(BQ) Part 2 book Financial accounting has contents Inventory cost of goods sold, plant assets intangibles, liabilities, the income statement the statement of stockholders’ equity, the statement of cash flows, financial statement analysis,...and other contents.
Trang 1S P O T L I G H T
You’ve just graduated from college, taken a job, and you’re moving into an apartment The place is nished, so you’ll need a sofa, a table, and a few chairs Where will you find these things? Pier 1 Imports mayget some of your business
unfur-Pier 1 is known for featuring stylish home furnishings at popular prices–just about right for a new ate The company operates 1,100 stores in the U.S., plus 43 Pier 1 Kids stores that sell children’s furniture andaccessories
gradu-Pier 1’s balance sheet is summarized here You can see that the merchandise inventory (labeled simply asInventories) is Pier 1’s largest asset That’s not surprising since Pier 1, like other retailers, attracts customerswith goods that they can purchase and take home immediately
Inventory & Cost of Goods Sold 6
Trang 2We also present Pier 1’s income statement Fiscal 2006 was a tough year—
Pier 1 had a net loss of $40 million Sales dropped from the preceding year, and expenses increased
Net sales
Operating costs and expenses: Cost of sales (Cost of goods sold)
Operating expenses
Operating income (loss)
Nonoperating income
Income (loss) before income taxes
Income tax expense (income tax saving in 2006)
Income (loss) from continuing operations
(Loss) from discontinued operations
Net income (loss)
(In millions) Pier 1 Imports, Inc Statements of Operations (Adapted) 2006 2005 $1,825 1,122 605 98 1 99 37 62 (2) $ 60
$1,777 1,175 645 (43) 1 (42) (14) (28) (12) $ (40)
Year Ended Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents
Receivables, net of allowance for doubtful account of $1 and $1, respectively
Inventories
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Total current assets
Properties, net
Other noncurrent assets
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity Current liabilities
Long-term debt
Other noncurrent liabilities
Shareholders’ equity
$ 186
47
366
80 679 320 77
$1,076
$ 292 19 101 664
$1,076
(In millions)
Pier 1 Imports, Inc.
Balance Sheets (Adapted)
$ 246
64
369
96 775 299 96
$1,170
$ 289 184 107 590
$1,170
Trang 3Accounting for Inventory ■ 311
You can see that the cost of sales (another name for cost of goods sold) is by farPier 1’s largest expense The account titled Cost of Goods Soldperfectly describes
that expense In short,
■ Pier 1 buys inventory, an asset carried on the books at cost
■ The goods that Pier 1 sells are no longer Pier 1’s asset The cost of inventorythat’s sold gets shifted into the expense account, Cost of Goods Sold
Merchandise inventory is the heart of a merchandising business, and cost of
goods sold is the most important expense for a company that sells goods rather
than services This chapter covers the accounting for inventory and cost of goods
sold It also shows you how to analyze financial statements Here we focus on
inven-tory, cost of goods sold, and gross profit
We begin by showing how the financial statements of a merchandiser such asPier 1 Imports or Ford Motor Company differ from those of service entities such as
FedEx and Wells Fargo Bank The financial statements in Exhibit 6-1 (p 312) highlight
how service entities differ from merchandisers (dollar amounts are assumed)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1 Account for inventory
2 Understand the various inventory methods
3 Use gross profit percentage and inventory turnover to evaluate operations
4 Estimate inventory by the gross profit method
5 Show how inventory errors affect the financial statements
The basic concept of accounting for merchandise inventory can be illustrated with an
example Suppose Pier 1 Imports has in stock 3 chairs that cost $300 each Pier 1
marks the chairs up by $200 and sells 2 of the chairs for $500 each.
■ Pier 1’s balance sheet reports the 1 chair that the company still holds in inventory.
■ The income statement reports the cost of the 2 chairs sold, as shown in Exhibit 6-2.
Here is the basic concept of how we identify inventory, the asset, from cost of goods
sold, the expense.
Inventory’s cost shifts from asset to expense when the seller delivers the goods to
the buyer.
The cost
of inventory that’s been sold
= Cost of Goods Sold
Expense on the Income Statement
Trang 4Contrasting a Service Company with a Merchandiser
E X H I B I T 6 - 1
Century 21 Real Estate Income Statement
Year Ended December 31, 20XX
Ford Motor Company Income Statement
Year Ended December 31, 20XX
Century 21 Real Estate Balance Sheet
December 31, 20XX
Ford Motor Company Balance Sheet
December 31, 20XX
Merchandisers have 2 accounts that service entities don’t need:
• cost of goods sold on the income statement
• inventory on the balance sheet
Current assets
Cash
Short-term investments
Accounts receivable, net
Inventory
Prepaid expenses
$ X X X 700 X Assets Sales revenue
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expenses: Salary expense
Depreciation, expense
Income tax expense
Net income (net loss)
$5,000 3,000 2,000 X X X $ 800 Service revenue
Expenses: Salary expense
Depreciation expense
Income tax expense
Net income
$XXX X X X $ X Current assets Cash
Short-term investments
Accounts receivable, net
Prepaid expenses
$ X X X X
Assets
Sale Price vs Cost of Inventory Note the difference between the sale price of inventory and the cost of inventory In our example,
■ Sales revenue is based on the sale price of the inventory sold ($500 per chair).
■ Cost of goods sold is based on the cost of the inventory sold ($300 per chair).
■ Inventory on the balance sheet is based on the cost of the inventory still on hand
($300 per chair).
Exhibit 6-2 shows these items.
Trang 5Accounting for Inventory ■ 313
Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold When Inventory Cost Is Constant
E X H I B I T 6 - 2
Current assets
Cash
Short-term investments
Accounts receivable
Inventory (1 chair @ cost of $300 )
Prepaid expenses
Balance Sheet (partial) $XXX XXX XXX 300 XXX Sales revenue (2 chairs @ sale price of $500 )
Cost of goods sold (2 chairs @ cost of $300 )
Gross profit
Income Statement (partial) $1,000 600 $ 400 Gross profit, also called gross margin, is the excess of sales revenue over cost of goods sold It is called gross profit because operating expenses have not yet been sub-tracted Exhibit 6-3 shows actual inventory and cost of goods sold data adapted from the financial statements of Pier 1 Imports Pier 1’s inventory of $369 million represents = Inventory (balance sheet) Number of units of inventory on hand Cost per unit of inventory ⫻ Pier 1 Imports Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold (Cost of Sales) E X H I B I T 6 - 3 Pier 1 Imports, Inc Balance Sheet (Adapted) February 28, 2006 Pier 1 Imports, Inc Statements of Income (Adapted) Year Ended February 28, 2006 Current assets Cash and cash equivalents
Receivables, net
Inventories
Assets (In millions) $246 64 369 Net sales
Cost of sales (same as Cost of goods sold)
Gross profit
(In millions)
$1,777
1,175
$ 602
Trang 6Pier 1’s cost of goods sold ($1,175 million) represents
Let’s see what “units of inventory” and “cost per unit” mean.
Number of Units of Inventory The number of inventory units on hand is mined from the accounting records, backed up by a physical count of the goods
deter-at year end Companies do not include in their inventory any goods they hold on
consignment because those goods belong to another company But they do include
their own inventory that is out on consignment and held by another company.
Cost Per Unit of Inventory The cost per unit of inventory poses a challenge because companies purchase goods at different prices throughout the year Which unit costs go into ending inventory? Which unit costs go to cost of goods sold?
The next section shows how different accounting methods determine amounts
on the balance sheet and the income statement First, however, you need to stand how inventory accounting systems work.
under-Accounting for Inventory in the Perpetual System There are 2 main types of inventory accounting systems: the periodic system and the
perpetual system The periodic inventory system is used for inexpensive goods A
fabric store or a lumber yard won’t keep a running record of every bolt of fabric or every two-by-four Instead, these stores count their inventory periodically—at least once a year—to determine the quantities on hand Businesses such as restaurants and hometown nurseries also use the periodic system because the accounting cost of a periodic system is low.
A perpetual inventory system uses computer software to keep a running
record of inventory on hand This system achieves control over goods such as Pier 1 Imports furniture, Ford automobiles, jewelry, and most other types of inventory.
Most businesses use the perpetual inventory system.
Even with a perpetual system, the business still counts the inventory on hand annually The physical count establishes the correct amount of ending inventory for the financial statements and also serves as a check on the perpetual records Here is a quick summary of the 2 main inventory accounting systems.
How the Perpetual System Works Let’s use an everyday situation to show how
a perpetual inventory system works When you check out of a Foot Locker, a Best Buy, or a Pier 1 store, the clerk scans the bar codes on the labels of the items you buy.
