BarCharts quickstudy spanish grammar

.----­ Nouns are either feminine or masculine, whether they refer to a person, place, thing or quality, and are usu­ ally accompanied by an article.. Most nouns ending in -0 are masculin

alphabet:

31 treinta y un( 0) 600 seiscientos, as

90 noventa 2,000,000 dos millones(de)

I Note: rr is co sidered a single consonnt: pe-rro (dog);

ma-rron (brown)

E When two conson nts appear between two vowels,

they arc separated into syllables: mar-tes (Tuesday);

car-ta (lette r)

I Exception: If b, c, , f, g, P or t arc followed by I or r:

cla-se (class); a-pren-der (to learn)

F When three c nsonants apper b tween two vowels,

only the st one is included in the fo ll wing syllable

r ins-ti-Iu-to (institute); trans-fc-rir (to transfer)

1 Ex eptio : Ifb, c, d, f, g, p, or I are followed by I or

r : hom- bre (man): In-gla-tc-rra (En land)

~~

A Only the fist word in a sentence and proper nouns

are ca ital ized

I EI senor Garcia via.jo a los Estados Unidos el dos de

Agree in gender and number with the noun that they accompany

A Definite articles lei, la, los, las (the)1 uses:

I With infinitivs used as nouns, particularly at the beginning

of a se ence: EI esludiar es bueno (Studying is good.)

2 With nouns li ted in a series: Pongo ellibro, el cuader­

no y la pluma sohre la mesa, (I put the book, the note­

book and the pen on the table.)

3 With certain nouns such as escuela, corte, carcel where English omits the article: Los ladrones van a la carcel

(Thieves go to jail); Los chicos aprenden mucho en la escuela (Children learn a lot in school.)

4 To identify an intangible concept: La bondad es una virtud (Kindness is a virtue.)

5 To identify somcthing specific that precedes a demo strative adjective: EI muchaeho este no tiene dinero,

COMPARATIVES • SUPERLATIVES

A In quality

I Formed by placing mas or men os before and ue after the adjec ve adverb or noun : Nelida es mas baja q ue Elena, (N elida is sh rter than IIcie ): Rosa canta

me os frecu ntemcnte que su her ma na (Rosa sings less f'equ ntly than her sister): EI chico tiene me os dinero que yo, (The b y has less money than I )

2 Irregular forms: bueno, mcjor (good, better); malo, peor (baLl worse); grande, mayor (big bigger or older)

B Equality

I Formed by usi ng ta n, followed by an adjective or adverb plus como: Isabel cs tan intcligente c mo Lucia, (I sab l is as intellig n as Lucia )

a Tan to s.a.a s ) is used with n noun: Tengo t an l o din ero

II elle y i griega the final 0 when followed by a masculine

A When a word ends in a vowel, n or s, the stress falls

011 the next to the last syllable

ca ba 110 (horse), c xa men (exam), ~ lIos (they)

B When a word ends in a c nsonant, exc pt n or s, the

stress falls in the last syllable: es pa fiol (Spanish),

ciu dad (city)

C When the pronunciation of a word does not con­

form to any of the above rules, a wri en a cent is

required to indicate which syllable to stres : ca N

(coffee), ir bol (trce)

- - D Sometimes, writtcn acents are used to distin­

guish the function or the mcaning between two

words with the same spelling:

I tu (you, familiar, subject pronoun) and tu (y ur,

possessive adjective )

2de (verb to give) and de (preposition)

3 SI (yes), si (if)

4 Certain pronouns such as que, quien(es), cual(es), cua

to(a), cuantos(as), and certain adverbs su h as cuando

and donde, wh n used as interrogatves, h e a written

acent: (Cuando vas a esludiar'! (,Quienes viene '!

A A vowel or a vowel combina on can constitute a syllable

I Diphthongs and triphtho gs are co sidered single

vowels and cannot be divided: es-tu-dian-te

(s tu de nt) ; a-bue-Ia (g randm o th e r)

B Three strong v wels (a, e, ) do n t form a diphtho g

and are separated into two syll bles: cm-ph~-o (job);

re-a-li-dad (reality)

C A written accent on a eak vowel (i, u) breaks the

diphtho g

I Thlls, the vowcls are se arated into two syllables: re-u­

ne (reunite); d,-a (day)

D A single c nsonant forms a syllabic with the vowel·

that lo ll w it: mu-fie-ca (doll); za-pa-tos (sh es)

on May 2 1993.)

