Lecture AP Biology Chapter 40 Basic principles of animal form and function

This chapter distinguish among the following sets of terms: collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers; regulator and conformer; positive and negative feedback; basal and standard metabolic rates; torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor. This chapter also relate structure with function and identify diagrams of the following animal tissues: epithelial, connective tissue (six types), muscle tissue (three types), and nervous tissue.

Ch 40 Warm up

from cell to biome.

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Jane B Reece, Lisa A Urry, Michael L Cain, Steven A Wasserman, Peter V Minorsky, Robert B Jackson

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Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick

Basic Principles of Animal Form

and Function

Chapter 40

Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges

(STRUCTURE) of an organism

• Structure dictates function!

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Figure 40.1

Animal form and function are correlated

at all levels of organization

• Size and shape affect

the way an animal

interacts with its

environment

• Many different animal

body plans have

evolved and are

determined by the

genome

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• Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems

Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans

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Four main types of tissues:

lines the organs and cavities within the body

(cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, blood,

adipose)

smooth, cardiac)

throughout the animal (neurons, glia)

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Coordination and Control Within a Body

• Endocrine system: transmits chemical signals

(hormones) to receptive cells throughout body via blood

– Slow acting, long-lasting effects

• Nervous system: neurons transmit info between specific locations

• Maintain a “steady state” or internal balance

regardless of external environment

• Fluctuations above/below a set point serve as a

stimulus; these are detected by a sensor and

trigger a response

• The response returns the variable to the set point

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Negative Feedback

• “More gets you less.”

• Return changing conditions

back to set point

• “More gets you more.”

• Response moves variable

further away from set point

• Stimulus amplifies a response

• Examples:

– Lactation in mammals – Onset of labor in

childbirth

Plants: ripening of fruit

• Maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

• Endothermic animals generate heat by metabolism (birds and mammals)

• Ectothermic animals gain heat from external sources

(invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles)

• Q: Which is more active at greater temperature variations?

• Q: Which requires more energy?

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Figure 40.10

Balancing Heat Loss and Gain

• Organisms exchange heat by four physical

processes: radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction

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Five adaptations for thermoregulation:

• Insulation (skin, feather, fur, blubber)

• Circulatory adaptations (countercurrent exchange)

• Cooling by evaporative heat loss (sweat)

• Behavioral responses (shivering)

• Adjusting metabolic heat production (“antifreeze”)

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Figure 40.12

• Metabolic rate: amount of energy an animal

uses in a unit of time

at a “comfortable” temperature

rest at a specific temperature

• Ectotherms have much lower metabolic rates

than endotherms of a comparable size

Energy Use

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Figure 40.19

Torpor and Energy Conservation

low and metabolism decreases

• Save energy while avoiding difficult and

dangerous conditions

scarcity

of high temperatures and scarce water

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