• Keeps a running record of all goods • Does not keep a running record of
• Inventory counted at least once a year • Inventory counted at least once a year
• Used for all types of goods • Used for inexpensive goods
(income statement)
OBJECTIVE
1Account for inventory
Trang 7Accounting for Inventory ■ 315
Exhibit 6-4 illustrates a typical bar code Suppose you are buying a desk lamp from
Pier 1 Imports The bar code on the product label holds lots of information The
opti-cal scanner reads the bar code, and the computer records the sale and updates the
inventory records.
Recording Transactions in the Perpetual System All accounting systems
record each purchase of inventory When Pier 1 makes a sale, 2 entries are needed in
the perpetual system:
■ The company records the sale—debits Cash or Accounts Receivable and credits Sales Revenue for the sale price of the goods.
■ Pier 1 also debits Cost of Goods Sold and credits Inventory for the cost of the inventory sold.
Exhibit 6-5, page 317, shows the accounting for inventory in a perpetual system Panel A gives the journal entries and the T-accounts, and Panel B shows the
income statement and the balance sheet All amounts are assumed (The chapter’s
Appendix 6A illustrates the accounting for these same transactions in a periodic
inventory system.)
In Exhibit 6-5, the first entry to Inventory summarizes a lot of detail The cost
of the inventory, $560,000, is the net amount of the purchases, determined as follows
(using assumed amounts):
Bar Code for Electronic Scanner
E X H I B I T 6 - 4
Purchase price of the inventory $600,000
+ Freight-in (the cost to transport the goods from the seller to the buyer) 4,000
− Purchase returns for unsuitable goods returned to the seller (25,000)
− Purchase allowances granted by the seller (5,000)
− Purchase discounts for early payment by the buyer (14,000)
= Net purchases of inventory—Cost to the buyer $560,000
Freight-in is the transportation cost, paid by the buyer, to move goods from the seller
to the buyer Freight-in is accounted for as part of the cost of inventory A purchase
return is a decrease in the cost of inventory because the buyer returned the goods to
the seller A purchase allowance also decreases the cost of inventory because the
buyer got an allowance (a deduction) from the amount owed Throughout this book,
we often refer to net purchases simply as Purchases.
Trang 8A purchase discount is a decrease in the buyer’s cost of inventory earned by
paying quickly Many companies offer payment terms of “2/10 n/30.” This means the buyer can take a 2% discount for payment within 10 days, with the final amount due within 30 days Another common credit term is “net 30,” which tells the customer to pay the full amount within 30 days In summary,
Net sales are computed exactly the same as net purchases, but with no freight-in,
as follows:
Freight-out paid by the seller is not part of the cost of inventory Instead, freight-out
is delivery expense It’s the seller’s expense of delivering merchandise to customers.
(Appendix 6A shows the accounting for these same transactions in a periodic accounting system.) Now study Exhibit 6-5 This exhibit illustrates all the inventory transactions in the perpetual system.
Net sales = Sales revenue
− Sales returns and allowances
− Sales discounts
Net purchases = Purchases
− Purchase returns and allowances
− Purchase discounts + Freight-in
Recording and Reporting Inventory—Perpetual System (Amounts Assumed)
E X H I B I T 6 - 5
560,000
900,000
540,000
560,000
900,000
540,000
1.
2.
Inventory
Accounts Payable
Purchased inventory on account.
Accounts Receivable
Sales Revenue
Sold inventory on account.
Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory
Recorded cost of goods sold.
Inventory 100,000*
560,000 120,000
Beginning balance Purchases Ending balance
Cost of Goods Sold 540,000
Cost of goods sold
*Beginning inventory was $100,000 PANEL A—Recording Transactions and the T-accounts (All amounts are assumed)
Sales revenue
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Income Statement (partial) $900,000 540,000 $360,000 Current assets: Cash
Short-term investments
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Prepaid expenses
Ending Balance Sheet (partial)
$ XXX XXX XXX
120,000
XXX
PANEL B—Reporting in the Financial Statements
Journal Entry
Trang 9Inventory Costing ■ 317
Inventory is the first asset for which a manager can decide which accounting method
to use The accounting method selected affects the profits to be reported, the amount
of income tax to be paid, and the values of the ratios derived from the balance sheet.
What Goes into Inventory Cost?
The cost of inventory on Pier 1’s balance sheet represents all the costs that Pier 1
incurred to bring its inventory to the point of sale The following cost principle
applies to all assets:
The cost of any asset, such as inventory, is the sum of all the costsincurred to bring the asset to its intended use, less any discounts
As we have seen, inventory’s cost includes its basic purchase price, plus freight-in,
insurance while in transit, and any fees or taxes paid to get the inventory ready to
sell, less returns, allowances, and discounts.
After a Pier 1 chair is sitting in the showroom, other costs, such as advertising
and sales commissions, are not included as the cost of inventory Advertising, sales
commissions, and delivery costs are expenses.
The Various Inventory Costing Methods
Determining the cost of inventory is easy when the unit cost remains constant, as in
Exhibit 6-2 But the unit cost usually changes For example, prices often rise The desk
lamp that cost Pier 1 $10 in January may cost $14 in June and $18 in October.
Suppose Pier 1 sells 1,000 lamps in November How many of those lamps cost $10,
how many cost $14, and how many cost $18?
To compute cost of goods sold and the cost of ending inventory still on hand,
we must assign unit cost to the items Accounting uses 4 generally accepted
inven-tory methods:
1.Specific unit cost 3.First-in, first-out (FIFO) cost
2.Average cost 4.Last-in, first-out (LIFO) cost
A company can use any of these methods The methods can have very different effects
on reported profits, income taxes, and cash flow Therefore, companies select their
inventory method with great care.
Specific Unit Cost Some businesses deal in unique inventory items, such as
auto-mobiles, antique furniture, jewels, and real estate These businesses cost their
inven-tories at the specific cost of the particular unit For instance, a Toyota dealer may have
2 vehicles in the showroom—a “stripped-down” model that cost the dealer $19,000
and a “loaded” model that cost the dealer $24,000 If the dealer sells the loaded
model, the cost of goods sold is $24,000 The stripped-down auto will be the only
unit left in inventory, and so ending inventory is $19,000.
The specific-unit-cost method is also called the specific identification method.
This method is too expensive to use for inventory items that have common
character-istics, such as bushels of wheat, gallons of paint, or auto tires.
The other inventory accounting methods—average, FIFO, and LIFO—are damentally different These other methods do not use the specific cost of a particular
fun-unit Instead, they assume different flows of inventory costs To illustrate average,
FIFO, and LIFO costing, we use a common set of data, given in Exhibit 6-6.
OBJECTIVE
2Understand the various inventory methods
Trang 10In Exhibit 6-6, Pier 1 began the period with 10 lamps that cost $10 each; the beginning inventory was therefore $100 During the period Pier 1 bought 50 more lamps, sold 40 lamps, and ended the period with 20 lamps, summarized in the T-account as follows:
Inventory Data Used to Illustrate theVarious Inventory Costing Methods
E X H I B I T 6 - 6
Inventory 100 350 450
?
Goods available = 10 + 25 + 25 = 60 units $100 + $350 + $450 = $900
The big accounting questions are
1 What is the cost of goods sold for the income statement?
2 What is the cost of the ending inventory for the balance sheet?
It all depends on which inventory method Pier 1 uses Pier 1 actually uses the age-cost method, so let’s look at average costing first.
aver-Average Cost The average-cost method, sometimes called the weighted-average
method, is based on the average cost of inventory during the period Average cost per
unit is determined as follows (data from Exhibit 6-6):
Average cost per unit = Cost of goods available*
Number of units available*=
Trang 11Inventory Costing ■ 319
The following T-account shows the effects of average costing:
FIFO Cost Under the FIFO method, the first costs into inventory are the first costs
assigned to cost of goods sold—hence, the name first-in, first-out The diagram near
the bottom of the page shows the effect of FIFO costing The following T-account
shows how to compute FIFO cost of goods sold and ending inventory for the Pier 1
lamps (data from Exhibit 6-6):
Under FIFO, the cost of ending inventory is always based on the latest costs
incurred—in this case $18 per unit.
First-in, first-out (FIFO) costing
Purchases
Cost of goods sold
Inventory (at FIFO cost) 100
350 450
360
Cost of goods sold (40 units):
(10 units @ $10) (25 units @ $14) (5 units @ $18)
(20 units @ $18)
540
100 350 90
Inventory (at Average Cost)
100 350 450
(20 units @ average cost of $15 per unit)
Trang 12LIFO Cost LIFO costing is the opposite of FIFO Under LIFO, the last costs into inventory go immediately to cost of goods sold, as shown in the diagram Compare LIFO and FIFO, and you will see a vast difference.
The following T-account shows how to compute the LIFO inventory amounts for the Pier 1 lamps (data from Exhibit 6-6).