B Nouns a d adjectves

I Denoting nationality, religious affiliation, names of lan­

guages, months of the year, and days of the week are generally not c p alized

C Names

I Count es, persons, c ntine ts, and the first word of a title arc normally capitalized

. ­

Nouns are either feminine or masculine, whether they refer to a person, place, thing or quality, and are usu­

ally accompanied by an article

A Most nouns ending in -0 are masculine: el libro (the book), but there arc exceptions such as la mano (the hand), la molo (the motorcycle)

I Some nouns ending in -rna which refer to non-concrete things arc masculine: el clima (the climate), eI drama (the drama), el idioma (the language), el poela (the poet), el problema (the problem), el programa (the pro­

gram), el sistema (the system), el tema (the thern~)

B Most nouns ending in -a are feminine: la mesa (the table), with exceptions such as el mapa (the map), el d,a (the day)

I Nouns ending ion, -dad, -tad, -Iud, -umbre are femi­ modifieci: Yo soy protesofa vs )h soy una buena pmfl'SOfa nine: la estacion (the season), la opresion (the oppres­

sion), la ciudad (the city), juventud (the youth), la muchedumbre (the crowd

PLURAL

A If the noun ends in:

I a vowel, add -s: libro/libros, puerla/puerlas,

2 a consonant, add -es: paredlparedes,profesor/profesores

3 -z, change it to a -c and add -es: hlpizlhipices, luz/luces

(This young man does not have [any Jmoney.)

6 With noun of weight or measure: Las naranjas cuestan

un dolar la libra (The oranges cost one dollar per pound.)

7 With titles ranks, and professions when used with a prop­

er name: La doctora Garcia lIam;• (Dr Garcia called.)

8 With name ofa subject: Esludk.la historia (I study histoly )

9 With days of the week to indicate when something occurs where we usc "on" in English: A veces "amos al cine el sabado, (Sometimes we go to the mO\ ies on Saturday.)

10 With parts of the body or articles of clothing, especially

if the possessor is early indicated as in the case of reflexive verbs: Me pongo el abrigo (I put on my cat.)

II With the seasons of the year: En la primavera lIueve mucho, (In spring it rains a lot.)

12 To show possession: EI abrigo de mi hermano esta en

eI armario, (My brother's coat is in the closet.) I3 With 1 ' 'U11L ' ' of certain cities, COlulhies, and L'ontinents: Ia Argentina, los Est-.lllo!; Unidos,]a HalYdna, IaAmerica del Sur:

14 With a proper nuun modi fieel by an adject i\ e: el pequeno Jose (Little Joseph)

1 With a noun in apposition with a pronoun: Nosotros los norteamericanos (We North America s)

1 Prec es hour when telling time: Es la una, (It is one o·clock.) Note: The masculine singular form of the d finite arti­ cle, el, is used b fore certain feminine nouns that begin with stres ed a: el aguila (cagle), cI agua (water)

B Indefinite articles

I un, una, unos, unas (a, some) normally precede a nOlln

2 In specific cses, an article is not lIsed

a Afh:r a form of the verb S('r (to )v.'hen the noun t()lkm ing it is not

A Modify a verb, an adjective or another ad\erb

I To form an adverb, add -mente to feminine sint!ular fbrm

of adjective: correctu - correctamentc (correctly)

2 An adverb precedes the adjectivc it modifies but nor­ mally follow the v rb it modi fie,; La profesora es muy inteligente, (The professor is v ry intellig nt); Ellos pronuncian bien, (They pronounce ell.)

