

drainage defined above

 If the sewage has been disinfected and

comminuted, then it can be discharged at a

distance of not less than 4 nautical miles from the nearest land

Crite ria for dis c harge of s e wage

c ont’d

 If the sewage has not been disinfected and comminuted, then it can be discharged at a distance of not less than 12 nautical miles

from the nearest land

 “The rate of dis charge m ust be m ode rate ”

ANNEX V – GARBAGE

 Garbage means;

 All kinks of victual, domestic and operational waste excluding fresh fish and parts thereof, generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of continuously

or periodically except those substances which are defined or listed in other annexes of

MARPOL

ANNEX V – GARBAGE

 Garbage is categorized in 6 categories as below:

 Category 1: Plastics ( can never be disposed off at sea

 Category 2: Floating Dunnage, Lining, Packaging materials

 Category 3: Ground paper product, Rags, Glass, Metals (Less than 25mm)

 Category 4: Cargo residuals, paper products,

Glass, Metal

 Food Wastes

 Incinerator ask (except from plastic products

ANNEX V – GARBAGE

 It is a requirement for ships to carry garbage record books and garbage management plan

 The disposal of plastics is completely banned

 There is the requirement for ships to carry

placards indicating to both crew and

passengers on how garbage must be disposed off

Spe c ial are as for garbage

 Wider Caribbean region

Spe c ial are as for garbage

Garbage Disposal Requirement

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ANNEX VI – AIR POLLUTION

This annex also contains regulations dealing with air pollution by various substances:

 Sulphur Oxide (SO2)

 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)

 Ozone depleting substances (ODS’s)

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S ulphur Oxide Em is s ion Control Are a (S OXECA)

 The maximum sulphur content of fuel is 45% but if a ship is in the SOXECA, then the

maximum sulphur content must be 1.5%

 Baltic Sea area is the only SOXECA present

 It is required under this annex to obtain and

keep the bunke r de live ry note for at least three (3) years