Under LIFO, the cost of ending inventory is always based on the oldest costs—from beginning inventory plus the early purchases of the period—$10 and $14 per unit.
The Effects of FIFO, LIFO and Average Cost on Cost of Goods Sold, Gross Profit, and Ending Inventory
In our Pier 1 example, the cost of inventory rose from $10 to $14 to $18 When tory unit costs change this way, the various inventory methods produce different cost- of-goods sold figures Exhibit 6-7 summarizes the income effects (sales − cost of goods sold = gross profit) of the 3 inventory methods (remember that prices are rising).
inven-Study Exhibit 6-7 carefully, focusing on cost of goods sold and gross profit.
Exhibit 6-8 graphs the flow of costs under FIFO and LIFO during both increasing costs (Panel A) and decreasing costs (Panel B) Study this exhibit carefully; it will help
you really understand FIFO and LIFO
Income Effects of the FIFO, LIFO,and Average Inventory Methods
E X H I B I T 6 - 7
Sales revenue (assumed)
Cost of goods sold
(highest) (lowest)
Last-in, first-out (LIFO) costing
Purchases Cost of
goods sold
Inventory (at LIFO cost) 100
350 450
240
Cost of goods sold (40 units):
(25 units @ $18) (15 units @ $14)
(10 units @ $10) (10 units @ $14)
660 450
210
Trang 13Inventory Costing ■ 321
When inventory costs are increasing,
When inventory costs are decreasing,
FIFO
LIFO
FIFO COGS is highest because it’s based on the oldest costs, which are high Gross profit
is, therefore, the lowest.
LIFO COGS is lowest because it’s based on the most recent costs, which are low Gross profit is, therefore, the highest.
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)
FIFO EI is lowest because it’s based on the most recent costs, which are low.
LIFO EI is highest because it’s based on the oldest costs, which are high.
Ending Inventory (EI)
FIFO COGS is lowest because it’s based on the oldest costs, which are low Gross profit is, therefore, the highest.
LIFO COGS is highest because it’s based on the most recent costs, which are high Gross profit
is, therefore, the lowest.
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)
FIFO EI is highest because it’s based on the most recent costs, which are high.
LIFO EI is lowest because it’s based on the oldest costs, which are low.
Ending Inventory (EI)
PANEL A—Increasing Costs
PANEL B—Decreasing Costs
Inventory cost
Time
Ending inventory
FIFO
Cost of goods sold
Inventory cost
Time
Cost of goods sold
LIFO
Ending inventory
Inventory cost
Trang 14Financial analysts search the stock markets for companies with good prospects for income growth Analysts sometimes need to compare the net income of a com- pany that uses LIFO with the net income of a company that uses FIFO Appendix 6B, pages 365–366, shows how to convert a LIFO company’s net income to the FIFO basis in order to compare the 2 companies.
The Tax Advantage of LIFO Inventory methods directly affect income taxes, which must be paid in cash When
prices are rising, LIFO results in the lowest taxable income and thus the lowest income taxes Let’s use the gross profit data of Exhibit 6-7 to illustrate.
Income tax expense is lowest under LIFO ($32) This is the most attractive feature of LIFO—low income tax payments, which is why about one-third of all
companies use LIFO During periods of inflation, many companies switch to LIFO for its tax and cash-flow advantage Exhibit 6-9, based on an American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) survey of 600 companies, indicates that FIFO remains the most popular inventory method.
Comparison of the Inventory Methods Let’s compare the average, FIFO, and LIFO inventory methods.
1 Measuring Cost of Goods Sold How well does each method match inventory
expense—cost of goods sold—against revenue? LIFO results in the most realistic net income figure because LIFO assigns the most recent inventory costs to expense In contrast, FIFO matches old inventory costs against revenue—a poor measure of expense FIFO income is therefore less realistic than LIFO income.
Use of the VariousInventory Methods
E X H I B I T 6 - 9
Other 4%
LIFO
48%
Average 19%
Gross profit (from Exhibit 6-7) $460 $340 Operating expenses (assumed) 260 260 Income before income tax $200 $ 80 Income tax expense (40%) $ 80 $ 32
Trang 15Mid-Chapter Summary Problem ■ 323
MID-CHAPTER SUMMARY PROBLEM
2 Measuring Ending Inventory Which method reports the most up-to-date
inventory cost on the balance sheet? FIFO LIFO can value inventory at very old costs because LIFO leaves the oldest prices in ending inventory.
LIFO and Managing Reported Income LIFO allows managers to manipulate
net income by timing their purchases of inventory When inventory prices are rising
rapidly and a company wants to show less income (in order to pay less taxes),
man-agers can buy a large amount of inventory near the end of the year Under LIFO,
these high inventory costs go straight to cost of goods sold As a result, net income is
decreased.
If the business is having a bad year, management may wish to report higher income The company can delay the purchase of high-cost inventory until next year.
This avoids decreasing current-year income In the process, the company draws
down inventory quantities, a practice known as LIFO inventory liquidation.
LIFO Liquidation When LIFO is used and inventory quantities fall below the
level of the previous period, the situation is called a LIFO liquidation To compute cost
of goods sold, the company must dip into older layers of inventory cost Under LIFO,
and when prices are rising, that action shifts older, lower costs into cost of goods
sold The result is higher net income Managers try to avoid a LIFO liquidation
because it increases income taxes.
International Perspective Many U.S companies that use LIFO must use
another method in foreign countries Why? LIFO is not allowed in Australia, the
United Kingdom, and some other British commonwealth countries Virtually all
countries permit FIFO and the average cost method.
Suppose a division of Texas Instrumentsthat handles computer microchips has these
inventory records for January 20X9:
Company accounting records show sales of 310 units for revenue of $6,770 Operating
expense for January was $1,900
❙ Required
1.Prepare the January income statement, showing amounts for FIFO, LIFO, and averagecost Label the bottom line “Operating income.” Round average cost per unit to 3 deci-mal places and all other figures to whole-dollar amounts Show your computations
Date
Jan 1 6 21 27
Item
Beginning inventory Purchase
Purchase Purchase
Total cost
$ 800 540 1,350 900
Trang 162.Suppose you are the financial vice president of Texas Instruments Which inventory method will you use if your motive is to
a Minimize income taxes?
b Report the highest operating income?
c Report operating income between the extremes of FIFO and LIFO?
d Report inventory on the balance sheet at the most current cost?
e Attain the best measure of net income for the income statement?
State the reason for each of your answers
Answers
❙ Requirement 1
❙ Requirement 2
a Use LIFO to minimize income taxes Operating income under LIFO is lowest when
inventory unit costs are increasing, as they are in this case (from $8 to $10) (If inventory costs were decreasing, income under FIFO would be lowest.)
b Use FIFO to report the highest operating income Income under FIFO is highest when
inventory unit costs are increasing, as in this situation
c Use the average cost method to report an operating income amount between the FIFO
and LIFO extremes This is true in this situation and in others when inventory unit costs are increasing or decreasing
d Use FIFO to report inventory on the balance sheet at the most current cost The oldest
inventory costs are expensed as cost of goods sold, leaving in ending inventory the most recent (most current) costs of the period
e Use LIFO to attain the best measure of net income LIFO produces the best matching of
current expense with current revenue The most recent (most current) inventory costs are expensed as cost of goods sold
Texas Instruments Incorporated Income Statement for Microchip
Month Ended January 31, 20X9
Cost of goods sold computations:
FIFO: (100 @ $8) + (60 @ $9) + (150 @ $9) = $2,690 LIFO: (90 @ $10) + (150 @ $9) + (60 @ $9) + (10 @ $8) = $2,870 Average: 310 ⫻ $8.975* = $2,782
* ($800 + $540 + $1,350 + $900)
(100 + 60 + 150 + 90) = $8.975
LIFO
$6,770 2,782 3,988 1,900
$2,088
FIFO
$6,770 2,870 3,900 1,900
$2,000
Average
$6,770 2,690 4,080 1,900
$2,180
Sales revenue
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expenses
Operating income
Trang 17Accounting Principles Related to Inventory ■ 325
Several accounting principles have special relevance to inventories:
Consistency Principle
The consistency principle states that businesses should use the same accounting
methods and procedures from period to period Consistency enables investors to
compare a company’s financial statements from one period to the next.
Suppose you are analyzing Interfax Corporation’s net income pattern over a 2-year period Interfax switched from LIFO to FIFO during that time Its net
income increased dramatically but only because of the change in inventory method.
If you did not know of the accounting change, you might believe that Interfax’s
income increased due to improved operations, but that’s not the case.