A Describe a noun or pronoun

I Must ab'CeC in gender and number with th noun they mociify

a Most masculine adjectives end in -0

b Most feminine adjectives end in -3

c Adjectives that do not end in -0 or -a usc this form for

both thc feminine and the masculine

d.Adjcctivcs ending in -an and -{m arc made feminine by

adding -a and dropping thc accent

e Adjectives ending in -dor arc ITItJdc feminine by adding -3:

encantador - encantadora

f Adjectives of nationality ending in a consonant afC madc

feminine by adding -3 and dropring the accent (if there is

one): aleman - alcmana

2 Adjectives arc made plural the same way as nouns

a Adjectives that modity two or morc 110lIIlS ofdiftcrcnt gender are

n0n11ally masculine plural

B Descriptive adjectives

I Genemlly fc,lIow the nouns they modify: ellibro interesante

(the interesting book); la casa blanca (the white house)

2 Ie however, the adjective does not add a distinguishing

characteristic or emphasis, but rather readily associates

with the noun descriptive adjectives will fi'cqucntly pre­

cede the noun: la blanca nievc (the white snow)

Limiting adjectives

I Demonstratives, possessives, and indefinite articles, car­

dinal numbers, and ordinal numbers usually precede the

noun: estas camisas (thcse shirts); mis amigos (my

friends); muchos dolares (many dollars); siete coches

(seven cars); and el quinto capitulo (the fifth chapter)

2 Certain adjectives normally precede the nouns they

modify and lose their rinal -0 before a masculine singu­

lar noun: un buen muchacho (a good boy); el primer

ano (the first year); alglin dia (some day)

D Demonstrative adjectives

este libro this book esta pluma this pen

estos libros these books estas plumas these pcns

ese libro that book ncar you esa pluma that pen ncar you

esos tibros OlOSC books ncar ylXl csas plumas those pcns ncar you

aqud tibru that book over there aquella p1uma Ow pen over OleiC

[indicate farther distance from speaker]

~lbusnucinl<so,e'u"""c lIIp.h ,IItiUUCIUl\(M)·U"""c

E Possessiv<.: adjectives

mi coche my car

mis coches my cars

tu coche your car (I,"niliar)

IUs rocb(,s your ".,lrs (tlllllili,u')

su roche his car; her c",~ YOl.u·

car (formal); their car

sus COChl'S his cars; her cars;

your CarS (kll1llal): their cal",

nuestro coche our car

Illi casa my house Illis casas my houses

tu casa your house (Huniliar) IUs l"3.'i3S YOLU' hOl.l<;CS (famili,u')

su casa his house; her house,

YOl.If house (fOl1nal); their house sus casas his houses; her houses;

ylXu' houses (fol1nal);their houses nuestra casa our house nuestros coches our cars nucstras casas our hOllses

vuestm coche yOl.U"Cru· (fruniliar) vuestra casa your house (famil~u')

we\tr(J;cociles ylXnm(liunil'.·) '1L>qr~0Nl'i )(l.Irh')lre;(familw)

PREPOSITIONS

Connect a noun or pronoun to another word

M any verbs require a preposition before an infinitive

(It is best to learn the verb along with the preposition.)

A "a" (to)

I Verbs of commencement motion, teaching, and

learning must be followed by a berore an infinitive:

aprender 3, comenzar 3, ir 3, etc

con (with)

I Verbs that require con arc: contar con, SOnar con

C de (from)

1 Verbs that require de arc: acabar de, dejar de, olvidarsc

de, tratar de

D en (in)

USAGE

A Personal "A"

I Spanish requires an a before a direct object that refers

to a definite person or persons: Tli ves a esc joven todos los dias (You see that young man every day.)

B De used to form possession

I Ellibro de Juan es rojo (John's book is red.)

C Para

I Purpose, direction, destination or intention: EI etudia

para abogado (He is studying to be a lawyer.)

2 A time limit by which something is to be done:

Terminare el proyedo para ellunes, (I will rinish the project by Monday.)

3 In idiomatic expressions: para siempre (for ever)

D Por

I Along or through, for, during a period of time, in exchange lor, lor the sake of, per by means of: Caminan por el par­

que (They walk through the park.) Fueron a Mexico por dos semanas (They went to Mexico for two weeks.)

2 Por in idiomatic expressions: por favor (please), por ejemplo (for example), por eso (therefore)

iii ylXl(lam.) te to you (fam.) te you (t;lm.) .1 he Ie to him, to her, 10 him, it, you (masc.)

to you (Iorm.)

usted you (limn.)

vosotros (-as) you os to you (tam.) os you (hlln.) (fam.)

ellos they (mase.) Ics to them, to los them, you (mase.)

you (form.)

ustedes you (form.)