The consistency principle does not mean that a company is not permitted to change its accounting methods However, a company making an accounting
change must disclose the effect of the change on net income American-Saudi Oil
Company, Inc., disclosed the following in a note to its annual report:
EXCERPT FROM NOTE 6 OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS American-Saudi changed its method of accounting for the cost
of crude oil from the FIFO method to the LIFO method Thecompany believes that the LIFO method better matches currentcosts with current revenues The change decreased theCompany’s 2007 net income by $3 million
Disclosure Principle
The disclosure principle holds that a company’s financial statements should report
enough information for outsiders to make informed decisions about the company.
The company should report relevant, reliable, and comparable information about
itself That means disclosing inventory accounting methods Without knowledge of
the accounting method, a banker could make an unwise lending decision Suppose
the banker is comparing two companies—one using LIFO and the other, FIFO The
FIFO company reports higher net income but only because it uses FIFO Without
knowing this, the banker could loan money to the wrong business.
Accounting Conservatism
Conservatism in accounting means reporting financial statement amounts that paint
the gloomiest immediate picture of the company What advantage does conservatism
give a business? Many accountants regard conservatism as a brake on management’s
optimistic tendencies The goal of accounting conservatism is to present reliable data.
Conservatism appears in accounting guidelines such as “anticipate no gains, but provide for all probable losses” and “if in doubt, record an asset at the lowest reasonable
amount and report a liability at the highest reasonable amount.” Conservatism directs
accountants to decrease the accounting value of an asset if it appears unrealistically high.
Assume that Texas Instrumentspaid $35,000 for inventory that has become outdated
and whose current value is only $12,000 Conservatism dictates that Texas Instruments
must record a $23,000 loss immediately and write the inventory down to $12,000.
Trang 18Lower-of-Cost-or-Market Rule
The lower-of-cost-or-market rule (abbreviated as LCM) is based on accounting
con-servatism LCM requires that inventory be reported in the financial statements at whichever is lower—the inventory’s historical cost or its market value Applied to
inventories, market value generally means current replacement cost (that is, how much
the business would have to pay now to replace its inventory) If the replacement cost
of inventory falls below its historical cost, the business must write down the value of
its goods to market value The business reports ending inventory at its LCM value on the balance sheet All this can be done automatically by a computerized
accounting system How is the write-down accomplished?
Suppose Pier 1 Imports paid $3,000 for inventory on September 26 By December 31, the inventory can be replaced for $2,000 Pier 1’s December 31 bal- ance sheet must report this inventory at LCM value of $2,000 Exhibit 6-10 presents the effects of LCM on the balance sheet and the income statement Before any LCM effect, cost of goods sold is $9,000 An LCM write-down decreases Inventory and increases Cost of Goods Sold, as follows:
If the market value of Pier 1’s inventory had been above cost, Pier 1 would have made no adjustment for LCM In that case, simply report the inventory at cost, which
is the lower of cost or market.
Companies disclose LCM in notes to their financial statements, as shown on the following page for Pier 1 Imports:
Accounts receivable
Inventories, at market (which is lower than $3,000 cost)
Prepaid expenses
Total current assets
Balance Sheet
$ XXX XXX XXX
Cost of Goods Sold Inventory
Wrote inventory down to market value.
Trang 19Inventory and the Financial Statements ■ 327
NOTE 1: ACCOUNTING POLICIES
■ Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of average cost
or market [Emphasis added.]
LCM is not optional It is required by GAAP.
Detailed Income Statement
Exhibit 6-11 provides an example of a detailed income statement, complete with all
the discounts and expenses in their proper places Study it carefully.
Analyzing Financial Statements
Owners, managers, and investors use ratios to evaluate a business Two ratios relate
directly to inventory: gross profit percentage and the rate of inventory turnover.
Gross Profit Percentage Gross profit—sales minus cost of goods sold—is a key
indicator of a company’s ability to sell inventory at a profit Merchandisers strive to
increase gross profit percentage, also called the gross margin percentage Gross
profit percentage is markup stated as a percentage of sales Gross profit percentage is
computed as follows for Pier 1 Imports Data (in millions) for 2006 are taken from
Exhibit 6-3, page 313.
Detailed Income Statment
E X H I B I T 6 - 1 1
New Jersey Technology, Inc.
Income Statement
Year Ended December 31, 20X7
Sales revenue
Less: Sales discounts
Sales returns and allowances
Net sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expenses: Selling: Sales commission expense
Freight-out (delivery expense)
Other expenses (detailed)
Administrative: Salary expense
Depreciation expense
Other expenses (detailed)
Income before income tax
Income tax expense (40%)
Net income
*Most companies report only the net sales figure, $95,000.
$100,000 (2,000) (3,000)
$ 5,000 1,000 6,000
$ 2,000 2,000 4,000
$95,000 45,000 50,000
12,000
8,000 30,000 12,000
$18,000
*
OBJECTIVE
3Use gross profit percentage and inventory turnover to evaluate operations
Trang 20The gross profit percentage is watched carefully by managers and investors A 33.9% gross margin means that each dollar of sales generates about 34 cents of gross profit On average, cost of goods sold consumes 66 cents of each sales dollar for Pier 1.
For most firms, the gross profit percentage changes little from year to year, so a small downturn may signal trouble.1
Pier 1’s gross profit percentage of 34% is similar to that of Home Depot (33%), but much lower than the gross profit percentage of Federated Department Stores (40.6%) Exhibit 6-12 graphs the gross profit percentages for these 3 companies.
Inventory Turnover Pier 1 Imports strives to sell its inventory as quickly as sible because the goods generate no profit until they’re sold The faster the sales, the higher the income, and vice versa for slow-moving goods Ideally, a business could operate with zero inventory, but most businesses, especially retailers, must keep
pos-some goods on hand Inventory turnover, the ratio of cost of goods sold to average
inventory, indicates how rapidly inventory is sold The 2006 computation for Pier 1 Imports follows (data in millions from Exhibit 6-3, page 313):
The inventory turnover statistic shows how many times the company sold (or turned over) its average level of inventory during the year Inventory turnover varies from industry to industry.
Exhibit 6-13 graphs the rates of inventory turnover for the same 3 companies.
Let’s compare Pier 1 and Home Depot because their gross profit percentages are so similar You can see that Home Depot turns inventory over much faster than Pier 1 As a
Cost of goods sold Average inventory
Inventory turnover = = Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory
Ending inventory
$1,175 ($369 + $366)/2
= = 3.2 times per year
Pier 1 Home Depot
Federated Department Stores 0.406 0.339 0.328
Gross profit percentage = Gross profit
Net sales revenue=
Trang 21Additional Inventory Issues ■ 329
result, Home Depot is much more profitable than Pier 1 Federated Department Stores
sells its inventory more slowly because Federated stores (Macy’s and Bloomingdale’s) sell
more expensive goods that take longer to sell.
Inventory Turnover of Three Leading Retailers
E X H I B I T 6 - 1 3
Pier 1
Home Depot
Federated Department Stores
2.0 3.2 5.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
STOP & think .
Examine Exhibits 6-12 and 6-13 What do those ratio values say about the merchandising (pricing) strate-gies of Federated Department Stores and Home Depot? Answer: It’s obvious that Federated sells high-end merchandise Federated’s gross profit percentage is much higher than Home Depot’s Home Depot has a much faster rate of inventory turnover The lower the price, the faster the turnover, and vice versa ADDITIONAL INVENTORY ISSUES Using the Cost-of-Goods-Sold Model Exhibit 6-14 presents the cost-of-goods-sold model Some may view this model as related to the periodic inventory system But the cost-of-goods-sold model is used by all companies, regardless of their accounting system The model is extremely power-ful because it captures all the inventory information for an entire accounting period Study this model carefully (all amounts are assumed). The Cost-of-Goods-Sold Model E X H I B I T 6 - 1 4 Cost-of-goods sold: Beginning inventory
Purchases
Goods available
Ending inventory
Cost of goods sold
$1,200 6,300 7,500 (1,500)
$6,000
+
=
−
=
Trang 22Pier 1 Imports uses a perpetual inventory accounting system Let’s see how Pier 1 can use the cost-of-goods-sold model to manage the business effectively.
1 What’s the single most important question for Pier 1 to address?
• What merchandise should Pier 1 offer to its customers? This is a marketing
question that requires market research If Pier 1 continually stocks up on the wrong merchandise, sales will suffer and profits will drop This is what hap- pened in 2006.
2 What’s the second most important question for Pier 1?
• How much inventory should Pier 1 buy? This is an accounting question faced
by all merchandisers If Pier 1 buys too much merchandise, it will have to
lower prices, the gross profit percentage will suffer, and the company may lose money Buying the right quantity of inventory is critical for success This ques- tion can be answered with the cost-of-goods-sold model Let’s see how it works.
We must rearrange the cost-of-goods-sold formula Then we can help a Pier 1 store manager know how much inventory to buy, as follows (using amounts from Exhibit 6-14):
In this case the manager should buy $6,300 of merchandise to work his plan for the upcoming period.
Estimating Inventory by the Gross Profit Method
Often a business must estimate the value of its goods A fire may destroy inventory,
and the insurance company requires an estimate of the loss In this case, the business must estimate the cost of ending inventory because it was destroyed.
The gross profit method, also known as the gross margin method, is widely used
to estimate ending inventory This method uses the familiar cost-of-goods-sold model (amounts are assumed):
For the gross-profit method, we rearrange ending inventory and cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold (based on the plan for the next period)
Ending inventory (based on the plan for the next period)
Goods available as planned
Beginning inventory (actual amount left over from the prior period)
Purchases (how much inventory the manager needs to buy)
$6,000 1,500 7,500 (1,200)
OBJECTIVE
4Estimate inventory by the
gross profit method
Trang 23Additional Inventory Issues ■ 331
Suppose a fire destroys some of Pier 1’s inventory To collect insurance, Pier 1
must estimate the cost of the ending inventory lost Using Pier 1’s actual gross profit
rate of 34%, you can estimate the cost of goods sold Then subtract cost of goods sold
from goods available to estimate ending inventory Exhibit 6-15 shows the
calcula-tions for the gross profit method, with new amounts assumed for the illustration.
You can also use the gross profit method to test the overall reasonableness of an ending inventory amount This method also helps to detect large errors.
Gross Profit Method ofEstimating Inventory
E X H I B I T 6 - 1 5
Beginning inventory
Purchases
Goods available
Estimated cost of goods sold:
Net sales revenue
Less estimated gross profit of 34%
Estimated cost of goods sold
Estimated cost of ending inventory
$18,000 72,000 90,000
66,000
$24,000
$100,000 (34,000)
Beginning inventory is $70,000, net purchases total $365,000, and net sales are $500,000 With a normalgross profit rate of 40% of sales (cost of goods sold = 60%), how much is ending inventory?
Answer:
$135,000 = [$70,000 + $365,000 − (0.60 ⫻ $500,000)]
Effects of Inventory Errors
Inventory errors sometimes occur An error in ending inventory creates errors for 2
accounting periods In Exhibit 6-16 start with period 1, in which ending inventory is
overstated by $5,000 and cost of goods sold is therefore understated by $5,000 Then
compare period 1 with period 3, which is correct Period 1 should look exactly like
period 3.
Inventory errors counterbalance in 2 consecutive periods Why? Recall that period 1’s ending inventory becomes period 2’s beginning amount Thus, the period 1
error carries over into period 2 Trace the ending inventory of $15,000 from period 1
to period 2 Then compare periods 2 and 3 All 3 periods should look exactly like period 3.
The Exhibit 6-16 amounts in color are incorrect.
OBJECTIVE
5Show how inventory errors affect the financial statements
Trang 24Beginning inventory and ending inventory have opposite effects on cost of goods sold (beginning inventory is added; ending inventory is subtracted).
Therefore, after two periods, an inventory error washes out (counterbalances) Notice that total gross profit is correct for periods 1 and 2 combined ($100,000) even though each year’s gross profit is off by $5,000 The correct gross profit is $50,000 for each period, as shown in Period 3.
We must have accurate information for all periods Exhibit 6-17 summarizes the effects of inventory accounting errors.
Inventory Errors: An Example
Period 2 Beginning Inventory Overstated by $5,000
Period 3 Correct
$10,000 50,000 60,000
$100,000
50,000
$ 50,000 100,000
The authors thank Professor Carl High for this example.
Effects of Inventory Errors
E X H I B I T 6 - 1 7
Period 1 Ending inventory overstated
Period 1 Ending inventory understated
Goods Sold
Gross Profit and Net Income
Period 2 Cost of
Goods Sold
Gross Profit and Net Income
Trang 25DECISION GUIDELINES
ACCOUNTING FOR INVENTORY
Suppose a Pier 1 store stocks 2 basic categories of merchandise:
• Furniture pieces, such as tables and chairs
• Small items of low value, near the checkout stations, such as cupholders and breath mints
Jacob Stiles, the store manager, is considering how accounting will affect the business
Let’s examine several decisions Stiles must make to properly account for the store’s inventory
Decision
Which inventory system to use?
Which costing method to use?
• Unique inventory items
• Most current cost of endinginventory
• Maximizes reported income whencosts are rising
• Most current measure of cost ofgoods sold and net income
• Minimizes income tax when costsare rising
• Middle-of-the-road approach forincome tax and reported income
System or Method
Perpetual system for the furniture
Periodic system for the small, value items
low-Specific unit cost for art objectsbecause they are unique
FIFO
LIFO
AverageDecision Guidelines ■ 333
Trang 26Town & Country Gift Ideas began 20X6 with 60,000 units of inventory that cost $36,000.
During 20X6, Town & Country purchased merchandise on account for $352,500 as follows:
Cash payments on account totaled $326,000 during the year
Town & Country’s sales during 20X6 consisted of 520,000 units of inventory for
$660,000, all on account The company uses the FIFO inventory method
Cash collections from customers were $630,000 Operating expenses totaled $240,500,
of which Town & Country paid $211,000 in cash Town & Country credited AccruedLiabilities for the remainder At December 31, Town & Country accrued income tax expense
at the rate of 35% of income before tax
b Multiply the number of units on hand by the unit cost.
3.Show how Town & Country would compute cost of goods sold for 20X6 Follow theFIFO example on page 319
4.Prepare Town & Country’s income statement for 20X6 Show totals for the gross profitand income before tax
5.Determine Town & Country’s gross profit percentage, rate of inventory turnover, andnet income as a percentage of sales for the year In Town & Country’s industry, a grossprofit percentage of 40%, an inventory turnover of 6 times per year, and a net incomepercentage of 7% are considered excellent How well does Town & Country compare
to these industry averages?
Income Tax Expense (see Requirement 4) 28,000
END-OF-CHAPTER SUMMARY PROBLEM
Trang 27❙ Requirement 2
❙ Requirement 3
❙ Requirement 4
❙ Requirement 5
Town & Country’s statistics are better than the industry averages
Gross profit percentage: $320,500 ÷ $660,000 = 48.6%
$52,000 ÷ $660,000 = 7.9%
Net income as a percent of sales:
$339,500 ($36,000 + $49,000)/2
40%
7%
6 times
Industry Average
Sales revenue
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expenses
Income before tax
Income tax expense (35%)
$ 52,000
Cost of goods sold (520,000 units):
60,000 units costing $ 36,000 100,000 units costing 65,000 270,000 units costing 175,500 90,000 units costing $0.70 each* 63,000 Cost of goods sold $339,500
*From Purchase 3: $112,000/160,000 units = $0.70 per unit.
Number of units in ending inventory (60,000 + 100,000 + 270,000 + 160,000 − 520,000) 70,000 Unit cost of ending inventory at FIFO
($112,000 ÷ 160,000 from Purchase 3) ⫻
$ 0.70 FIFO cost of ending inventory $49,000
Cost of goods sold
Inventory
36,000 352,500 49,000
339,500
Beginning bal.
Purchases Ending bal.
End-of-Chapter Summary Problem ■ 335
Trang 28Quick Check (Answers are given on page 360.)
1 Which statement is true?
a The Sales account is used to record only sales on account.
b The invoice is the purchaser’s request for collection from the customer.
c Gross profit is the excess of sales revenue over cost of goods sold.
d A service company purchases products from suppliers and then sells them.