Formed by using the appropriate definite article (eI, los,

la, las) plus a long form of the possessive given below

2 Agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces:

Mi hermana es mas alta que la tuya (My sister is taller than yours.)

singular-m/f

el 11110 , la mia

cI tuyo, la tuya

el suyo, la suya clnuestro, la nuestro

el vut ",tIO 1.1 vuestro

cl suyo, la suya

B Demonstrative

plural-m/f los mios, las mias los tuyos, las tuyas los suyos, las suyas los nuestros, las nuestras los vuestros, las vuestras los suyos, las suyas

mme yours (fam sing.) yours (formal) his, hers, its ours yours (l'3m pl.) yours (fonnal), theirs

este cstos esc esos aquel aquellos

esta estas csa esas aquella aquellas

neuter esto eso

this one (here) these (here) that one (there) those (there) aqucllo that on (over there)

those (over there) Nosotros queremos ver estas blusas y aquellas

(We want to see these blouses and those over there.)

C Relative Connect the subordinate clause with an antecedent in the main clause

2 Relative pronouns arc never omitted in Spanish

3 Que is the 1110st cOl11l11on relative pronoun and is invari­

able in form

a It may refer to hath people and things, regardless of gender and number

b It may also be used as a subject or an objecL

4 Quien, quienes (who whom) refer only to people

u Quien is normally used after the prepositions 8, dc, con and ell

D Interrogative I.lque'! (what'»

2.lcual? lcmlles? (what" which") 3.lcuanto? ;,cuanta'! (how much") 4.lcuantos? ;,cuantas? (how many?) 5.lquh~n'! ;,quienes'! (who?)

E Reflexive

A Before the verb if it is:

I A conjugated vcrb: EII:I 10 estudia

(she studies it); Elena nos ve (Elena sees us.)

a Exception to this rule is atl'innativc illlp~rath c in \\hich case the object pronoun follows (and b attached to) thl : verb: Digamc.(Tdl me); C{,malo (I.at it.)

B After (attached to) the wrb if it is:

I An infinitive: Quiero eomerlo (I want to cat iL)

2 A preselll participle: Estoy estudiandolo (I am studying iL) Note: Both infinitive and present participles are ,cry often preceded by a conjugated verb or afier the inrini­ tive/present participle: Lo quiero comer/Quiero com­ erlo; Estoy estudhindolo/Lo estov estudillndo

C Direct and indirect object pro~ouns together:

I When two object pronouns appear in a sentence the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pro­ noun: David te 10 dio (David gave it to you.)

2 Ifboth pronouns arc in the third pcrson, Ie.les arc replaced by se: Se 10 escribo or Vov a l'SCribirselo (I wlite it to him, her you, singular or plura!, io them Icmininc or masculine plural.)

3 Since se may mean to hil11, to her to them, to you, etc une

can add a plus the prepositional pronoun 1<11"111 to dari(,,: a I, a ella, a usted, a ustedl's, a ellos a elias: La madre se los compra la ellosl (The mother buys it lor theill.)

The pronouns used with or that follow a preposition are the same as the subject pnlllouns, except lor the first-and second-persons singular and the reflexiw si

ti you (familiar) vosotros you (1'II11iliar)

With con: mi, Ii, si b-'Coille conmigo conligo, CIII.,i,,,,.,-1IIIII

VERBS

VERBS HAVE THREE MOODS

A Indicative

B Subjunctive

I Used to express actions that are doubtl,,!, possible or desirable

C Imperative

I Used to express orders (commands)

A Accordi ng to infinitive endings: -ar, - c r -ir

I Most vrb forms arc created by dropping the infiniti\"c end­

in (leaving the inriniti"c stem) and adding other endings

2 Verbs follow g these general formati n rules arc called

regular verbs

B Di fl'crent endings

I Depcnd on mooel tense or pcrson of vcrb (infinitive, present and past participle do n t change) FORMATION OF REGULAR VERBS:

Indicative & Suhjunctive Mood, Simple Tenses -ar ending: hablar =to speak

Pres Part: habl + u do

Past Part: habl + ado

Imperfect habl "ba abas abn {ibamos aba is aban

Preterite Il abl aste I', a mo ~ asteis aron

Conditional hablar ia ias IU i a m os iais ian

Imp.Subj, habla ra ras rt1 !"am OS !"il is rail

-er ending: comer = to ~ at

Pres Part: com + icn o

Past Part: com + ido

Imperfect com ia ias ia iamos iais ian

Preterite com isle i6 imos islCis icron

in ias i n i:lmos iais ian

viv +

Present VIV o es e imos is en 2 caber: cupe, cupistc, cupa, cupimas, cupisteis, cupieron habl+ a com+ c ecrib+ ('

Conditional ia ias ia iamas iajs ian 5 creer: crei, creisle, crcyo, crcimos, crcisleis, crcycroll Elias habl+ an com en cscrib+ en

a as a amos {lis an 6 dar: di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron Elios habl+ an com ell cSL:rib en

ra ras ra ramos rais ran 7 decir: dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron Ustedes habl+ an com+ cn cscrib+ en

8 dt.1ener d.1uve, cktuviste, d.'ltIVO, cl"1llvimos, detuvisteis, deluviemn estar: cstuve, estuvi~e, estUVQ, estuvinlOS., estuvisteis, estuvieron • IMPERFECT

haber: hube, hubiste, hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, hubieron hacer: hice, hieistc, hizo, hicimos, hieisteis, hieieron A Usage ir: liri, firiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron I Describes what was happening or used to happen in the past Most common present tense verb stem changes: leer: lei, leiste, Icy", leimos, leisteis, leyeron 2 It is used for background: descriptions of persons or

cOlllcnzar cmpezar pensar scntarsc 15 poner: puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron 3 The expressions usually associated with the imperfect despertarse enccndcr perder sentir 16 querer: quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron are: siemprc, a menudo, todos los dias, todas las

divcrtirsc helar nevar scntirse 17 rcir: rei, relste, ri6, reimos, reisteis, rieron semanas, todos los anos, frCcul'ntemente ~l<.'

acordarse costar encontrar 19 ser: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron or "I was speaking.""

acostarse devolver lIover 20 tener: tllve, luvisle, tllVO, luvimos, tuvisleis, tuvieron

almorzar doler morir 21 traer: traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron ar (hahlar) er (comer) ir (escribir) contar dormirse mostrar 22 traducir: tradujc, tradujiste, tradujo, tradujimos, Yo habl+ aba com+ ia escrib la

cOlTcgir repetir sonreir 23 vcnir: vine, vinistc, vino, vinimos, vinistcis, vinieroll E habl t-aba com+ ia escrib+

A The following 12 verbs change the stems for both the Elias habl+ aban com+ ian cscrib+ ian future and the conditional tenses: Ellos habl+ aban eOIll t-ian cscrib+ ian

Ustecics hahl t-aban com+ ian cscrib+ ian

A The stem of many verbs is subject to a vowel split I caber: eabr S poder: podr 9 salir: saldr

when stressed 2 3 dccir: dir haber: habr 6 7 poner: querer: qucrr II pondr 10 tener: tendr valer: valdr · PRETERITE

I e to ie, 0 to UC, u to ue, and c to L

second-person plural

I Emphasizes beginning end or completcness of an action

or state within a certain period of time in the past

yo cierr+ 0 pued+ 0 jueg+ 0 pid+ 0 B estar: este, estes, este, 3 Yo habl" is usually translated as "I spoke."

ar (hablsr) er (comer) ir (escribir)

el cierr+ a pued+ e jueg+ a pid+ e D ir: vaya, vayasl vaya, vayamos, vayais, vayan

elia cierr+ a pued+ I' jueg+ a pid+e E saber: scpa, scpas, scpa, sepamos, sepais, sepan Yo habl+ c com+ i escrib+ i

ustcd cicrr+ a pued+ c jueg+ a pid+ e F SCI': sea seas, sea, seamos, seilis, scan Til habl+ aste com+ istc cscrib+ isle

Elias/Elias habH aron com+ icron cscrib+ icrol1

Ustcdcs habl+ arol1 com icron cscrib icron

the present arc regular in the pretcrite: volver: volvi, I In a narration, the preterite is L1sed to tell the stor) or

B Verbs ending in -ir whieh are stem-changing Part - habido the background ,)r set the stage for the story

present arc also stem-changing in the preterite

Present he, has, ha, hemos habeis, han

2.Thc stem change only uceLlrs in the third-person sin ular an

plural 01' the preterite p ref ; r: preferi, preferiste, Preterite hube, hubistc, hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, A

Future habrc, habnis, habril, habrcmos, habreis, habran 2 Also expresses uncertainty or spccul,lllon in the present Conditional habri", habrias, habria, habriamos, habriais, B Formation

habriall I Adding the :ndings urlhe present tCIlSl' of the au i!iar} Pres Subj, haya, hayus, haya, hayamos, hay,iis, hayan verb haber to the infinitivc

Past, Subj, hubier", hubieras, hubiera, hubicramo s, 2 Wlitten accents OCCllr in all pel,ons execptthe liN-peN., plum!

B coger: cojo, coges, eagc, cogcmos, eogcis, eogcn Tli hahlar"' 'IS t:ollll!r+ ,' l S cscribir.+ [IS

E star: estoy, est{ts, esta, cstamos, cstais, cst{\Il Ustcd hablar+ ,I comcr+ ,i cscribir ' , 't

II obtener: obtcngo, obtienes, obticnc, obtencmos, ElioslElias hablar+ ,-.n cOlllcr+ {lll cxcribir-l [1I1

I oir: oigo, oyes, oyc, oimos, ois, oycn

C Note: Future and conditional

J reir: rio, ries, rie reimos, reis, rien

Both usc the infinitivc f(JrIn of" the vcrb as the stelll

K ser: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

before adding the endings of futurc and conditional

L sonr-eir: sondo, sonrics, sonric, sonrcimos, sonrcis, sonrien

M tcncr: tcngo, tiencs, ticnc, tcnclllOS, tencis, ticncn

N vcnir: vengo, vicncs, vicne, vcnimos, vcnis, vicnen

A Formation

I Adding the imperfect endings of the second and third

conjugation to the infiniti\ e

ar (hablar) er (comer) ir (escribir)

haeer: hago 1 Describe events oCLlrring now or that occur regularly Ustcd hablar+ ia comer+ ia e ~c ribir + ia

Ustedes

comer+ ian

I Expresses uncenainty fl.'elings desires and hypothetical situ­

ations Said ria a esa hora (He/she probably left at that time.)

It is used to make a request or a polite statement: Podria

I Drop 0 from the rirst-person singular rorm of the present

indicative (hablo, pienso, traigo become habl, piens,

and traig) and add the subjunctive endings

I Take the third-person plural form orthe preterite tense drop

the ron ending and add the imperfect subjunctive endings

Vosotros habla+ rai s comie+ rais escribie+ rais

comic+ ran cscribie+ ran

I A ftcr a verb or impersonal phrase that expresses a wish

desire, preference suggestion or request: Yo quiero que

til estudies (I want you to study.)

2 After a verb or expression that expresscs doubt, iCar, joy

(Perhaps she will come.)

3 After certain impersonal expressions that show nccessi­

ty doubt, regret possibility: Es necesario Es posible,

Es una hlstima

Conjunctions

I Arter cOIBunctions denoting purpose provision or exception:

pard que (in order that) a fin de que (so that), con tal de

que (provided that) en caso (de) que (in case) a menos que

(unless), sin que (without): Lo dijo para que ellos 10

supieran (She/lie said it so that they would know it.)

2 After certain conjunctions or time if the action has not

tall proll/(} C Olli" IIIi., padre.• lIe!:,wII (We will cat as

soon as my parents arrive.)

C Clauses

I In adjectival (or relative) clauses when antecedent (no~n

or pronoun) in main clause is indefinite or nonexistent:

Busco un estudiantc que hable japones (I am looking

for a student tha speaks Japanese.)

A When the use of the subjunctive is required:

I IfU,e vClb in the main ciau<;c is in thc prescnt rutun: or present

IJClfcct indicative, or the imlJCrativc then the present or pl't.'SCnt

perlCct subjunctive is uscd in the dependent clause: Queremos

que til asistas a Ia escuela (We want you to attend school);

prano, (Start to prepare dinner so that they may go out early.)