2 Sales discounts should appear in the financial statements:
a As an addition to inventory
b As an addition to sales
c As an operating expense
d Among the current liabilities
e As a deduction from sales
3 How is inventory classified in the financial statements?
c as an expense
Questions 4–6 use the following data of Manatee, Inc
4 Manatee uses a FIFO inventory system Cost of goods sold for the period is:
7 When applying lower-of-cost-or-market to inventory, “market” generally means
8 During a period of rising prices, the inventory method that will yield the highest net
income and asset value is:
9 Which statement is true?
a The inventory method that best matches current expense with current revenue
is FIFO
b Application of the lower-of-cost-or-market rule often results in a lower
inventory value
c An error overstating ending inventory in 20X1 will understate 20X1 net income.
d When prices are rising, the inventory method that results in the lowest ending
inventory value is FIFO
GOODS SOLD
Trang 29Review Inventory & Cost of Goods Sold ■ 337
10 The ending inventory of Bar Harbor Co is $44,000 If beginning inventory was $50,000
and goods available totaled $104,000, the cost of goods sold is:
c $60,000
11 Bell Company had cost of goods sold of $130,000 The beginning and ending inventories
were $10,000 and $20,000, respectively Purchases for the period must have been:
c $132,000
Use the following information for questions 12–14
12 Tee Company had a $20,000 beginning inventory and a $24,000 ending inventory Net
sales were $160,000; purchases, $80,000; purchase returns and allowances, $5,000 andfreight-in, $6,000 Cost of goods sold for the period is
14 What is Tee’s rate of inventory turnover?
15 Beginning inventory is $60,000, purchases are $180,000 and sales total $300,000 The
normal gross profit is 30% Using the gross profit method, how much is endinginventory?
c $244,000
16 An overstatement of ending inventory in one period results in:
a no effect on net income of the next period
b an understatement of net income of the next period
c an overstatement of net income of the next period
d an understatement of the beginning inventory of the next period
average-cost method (p 318) Inventory costing method
based on the average cost of inventory during the period
Average cost is determined by dividing the cost of goods
available by the number of units available Also called the
weighted-average method
conservatism (p 325) The accounting concept by which
the least favorable figures are presented in the financial
statements
consistency principle (p 325) A business must use the
same accounting methods and procedures from period to
period
cost of goods sold (p 311) Cost of the inventory the
busi-ness has sold to customers
cost-of-goods-sold model (p 329) Formula that brings
together all the inventory data for the entire accounting
period: Beginning inventory + Purchases = Goods available
Then, Goods available – Ending inventory = Cost ofgoods sold
disclosure principle (p 325) A business’s financial ments must report enough information for outsiders tomake knowledgeable decisions about the business Thecompany should report relevant, reliable, and comparableinformation about its economic affairs
state-first-in, first-out (FIFO) cost (method) (p 325)Inventory costing method by which the first costs intoinventory are the first costs out to cost of goods sold.Ending inventory is based on the costs of the most recentpurchases
gross margin (p 313) Another name for gross profit gross margin method (p 330) Another name for the gross profit method.
Accounting Vocabulary
Trang 30gross margin percentage (p 327) Another name for the
gross profit percentage.
gross profit (p 313) Sales revenue minus cost of goods
sold Also called gross margin
gross profit method (p 330) A way to estimate inventory
based on a rearrangement of the cost-of-goods-sold model:
Beginning inventory + Net purchases = Goods available –
Cost of goods sold = Ending inventory Also called the gross
margin method
gross profit percentage (p 337) Gross profit divided by
net sales revenue Also called the gross margin percentage
inventory (p 311) The merchandise that a company sells to
customers
inventory turnover (p 328) Ratio of cost of goods sold to
average inventory Indicates how rapidly inventory is sold
last-in, first-out (LIFO) cost (method) (p 328)
Inventory costing method by which the last costs into
inventory are the first costs out to cost of goods sold This
method leaves the oldest costs—those of beginning
inven-tory and the earliest purchases of the period—in ending
inventory
lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule (p 326) Requires
that an asset be reported in the financial statements at
whichever is lower—its historical cost or its market value(current replacement cost for inventory)
periodic inventory system (p 314) An inventory system
in which the business does not keep a continuous record ofthe inventory on hand Instead, at the end of the period, thebusiness makes a physical count of the inventory on handand applies the appropriate unit costs to determine the cost
of the ending inventory
perpetual inventory system (p 314) An inventory system
in which the business keeps a continuous record for eachinventory item to show the inventory on hand at all times
purchase allowance (p 315) A decrease in the cost of chases because the seller has granted the buyer a subtraction(an allowance) from the amount owed
purchase discount (p 316) A decrease in the cost of chases earned by making an early payment to the vendor
purchase return (p 315) A decrease in the cost of chases because the buyer returned the goods to the seller
pur-specific-unit-cost method (p 317) Inventory cost methodbased on the specific cost of particular units of inventory
weighted-average method (p 318) Another name for the
average-cost method.
Short Exercises
S6-1 (Learning Objective 1: Accounting for inventory transactions) Journalize the
following assumed transactions for The Coca-Cola Company.Show amounts in billions
(p 316)
• Cash purchases of inventory, $3.9 billion
• Sales on account, $19.4 billion
• Cost of goods sold (perpetual inventory system), $4.2 billion
• Collections on account, $18.9 billion
S6-2 (Learning Objective 1: Accounting for inventory transactions) Riley Kilgo, Inc.,
pur-chased inventory costing $100,000 and sold 80% of the goods for $240,000 All purchasesand sales were on account Kilgo later collected 20% of the accounts receivable
1 Journalize these transactions for Kilgo, which uses the perpetual inventory system
(p 316)
2 For these transactions, show what Kilgo will report for inventory, revenues, and expenses
on its financial statements Report gross profit on the appropriate statement (p 324)
S6-3 (Learning Objective 2: Applying the average, FIFO, and LIFO methods) Allstate
Sporting Goods started April with an inventory of 10 sets of golf clubs that cost a total of
$1,500 During April Allstate purchased 20 sets of clubs for $3,200 At the end of the month,Allstate had 6 sets of golf clubs on hand The store manager must select an inventory costingmethod, and he asks you to tell him both cost of goods sold and ending inventory under these
3 accounting methods: (pp 318–322)
ASSESS YOUR PROGRESS
Trang 31Assess Your Progress ■ 339
S6-4 (Learning Objective 2: Applying the average, FIFO, and LIFO methods) Pinkie’s
Copy Center uses laser printers Pinkie’s started the year with 100 containers of ink (average
cost of $9.20 each, FIFO cost of $9 each, LIFO cost of $8 each) During the year, Pinkie’s
pur-chased 700 containers of ink at $10 and sold 600 units for $20 each Pinkie’s paid operating
expenses throughout the year, a total of $3,000 Pinkie’s is not subject to income tax
Prepare Pinkie’s income statement for the current year ended December 31 under the age, FIFO, and LIFO inventory costing methods Include a complete statement heading (p 324)
aver-S6-5 (Learning Objective 2: Income tax effects of the inventory costing methods) This
exercise should be used in conjunction with Short Exercise S6-4 Now assume that Pinkie’s
Copy Center in Short Exercise 6-4 is a corporation subject to a 40% income tax Compute
Pinkie’s income tax expense under the average, FIFO, and LIFO inventory costing methods
Which method would you select to (a) maximize income before tax and (b) minimize income
tax expense? Format your answer as shown on page 320
S6-6 (Learning Objective 2: Income and tax effects of LIFO) Microdot.com uses the LIFO
method to account for inventory Microdot is having an unusually good year, with net
income well above expectations The company’s inventory costs are rising rapidly What can
Microdot do immediately before the end of the year to decrease net income? Explain how
this action decreases reported income, and tell why Microdot might want to decrease its net
income (pp 320–321)
S6-7 (Learning Objective 2: Applying the lower-of-cost-or-market-rule to inventory) It is
December 31, end of the year and the controller of Garcia Corporation is applying the
lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule to inventories Before any year-end adjustments Garcia has
these data:
Garcia determines that the replacement cost of ending inventory is $49,000 Show what
Garcia should report for ending inventory and for cost of goods sold Identify the financial
statement where each item appears (pp 325–327)
S6-8 (Learning Objective 3: Using ratio data to evaluate operations) PepsiComade sales
of $35,137 million during 2006 Cost of goods sold for the year totaled $15,762 million At
the end of 2005, PepsiCo’s inventory stood at $1,693 million, and PepsiCo ended 2006 with
inventory of $1,926 million
Compute PepsiCo’s gross profit percentage and rate of inventory turnover for 2006
(pp 325–327)
S6-9 (Learning Objective 4: Estimating ending inventory by the gross profit method)
Federal Technology began the year with inventory of $300,000 and purchased $1,600,000 of
goods during the year Sales for the year are $3,000,000, and Federal’s gross profit percentage
is 40% of sales Compute Federal’s estimated cost of ending inventory by using the gross
profit method (pp 329–331)
S6-10 (Learning Objective 5: Assessing the effect of an inventory error—1 year only)
CWD, Inc., reported these figures for its fiscal year (amounts in millions):
Net sales $ 1,700 Cost of goods sold 1,180 Ending inventory 360
Cost of goods sold:
Historical cost of ending inventory,
Trang 32Suppose CWD later learns that ending inventory was overstated by $10 million Whatare CWD’s correct amounts for (a) net sales, (b) ending inventory, (c) cost of goods sold, and(d) gross profit? (pp 331–332)
S6-11 (Learning Objective 5: Assessing the effect of an inventory error on 2 years)
OfficeMax’s $5 million cost of inventory at the end of last year was understated by $1.6 million
1 Was last year’s reported gross profit of $4 million overstated, understated, or correct?
What was the correct amount of gross profit last year? (p 332)
2 Is this year’s gross profit of $4.8 million overstated, understated, or correct? What is the
correct amount of gross profit for the current year? (p 332)
S6-12 (Learning Objective 2, 4: Ethical implications of inventory actions) Determine
whether each of the following actions in buying, selling, and accounting for inventories is ical or unethical Give your reason for each answer
eth-1 In applying the lower-of-cost-or-market rule to inventories, Terre Haute Industries
recorded an excessively low market value for ending inventory This allowed the pany to pay less income tax for the year.(p 326)
com-2 Laminated Photo Film purchased lots of inventory shortly before year end to increase the
LIFO cost of goods sold and decrease reported income for the year.(p 322)
3 Madison, Inc., delayed the purchase of inventory until after December 31, 20X4, to keep
20X3’s cost of goods sold from growing too large The delay in purchasing inventoryhelped net income of 20X3 to reach the level of profit demanded by the company’sinvestors (p 322)
4 Dover Sales Company deliberately overstated ending inventory in order to report higher
profits (net income) (p 332)
5 Brazos Corporation deliberately overstated purchases to produce a high figure for cost of
goods sold (low amount of net income) The real reason was to decrease the company’sincome tax payments to the government (p 332)
Exercises
E6-13 (Learning Objective 1, 2: Accounting for inventory transactions) Accounting
records for Allegheny Corporation yield the following data for the year ended December 31,20X8 (amounts in thousands):
❙ Required
1 Journalize Allegheny’s inventory transactions for the year under the perpetual system.
Show all amounts in thousands Use Exhibit 6-5 as a model, page 316
2 Report ending inventory, sales, cost of goods sold, and gross profit on the appropriate
financial statement (amounts in thousands) (p 316)
E6-14 (Learning Objective 1, 2: Analyzing inventory transactions) McKinley, Inc., inventory
records for a particular development program show the following at October 31:
Oct 1 Beginning inventory 5 units @ 160 ⫽ $ 800
15 Purchase 11 units @ 170 ⫽ 1,870
26 Purchase 5 units @ 180 ⫽ 900
Inventory, December 31, 20X7 $ 370 Purchases of inventory (on account) 1,200 Sales of inventory—80% on account; 20% for cash (cost $900)
Inventory at FIFO cost, December 31, 20X8
2,000 670
writing assignment ■
■ general ledger
Trang 33Assess Your Progress ■ 341
At October 31, 8 of these programs are on hand Journalize for McKinley:
1 Total October purchases in one summary entry All purchases were on credit (p 316)
2 Total October sales and cost of goods sold in 2 summary entries The selling price was
$500 per unit and all sales were on credit McKinley uses the FIFO inventory method
(pp 316, 319–320)
3 Under FIFO, how much gross profit would McKinley earn on these transactions? What is
the FIFO cost of McKinley’s ending inventory? (p 320)
E6-15 (Learning Objective 2: Determining ending inventory and cost of goods sold by
4 methods) Use the data for McKinely Inc in Exercise E6-14 to answer the following
(pp 318–320)
❙ Required
1 Compute cost of goods sold and ending inventory, using each of the following methods:
a Specific unit cost, with three $160 units and five $180 units still on hand at the end
b Average cost
c First-in, first-out
d Last-in, first-out
2 Which method produces the highest cost of goods sold? Which method produces the
lowest cost of goods sold? What causes the difference in cost of goods sold?
E6-16 (Learning Objective 2: Computing the tax advantage of LIFO over FIFO) Use the
data in Exercise E6-14 to illustrate McKinley’s income tax advantage from using LIFO over
FIFO Sales revenue is $6,000, operating expenses are $1,100, and the income tax rate is 40%
How much in taxes would McKinley save by using the LIFO method versus FIFO? (p 320)
E6-17 (Learning Objective 2: Determining ending inventory and cost of goods sold—FIFO
vs LIFO) MusicBiz.net specializes in sound equipment Because each inventory item is
expensive, MusicBiz uses a perpetual inventory system Company records indicate the
follow-ing data for a line of speakers:
❙ Required
1 Determine the amounts that MusicBiz should report for cost of goods sold and ending
inventory 2 ways: (pp 319–320)
2 MusicBiz uses the FIFO method Prepare MusicBiz’s income statement for the month
ended June 30, 20X5, reporting gross profit Operating expenses totaled $320, and theincome tax rate was 40% (pp 320–324)
E6-18 (Learning Objective 2: Measuring gross profit—FIFO vs LIFO; Falling prices)
Suppose a Best Buystore in Orlando, Florida, ended May 20X6 with 800,000 units of
merchan-dise that cost an average of $7 each Suppose the store then sold 600,000 units for $5.0 million
during June Further, assume the store made 2 large purchases during June as follows:
June 6 100,000 units @ $6 ⫽ $ 600,000
21 400,000 units @ $5 ⫽ 2,000,000
Unit Cost
$90 95 June
Date 1 6 8 30
Item Balance Purchase Sale Sale
Quantity 5 12 3 8
Sale Price
$150 155
■ spreadsheet
(continued)
Trang 341 At June 30, the store manager needs to know the store’s gross profit under both FIFO and
LIFO Supply this information (pp 319–322)
2 What caused the FIFO and LIFO gross profit figures to differ? (Challenge).
E6-19 (Learning Objective 2: Managing income taxes under the LIFO method) Deitrick
Guitar Company is nearing the end of its worst year ever With 3 weeks until year end, itappears that net income for the year will have decreased by 20% from last year Jim Deitrick,the president and principal stockholder, is distressed with the year’s results
Deitrick asks you, the financial vice president, to come up with a way to increase thebusiness’s net income Inventory quantities are a little higher than normal because sales havebeen slow during the last few months Deitrick uses the LIFO inventory method, and inven-tory costs have risen dramatically during the latter part of the year
❙ Required
Write a memorandum to Jim Deitrick to explain how the company can increase its net incomefor the year Explain your reasoning in detail Deitrick is a man of integrity, so your plan must
be completely ethical (pp 322–323)
E6-20 (Learning Objective 2: Identifying income, tax, and other effects of the inventory
methods) This exercise tests your understanding of the various inventory methods In the
space provided, write the name of the inventory method that best fits the description Assumethat the cost of inventory is rising (pp 317–320, 325–326)
_ 1 Generally associated with saving income taxes.
_ 2 Results in a cost of ending inventory that is close to the current cost of replacing
the inventory
_ 3 Used to account for automobiles, jewelry, and art objects.
_ 4 Provides a middle-ground measure of ending inventory and cost of goods sold.
_ 6 Matches the most current cost of goods sold against sales revenue.
_ 7 Results in an old measure of the cost of ending inventory.
_ 8 Writes inventory down when replacement cost drops below historical cost.
_ 9 Enables a company to buy high-cost inventory at year end and thereby decrease
reported income and income tax
_ 10 Enables a company to keep reported income from dropping lower by
liquidating older layers of inventory
E6-21 (Learning Objective 2: Applying the lower-of-cost-or-market rule to inventories)
Sloan, Inc., uses a perpetual inventory system Sloan has these account balances atDecember 31, 20X4, prior to making the year-end adjustments:
writing assignment ■
Inventory
12,400 14,000
Beg bal.
End bal.
Cost of Goods Sold
78,000 Bal.
Sales Revenue
125,000 Bal.
A year ago, the replacement cost of Sloan’s ending inventory was $13,000, which exceededcost of $12,400 Sloan has determined that the replacement cost of the December 31, 20X4,ending inventory is $12,000
❙ Required
Prepare Sloan Inc.’s 20X4 income statement through gross profit to show how the companywould apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule to its inventories (p 326)
Trang 35Assess Your Progress ■ 343
❙ Required
E6-22 (Learning Objective 2: Determining amounts for the income statement; using the
cost-of-goods-sold model) Supply the missing income statement amounts for each of the
fol-lowing companies (amounts adapted, in millions or billions): (pp 327-330)
■ general ledger
Company
Krispy Kreme Hewlitt-Packard PepsiCo Best Buy
Net Sales
$543 74 (e) 31
Beginning Inventory
$29 7 (f) 2
Purchases
$470 (c) 16 24
Ending Inventory
$24 8 2 (g)
Cost of Goods Sold
(a) (d) 16 23
Gross Profit
(b) 19 19 (h)
Prepare the income statement for Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc., in millions of dollars—for
the year ended January 31, 2006 Use the cost-of-goods-sold model to compute cost of goods
sold Krispy Kreme’s operating and other expenses, as adapted, for the year were $2,040
Ignore income tax (pp 311–312, 329–330)
Note: Exercise E6-23 builds on Exercise E6-22 with a profitability analysis of these actual
companies
E6-23 (Learning Objective 3: Measuring profitability) Refer to the data in Exercise E6-22.
Compute all ratio values to answer the following questions:
• Which company has the highest, and which company has the lowest, gross profit percentage?
• Which company has the highest, and the lowest rate of inventory turnover?