If the verb in the main clause is in the imperfect indica­

tive preterite conJitional or pluperfect indicative then

the imperrect or pluperrcct subjunctive is used in the

dependent clause Q lleriamos que ttl asistieras a la

escueln (We wanted you to attend school); Empece a

The di trerent compound tenses are rormed by using the auxiliary verb haber in the present imperfect future and conditional or the indicative mood and the present and imperfect of the subjunctive with the past participles

of the main verb

the present tense of haber plus the past participle of hablar: Yo he hab/ado (I have spoken.)

3 The past perfect of hablar consists of the imperfect

of haber plus the past participle or hablar: Yo habia hab/ado, (I had spoken.)

4 The future perfect of hablar consists of the future of

haber plus the past participle of hablar: Yt, habr.' hab/ado (I will have spoken.)

5 The conditional perfect of hablar consists of the condi­

tional of haber plus the past participle of hablar: Yo hahria hah/ado (I would have spoken.)

6 The present perfect subjunctive of hablar consists or the present subjunctive of haber plus the past participle or hablar: Yo haya hah/ado (I may have spoken.)

7 The past perfect subjunctive of hablar consi sts of

might have spoken.)

The progressive tenses are formed by the present or imperfect tense of the verb estar and the present partici­

ple of the main conjugated vcrb

2 Thus the present progressive is: Yo estoy hablando (I

am speaking) and the past progressive is: Yo estaba hablando (I was speaking.)

I The progressive tenses are limitcd in thcir use to

an action that is happening right at that moment:

Estoy almorzando (I am [now) eating lunch.)

mediodia (I ' m eating lunch at noon.)

2 The following verbs arc rarely used in the present progressive: ir, venir, estar and ser

A Equivalent to the English -ing form

and the er or ir from -er and -ir verbs and adding

-comiendo, escribir - cscribiendo

Irregular Present Participles

10 pedir: pidiendo

PAST PARTICIPLE

A Past participle of regular verbs are formed;

I By dropping the inrinitivc cnding ar of the rirst

2.ln the second and third conjugations, by replacing the

recibir ­ recibido, Irregular Past Participles

Subject receives the action of the verb

A Formation

I By using the rcllexive pronouns in li'ont or the conjugat­

ed verb: Mi hijo se levanta, sc baria y sc viste, (My son gets up takes a bath and gets dresscd.)

Examples: ir = to g , irsc = to go away;

dormir = to sleep, dormirse = to hIli asleep

aburrirse, acostarse, afeitarse, baiiarsc caerse,

callarse cansarse, cepi Ilarsc, despedirsc despcrtarse,

peinarsc, poncrsc prepararse quitarse, selllirsc

GUSTAR

A Derinition

I To be pleasing to someone

2The vClb is mainly used in the third-IJCrson singular and plural

3 The structure or a sentence that uses gustar is: indirect object pronoun v rb article and noun or inrinitive: Me

gusta el cafe (I like coffee or Coffee is pleasin to me.)

Nos gusta leer (We like to read.)

~ A Ser uses;

I Describes esse tial characteristi cs or a person, an object

or an an imal: l\1i a migo cs ruhio, alto, y delgado (My fri end is blond tall and thin )

Uruguay )

3 Tell s time and ror dates: (Que hora es? Son las diez (What time is it? It is ten o'cloc k.)

4 Forms the passive voice: America fue descubierta por Colon (America was discovered by Columbus.)

B Estar uses:

I Expresscs location: Sevilla esta en Espalia (Seville is in Spain.)

2Expresses state or conditio : EI esta cansado (l ie is tired.)

3 Forms the progressive tenses: Usted csta mirando la television (You arc watching television.)

A Used to e.x prcss a commanci

I The imperative is used in the li,llowing persons: til,

nosotros(as), \'osotros(as), listed and ustedcs, but the

subject pronoun is nOI expressed

vosotros(as), usted and IIstedes, as well as all nega­ tive commands arc derived fn)111 the rr~ sc nt subjunc­

Tra bajen mas [Uds](Work more}; Es tudiemus

a hora (Let's study now )

3The til rorm alTirmatiw is the sa me as the third-p son

singular of the present tense hahl~, come and escribe

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