Based on your figures, which company appears to be the most profitable? (pp 326–329)
E6-24 (Learning Objective 3: Gross profit percentage and inventory turnover) Turner &
Taft, a partnership, had these inventory data:
Turner & Taft need to know the company’s gross profit percentage and rate of inventory
turnover for 20X4 under (pp 319–320, 326–329)
Which method makes the business look better on (pp 326–329)
3 Gross profit percentage? 4 Inventory turnover?
E6-25 (Learning Objective 2: Budgeting inventory purchases) Pier 1 Imports prepares
budgets to help manage the company Suppose Pier 1 is budgeting for the fiscal year ended
January 31, 20X4 During preceding fiscal year 20X3, sales totaled $1,777 million and cost of
goods sold was $1,175 million At January 31, 20X3, inventory stood at $366 million
During the upcoming 20X4 year, suppose Pier 1 expects cost of goods sold to increase by8% The company budgets next year’s ending inventory at $369 million
$ 20,000 18,000 Cost of goods sold at:
FIFO cost
LIFO cost
Sales revenue
$ 85,500 92,800 138,000
(continued)
Trang 36❙ Required
One of the most important decisions a manager makes is how much inventory to buy Howmuch inventory should Pier 1 purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budgetedfigures? (p 329)
E6-26 (Learning Objective 4: Estimating inventory by the gross profit method) Vacation
Properties began January with concession inventory of $48,000 The business made netpurchases of concessions for $106,000 and had net sales of $200,000 before a fire destroyedits concession inventory For the past several years, Vacation Properties’ gross profit percent-age has been 40% Estimate the cost of the concession inventory destroyed by the fire
Identify another reason managers use the gross profit method to estimate ending inventory
(pp 329–330)
E6-27 (Learning Objective 5: Correcting an inventory error) Dijon Mustard, Inc., reported
the following comparative income statement for the years ended September 30, 20X5,and 20X4:
Dijon’s shareholders are thrilled by the company’s boost in sales and net income during 20X5
Then they discover that ending 20X4 inventory was understated by $9,000 Prepare the rected comparative income statement for the 2-year period How well did Dijon really per-form in 20X5, as compared with 20X4? (pp 330–332)
cor-Challenge Exercises
E6-28 (Learning Objective 2: Inventory policy decisions) For each of the following
situa-tions, identify the inventory method that you would use or, given the use of a particularmethod, state the strategy that you would follow to accomplish your goal: (pp 318–323)
a Inventory costs are increasing Your company uses LIFO and is having an
unexpect-edly good year It is near year end, and you need to keep net income from increasingtoo much in order to save on income tax
b Suppliers of your inventory are threatening a labor strike, and it may be difficult for
your company to obtain inventory This situation could increase your income taxes
c Company management, like that of IBMand Pier 1 Imports, prefers a the-road inventory policy that avoids extremes
$ 42,000
20X4 20X5
$ 12,000 66,000 78,000 (18,000)
$149,000
74,000 75,000 20,000
$ 55,000
$ 18,000 72,000 90,000 (16,000)
■ spreadsheet
Trang 37Assess Your Progress ■ 345
d Inventory costs are decreasing, and your company’s board of directors wants to
minimize income taxes
e Inventory costs are increasing, and the company prefers to report high income.
f Inventory costs have been stable for several years, and you expect costs to remain
stable for the indefinite future (Give the reason for your choice of method.)
E6-29 (Learning Objective 2: Measuring the effect of a LIFO liquidation) Suppose
Saks Fifth Avenue, the specialty retailer, had these records for ladies’ evening gowns
during 20X9
Assume sales of evening gowns totaled 120 units during 20X9 and that Saks uses the LIFO
method to account for inventory The income tax rate is 40%
❙ Required
1 Compute Sak’s cost of goods sold for evening gowns in 20X9 (pp 318, 323)
2 Compute what cost of goods sold would have been if Saks had purchased enough
inven-tory in December—at $1,300 per evening gown—to keep year-end inveninven-tory at the samelevel it was at the beginning of the year, 40 units (Challenge)
E6-30 (Learning Objective 3: Evaluating a company’s profitability) Z Mart, Inc., declared
bankruptcy Let’s see why Z Mart reported these figures:
❙ Required
Evaluate the trend of Z Mart’s results of operations during 20X5 through 20X7 Consider
the trends of sales, gross profit, and net income Track the gross profit percentage (to 3 decimal
places) and the rate of inventory turnover (to 1 decimal place) in each year—20X5,
20X6, and 20X7 Also discuss the role that selling expenses must have played in Z Mart’s
$33.7 26.3 6.2 0.7
$ 0.5
7.0
$35.9 28.1 6.5 0.9
$ 0.4
7.8
$37.0 29.7 7.4 0.1
$ (0.2)
8.4
Millions
Beginning inventory (40 @ $1,000) $ 40,000 Purchase in February (20 @ $1,100) 22,000 Purchase in June (50 @ $1,200) 60,000 Purchase in December (30 @ $1,300) 39,000 Goods available $161,000
Trang 38Q6-33 When does the cost of inventory become an expense? (p 311)
a When cash is collected from the customer.
b When inventory is purchased from the supplier.
c When payment is made to the supplier.
d When inventory is delivered to a customer.
The next 2 questions use the following facts Leading Edge Frame Shop wants to know theeffect of different inventory costing methods on its financial statements Inventory and pur-chases data for April follow
Q6-34 If Leading Edge uses the FIFO method, the cost of the ending inventory will be
Q6-36 In a period of rising prices, (p 320–322)
a Gross profit under FIFO will be higher than under LIFO.
b LIFO inventory will be greater than FIFO inventory.
c Cost of goods sold under LIFO will be less than under FIFO.
d Net income under LIFO will be higher than under FIFO.
Accounts Receivable Sales Revenue
Cost of Goods Sold Inventory
Trang 39Assess Your Progress ■ 347
Q6-37 The income statement for Heritage Health Foods shows gross profit of $144,000,
operating expenses of $130,000, and cost of goods sold of $216,000 What is the amount of
net sales revenue? (pp 320–322)
Q6-38 The word “market” as used in “the lower of cost or market” generally means
(pp 325–326)
Q6-39 The sum of (a) ending inventory and (b) cost of goods sold is
Q6-40 The following data come from the inventory records of Dodge Company:
Based on these facts, the gross profit for Dodge Company is (p 330)
Q6-41 Elizabeth Baker Cosmetics ended the month of May with inventory of $20,000
Elizabeth Baker expects to end June with inventory of $15,000 after cost of goods sold of
$90,000 How much inventory must Elizabeth Baker purchase during June in order to
accomplish these results? (p 330)
Q6-42 Two financial ratios that clearly distinguish a discount chain such as Wal-Martfrom
a high-end retailer such as Neiman Marcusare the gross profit percentage and the rate of
inventory turnover Which set of relationships is most likely for Neiman Marcus? (p 328)
Q6-43 Sales are $500,000 and cost of goods sold is $300,000 Beginning and ending
inven-tories are $25,000 and $35,000, respectively How many times did the company turn its
inventory over during this period? (pp 327–329)
Q6-44 Tulsa, Inc., reported the following data:
Sales returns $ 10,000 Purchase returns 6,000 Sales revenue 490,000 Ending inventory 40,000
Freight in $ 20,000 Purchases 205,000 Beginning inventory 50,000 Purchase discounts 4,000
Net sales revenue $620,000 Beginning inventory 60,000 Ending inventory 40,000 Net purchases 400,000
(continued)
Trang 40Tulsa’s gross profit percentage is (pp 327–328)
Q6-45 Sherman Tank Company had the following for the first quarter of 20X8:
Beginning inventory, $50,000 Net purchases, $75,000Net sales revenue, $90,000 Gross profit rate, 30%
By the gross profit method, the ending inventory should be (pp 330–331)
Q6-46 An error understated Rice Corporation’s December 31, 20X8, ending inventory by
$40,000 What effect will this error have on total assets and net income for 20X8? (p 332)
Assume you are dealing with a single Best Buy store in Nashville, Tennessee, and that thestore experienced the following: The Nashville store began fiscal year 20X5 with an inventory
of 20,000 units that cost a total of $1,000,000 During the year, the store purchased dise on account as follows:
merchan-Cash payments on account totaled $8,800,000
During fiscal year 20X5, the store sold 150,000 units of merchandise for $14,400,000, ofwhich $5,000,000 was for cash and the balance was on account Best Buy uses the averagecost method for inventories
April (30,000 units @ cost of $60) $1,800,000 August (50,000 units @ cost of $64) 3,200,000 November (60,000 units @ cost of $70) 4,200,000 Total purchases $9,200,000
■ general ledger
Most of these A problems can be found within My Accounting Lab (MAL), an onlinehomework and practice environment Your instructor may ask you to complete theseproblems using MAL